Different Types Of Separators Research Articles

Exploring the Enhanced Zinc Storage Performance of α-MnSe Polyhedral Microspheres and H+/Zn2+ Co-Insertion Mechanism.

The newly emerged Mn-based selenides as cathodes for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have drawn researchers' interest because of their lower electronegativity and better electronic conductivity compared with the corresponding Mn-based oxides. Nevertheless, the energy storage mechanism of Mn-based selenides still needs to be further clarified. Herein, the MnSe/Se and MnSe polyhedral microspheres are reported as cathodes for ZIBs, and the MnSe cathode achieves significantly enhanced specific capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability. In-depth kinetic analysis confirms that the MnSe cathode presents better kinetic behavior and density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify the fast diffusion kinetics of the MnSe cathode. More importantly, systematic ex situ characterizations reveal that the microstructured MnSe can exist stably during the charge-discharge process and store energy with H+/Zn2+ co-insertion mechanism, which is greatly different from the phase transformation of the nanostructured α-MnSe reported in the literature. Additionally, it is verified that the different types of separators exhibit remarkably different zinc storage performance of the MnSe cathode. This study not only offers a good guidance for developing high-performance ZIBs Mn-based cathode materials and explores the effect of separators on the zinc storage performance, but also provides new insights into the energy storage mechanism of the MnSe cathode.

Neutrosophic Seperation Axioms

This study is dedicated to make an attempt to define different types of separation
 axioms in neutrosophic topological spaces. The relationships among them are shown with a diagram and counterexamples. We also introduce some new terms such as introduced neutrosophic
 topology, neutrosophic regular space, neutrosophic normal space, neutrosophic subspace.

Mass transfer limitation phenomena across the separator in a zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis stack: Anion-selective polymer electrolyte membrane vs. Zirfon™ Perl UTP 500 case study

Endeavours to decrease the KOH concentration in a circulating medium represent an important target of today's research. They are connected with current efforts to increase the flexibility of alkaline water electrolysis and improve its efficiency with regard to renewable energy sources. This study reports on the impact of reduced KOH solution concentration on mass and charge transport in a laboratory alkaline water electrolysis stack with two separator types. The separators used are a homogeneous anion-selective polymer-electrolyte membrane based on chloromethylated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene copolymer functionalised by 1,4–diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and a commercial composite porous Zirfon™ Perl UTP 500 diaphragm. The stack was assembled in zero-gap mode and a bipolar connection of the electrodes was used. Load curves were recorded for different KOH concentrations and operational temperatures to assess the performance of the stack. Surprisingly, mass transfer limiting behaviour of the stack was observed at KOH concentrations below 2 wt% KOH for the Zirfon™ Perl UTP 500 separator. This was not the case for the stack utilising an anion-selective membrane as a separator. A 1-dimensional, single cell, stationary mathematical model was developed and implemented to clarify this phenomenon and to understand the details of the mass transport across the different types of separators in this process. This information is crucial for understanding obstacles faced once the concentration of KOH approaches zero, i.e., the final target of research in this field.

Analysis of the adaptability of marine hydrate in-situ separator for sand removal to production volume

ABSTRACT The fluctuating production volume puts high demands on the adaptability of the natural gas hydrate in-situ separator. In this paper, based on the structure of the spiral separator and hydrocyclone, the adaptability of the in-situ separator was studied in terms of the influence of production volume on velocity, distribution phase (NGH and sand), separation efficiency, and pressure drop. The results indicate that with the increase of production volume, the velocities increase continuously, and the pressure drop increases sharply, the hydrate phase gathers toward the center and the sand phase gathers toward the wall, the separation efficiency increases and then tends to be stable or decreases. There is a better range of production volume. The better production volume of the spiral separator and the hydrocyclone separator are 60 ~ 80 m3/h and 3.5 ~ 6.5 m3/h, respectively. The results show that in-situ separators have certain adaptability to production volume. Furthermore, different types of separators have different adaptability. The research results provide some theoretical guidance for the parameters of the desanding process and the selection of in-situ separators for NGH mining.

The Role of Separator Thermal Stability in Safety Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries

The thermal instability of polymer separators severely threatens the safety characteristics of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Separators will melt, shrink, vaporize, and collapse under high temperatures, leading to internal short circuits and thermal runaway catastrophes of the cell. Therefore, the amelioration of battery safety challenges benefits from a fundamental understanding of separator behaviors under thermally abusive scenarios. This work investigates the role of separator thermal stability in modulating Li-ion cell safety performance. Three types of separators made of commercially available cellulose, trilayer polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene, standard polypropylene, and an in-house modified graphene-polydopamine coated separator are fabricated in custom single layer pouch cells and subjected to accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) tests to investigate dynamic thermo-electrochemical interactions. The safety hazards of 18650 cylindrical cells assembled with different types of separators are predicted using a verified ARC computational model to compare the effects of separator heat resistance on cell-level thermal runaway risks. This study reveals the thermally robust mechanisms of diverse separator microstructures, indicating how the in-house modified graphene-polydopamine coated separator significantly enhances the safety limits of Li-ion batteries.

Heterogeneity in effects of parent-child separation on young-adult substance use disorder.

A large body of literature suggests that parent-child separation predicts child maladjustment. However, further advancement in methodology is needed to account for heterogeneity in types of separation. Additionally, given a lack of research examining different types of separation as predictors of offspring substance use, further research into this topic is warranted. The present study tested the relation between parent-child separation and young-adult substance use disorder (SUD), capturing heterogeneity in these effects based on group differences and measurement of separation. In a sample of 427 young adults from a larger longitudinal study oversampled for parental alcohol use disorder (AUD), effects of number and type of separations on SUD diagnosis were tested. Further, we explored whether these associations were moderated by gender, ethnicity, or parental AUD. Two underlying types of separation were found: parental health-related separation (i.e., parental death, hospitalization) and nonhealth-related separation (i.e., divorce, arrest). A higher sum of separations and greater nonhealth-related separation predicted higher odds of SUD. Greater health-related separation predicted lower odds of SUD. However, these effects were qualified by interactions with ethnicity and parental AUD. Although the vast majority of studies measure cumulative parent-child separation with sum scores, the present study demonstrates that measuring underlying "types" of cumulative separation also reveals important effects. Moreover, childhood separation is a significant risk factor for SUD. Future research on separation should implement methods to capture separation types and further account for potential effects of selection into separation types. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessment of Separation Impact and Perception of Discomfort on Various Orthodontic Separators: A Comparative Clinical Study.

Aim:This study aimed to evaluate the extent of separation and perception of pain and discomfort with the use of three different orthodontic separators.Materials and Methods:A total of sixty participants (26 males and 34 females) aged between 18 and 25 years were enrolled in this study. Participants were divided into three experimental groups: Group I: elastomeric separator, Group II: Dumbbell separators, and Group III: Kesling Separators. All the participants were asked to revisit 24 h after separator placement, and the effect of separation obtained by three different types of separators was measured. The space generated between premolars and molars was recorded separately on days 1, 3, and 7. The visual analog scales were used to assess pain.Results:The mean age in Dumbbell separators group was slightly more (23.32 ± 2.28) compared to Kesling Separators and Elastomeric separator group (22.46 ± 1.20 and 21.10 ± 1.19 years, respectively). The extent of separation on days 1, 3, and 7 was more in Group II study participants (0.20 ± 0.02, 0.32 ± 0.05, and 0.48 ± 0.07 mm, respectively) compared to other groups. A statistically significant (P = 0.022) difference was noted on day 7 in terms of no pain being recorded more in Group II participants, followed next by Groups III and I.Conclusion:This study concluded that the Dumbbell separators produce acceptable separation with negligible pain and discomfort when compared to elastomeric separators and Kesling separators.

Psychological Well-Being of Students with Different types of Separation and Parental Attachment

Psychological Well-Being of Students with Different types of Separation and Parental Attachment

РОЗРАХУНОК КОНСТРУКТИВНИХ ТА СИЛОВИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ГРАВІТАЦІЙНО-КАСКАДНОГО СЕПАРАТОРА

У сільському господарстві для сепарування зерна використовують різні типи сепараторів. Сепарування в основному проводять за фізико-механічними та аеродинамічними властивостями зернової маси. До перспективних конструкцій сепараторів зернової маси відносяться гравітаційні сепаратори. У цих сепараторах енергія не витрачається на сепарування. У статті запропоновано гравітаційно-каскадний сепаратора ножичного типу. Конструкція гравітаційно-каскадного сепаратора відноситься до рамних конструкцій ножичного типу. Для забезпечення сепарування зерна в такому сепараторі, необхідно встановити сепарувальні секції під заданим кутом до горизонтальної площини, що визначається властивостями сировини. Для встановлення секцій сепаратора в задане положення в конструкції сепаратора пропонується використовувати передачу “гвинт-гайка”. Для усунення можливості самовільного переміщення роликів сепаратора необхідно розрахувати утримуюче зусилля. Крім того, для обґрунтування силових та конструктивних параметрів сепаратора необхідно було провести теоретичні дослідження. Дослідження дозволили встановити взаємозв’язок між параметрами сепаратора і передачі “гвинт-гайка”. Також використовуючи принцип можливих переміщень було отримано залежність для визначення зусилля, що необхідне для утримання секцій сепаратора в заданому положенні із урахуванням маси сепаратора та сировини, а також кута нахилу секцій до горизонтальної площини.

Morphology Evolution in Sodium Metal Electrodes

Uncontrolled dendrite growth leading to electrical short-circuits, poor recharging capability, and other safety concerns, currently delegate the feasibility of commercial utilization of sodium metal batteries. Dendrites are needle-like growths that appear on the surface of the negative electrode during the electrochemical cycling of a battery. As the fundamental knowledge in intrinsic plating/striping process of sodium metal can guide us for designing a better and safe system, here, we have thoroughly investigated the deposition and dissolution process with the aid of electrochemical analytical methods and imaging techniques using Na|Na or Na|Cu cells as exemplar systems. Engineering a separator with respectable mechanical strength to accommodate electrode volume changes and good electrolyte wettability to retain sufficient absorbed electrolyte in the interface is necessary for stabilizing the metal deposition and improving the overall battery response. Herein, different types of separators were used to understand how the separators guide the homogeneous/inhomogeneous deposition of sodium during the cycling process. The detailed knowledge in the nucleation and growth of sodium metal can provide insights into engineering a sodium cell with controlled Na growth and higher cycling stability.

Structural health monitoring research under varying temperature condition: a review

Suffering from solar radiation, day–night replacement and seasonal changes, the structure will produce notable temperature behaviour, which has a vital effect on the long-term process of the health monitoring. Previous studies show that there is a significant correlation between the measuring responses and temperature from health monitoring systems. To analyse the structural state more accurately, much literature employed health monitoring methods considering temperature effects. This paper reviews technical research concerning health monitoring of civil structures under varying temperature. Firstly, the correlation researches of structural measuring responses (dynamic and static responses) and temperature are reviewed, which includes the researches of the influence mechanism and the data statistics, and the studies of the influence of non-uniform temperature on responses are also reviewed. In addition, different types of separation and forecast methods of the temperature-induced part of the structural responses data are summarized, followed by a brief summary of benefits and drawbacks of these methods. Lastly, the recently proposed process frameworks of damage assessment considering temperature effects are also introduced.

A comparative study of separation effect of four different types of seperators

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the amount of separation achieved by four different types of separators: elastic separator, kesling separator, Kansal separator and Dumbbell separator. Materials and Methods: 50 patients (25 males and 25 females) were randomly selected for the study that came to the department of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics for fixed orthodontic treatment. All four types of seperators namely Elastomeric, Kesling, Kansal and Dumbbell separators were placed in each and every patient in all the four quadrants. Amount of separation was checked after 5 days of separator placement with the help of a feeler gauge. Data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Result: Result of the study showed that dumbbell separator was most efficient in separating the teeth followed by elastomeric separator. Dumbbell separator was found to be the fastest followed by elastomeric separator in separating the teeth. Kesling and kansal separator almost took same time to achieve adequate separation. Keywords: Seperators, Kesling, Dumbbell separator, Kansal separator, Efficacy.

Displaying Retrospective of the Separation from Native Land in Song Creativity of Ukrainians

The relevance of the research is determined by the escalation of the issue of Ukrainians self-identification. The events of recent years in Ukraine have become a significant test for many Ukrainians by self-identification and the choice of corresponding changes in their behavior and the way of thinking.The aim of this research is to identify references about the different types of separation from Ukraine in the song and literary heritage of Ukraine and also to reveal a personal relationship toward the native land under the condition of separation.Research methodology. The article analyzes and systematizes the samples of the Ukrainian cultural heritage for the presence of fixation elements of Ukrainian identity. The cultural phenomenon of the separation from native land (Ukraine) displayed in different literary creativity types and their influence on a person under the condition of separation is considered. The classification of the types of the state of separation from the native land and the identification of their reflection in the song and literary heritage of the Ukrainian people are carried out.Results. A new type of separation from the native land is highlighted; this is a forced loss of the native language. It is shown how aspects of this problem are considered in folk and modern songs. The attention on the use of typical signs of unity with the native land is focused; they have become the symbols of Ukraine. It is noted that some ballads, songs contain direct instruction to the listener. In the found version of the song “The Falcon Is Fraternized...” there is a new stanza, which contains the request: “Teach my children ... In a foreign land ... not to look for happiness“. In the context of aspects of separation from Ukraine and the current state of culture, the concept of “Yevshan-herb” is considered. The concept of “yevshan-herb” in the context of separation from Ukraine and the current culture state is considered.The novelty of this research is an analysis of the Ukrainians cultural identity from a historical perspective, using evidence that is enshrined in folk songs and literary heritage.The practical significance of this research is the systematization of the types of separation from the native land and the addition of such an element as “the forced loss of the native language” to this list. These results make it possible to clarify the foundations of the cultural identity of different peoples drawing on the example of Ukraine and create new foundations for identifying and analyzing elements of self-identification in folk art.

Separation and pain perception of Elastomeric, Kesling and Kansal separators.

Introduction: Various types of separators have been advocated, but the ideal separator should produce optimum separation with minimal pain and discomfort. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the amount of separation achieved by three different types of separators (Elastomeric, Kesling and Kansal), and to assess the associated pain and discomfort. Methods: A random single-blind split-mouth study was conducted on 108 patients seeking fixed orthodontic treatment, in which two different separators were used on each side in both the arches for a single patient. After five days, the amount of separation was measured with a feeler gauge. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scoring was performed by the patient on each day, to evaluate pain perception. Discomfort was evaluated by questionnaire filled by the patient at the time of separator removal. Results: The greatest amount of separation was seen with the elastomeric separators, while the smallest separation was seen with Kansal separators. VAS scoring showed maximum pain at day 1 with all the three separator types. Highest pain was perceived in the Elastomeric separators group, followed by Kesling and Kansal separators, respectively. Statistically significant difference was found in VAS score of Elastomeric separators, when compared to both Kesling and Kansal, on day 1 and 2 (p= 0.001). Analysis of the questionnaires revealed that a greater number of patients experienced discomfort with elastomeric separators placement (69.4%), which was statistically significant (p< 0.01) when compared to the other two types of separators. Answers to the other questions were comparable, except for the need for medications, which was reportedly highest with elastomeric separators. Conclusion: Kesling separators produce adequate separation with minimal discomfort and pain, compared to Elastomeric and Kansal separators.

Separators and electrolytes for rechargeable batteries: Fundamentals and perspectives

Abstract Separators and electrolytes provide electronic blockage and ion permeability between the electrodes in electrochemical cells. Nowadays, their performance and cost is often even more crucial to the commercial use of common and future electrochemical cells than the chosen electrode materials. Hence, at the present, many efforts are directed towards finding safe and reliable solid electrolytes or liquid electrolyte/separator combinations. With this comprehensive review, the reader is provided with recent approaches on this field and the fundamental knowledge that can be helpful to understand and push forward the developments of new electrolytes for rechargeable batteries. After presenting different types of separators as well as the main hurdles that are associated with them, this work focuses on promising material classes and concepts for next-generation batteries. First, chemical and crystallographic concepts and models for the description and improvement of the ionic conductivity of bulk and composite solid electrolytes are outlined. To demonstrate recent perspectives, research highlights have been included in this work: magnesium borohydride-based complexes for solid-state Mg batteries as well as all-in-one rechargeable SrTiO3 single-crystal energy storage. Furthermore, ionic liquids pose a promising safe alternative for future battery cells. An overview on their basic principles and use is given, demonstrating their applicability for Li-ion systems as well as for so-called post-Li chemistries, such as Mg- and Al-ion batteries.

Comprehensive Analysis of Oxidized Waxes by Solvent and Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

This report addresses the comprehensive analysis of oxidized/functionalized polyethylene waxes according to chemical composition and molar mass by selective chromatographic methods. For the first time, tailored high-temperature interaction chromatography in solvent gradient (HT-SGIC) and thermal gradient (HT-TGIC) modes are used for the chemical composition separation of these materials. Separation protocols are developed using three model wax samples with different degrees of oxidation. For the chromatographic separations polar silica gel is used as the stationary phase. Solvent gradients of decane and cyclohexanone are used in HT-SGIC at 110 °C to separate the bulk waxes into several heterogeneous fractions according to polarity and the type of functionality. Column temperature and gradient manipulation are shown to influence chromatographic resolution and retention. The HT-SGIC investigations are complemented by HT-TGIC separations where a solvent mixture of decane and cyclohexanone is used as the mobile phase in isocratic mode. It is shown that HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC provide different types of separation, however, both are predominantly based on differences in functionality. To provide comprehensive information on chemical composition (functionality) and molar mass, HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC are coupled to HT-SEC, using ortho-dichlorobenzene as the second dimension mobile phase. Clear differences between oxidized and nonoxidized waxes are detected in HT-2D-LC providing comprehensive information on the molecular heterogeneity of these materials.

Separators for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review on the Production Processes and Recent Developments

AbstractRecently, much effort has been devoted to the development of battery separators for lithium‐ion batteries for high‐power, high‐energy applications ranging from portable electronics to large‐scale energy storage for power grids. The separator plays a key role in battery construction because it functions as the physical barrier to prevent electronic contact between the two electrodes and at the same time serves as an electrolyte reservoir, facilitating the ionic conduction. The purpose of this Review is to describe the requirements and properties of membrane separators for lithium‐ion batteries, the recent progress on the different types of separators developed, and the manufacturing methods used for their production. Specifically the large‐scale manufacturing processes are highlighted along with the processing parameters that affect their properties. The outlook and future directions regarding the development of advanced separator technologies are also discussed.

Calculation of Carry-off of Disperse by Solid Phase in Separators of Oil-Gas and Gas Plants

A procedure is presented for calculation of disperse-phase carry-off (liquid, gas) by solid phase (gas, liquid) in two- and three-phase separators. This procedure can be used for various types of separators such as horizontal oil and gas separators, oil and gas separators with water collection, flare separators, three-phase separator of gas-liquid-liquid mixtures, vertical gas separators, three-phase separators of gas-liquid-sludge mixtures, and in the entire range of their application with respect to both gas flow rates and liquid pressure. Calculation of carry-off of disperse phase by solid phase in different types of separators provides for a significant correction factor in the material balance of the plants, and allows for selection of optimal equipment.

Comparison between efficacy of four different types of orthodontic separators.

To evaluate the rapidity and amount of separation of four different types of separators (i.e. Elastomeric separators, Dumbbell separators, Kesling springs and NEET springs) and also the percentage of loss of these separators. The separating effect of 4 different types of separators (i.e. Elastomeric separators, Dumbbell separators, Kesling springs and NEET springs) were assessed for 3 days, and the separated space between molars and premolars were noted separately for three consecutive days. The number and types of lost separators were recorded at the same time. The amount of separation between molars and 2(nd) premolar in each quadrant was measured separately with a leaf gauge (sensitivity 5/100mm) and noted on each day. Dumbbell separators proved to be the fastest in producing separation and they produced consistently greater amount of separation on all three days. The Dumbbell separator would be ideal for situations where in rapid separation is needed, and also in cases where in the patient comes with the loss of separators.

Orthodontic Separators – A Systemic Review

Separation of molars is utmost crucial in orthodontic treatment using a fixed appliance. Separation of contact points between adjacent teeth is an integral part of any orthodontic treatment protocol as well as certain dental procedures. Separators were developed with the intention of separating adjacent teeth to aid in banding of teeth for initiating orthodontic treatment. The ideal separator should give rapid and good separation with minimum patient discomfort, thereby making the fitting of the band to the tooth easily. Moreover, the separator should be easily cleaned, radio opaque and not be lost. Different types of separators have been used in orthodontics such as brass wires, latex elastics, elastomeric and spring-type separators. During the past 10 years, springs and elastomerics have been the mostly used. This article highlights the current facts and figures of separation and their role in orthodontics.