Different Types Of Risks Research Articles

A conceptual reappraisal of risks in the implementation of BRI after COVID‐19: Best strategies to learn for CMNEs in BRI projects

AbstractThis study is aimed to propose a quantitatively supported framework regarding different types of risks involved in BRI and strategic solutions to neutralize the risks. The conceptual model and related propositions are advanced, based on bibliometric and science mapping analysis of 367 articles published over 6 years about risk, success, failure and dissent about the projects, and strategies to mitigate these risks. The descriptive statistics and science mapping approaches using co‐citation analysis were performed with VOSviewer software. A co‐citation analysis, coupled with content analysis of most co‐cited articles, uncovered four underlying research streams, including “Infrastructural expansion and political & economical risks,” “Investment choice through impact assessment and cultural risks,” “Environmental risks,” and “Real outcomes of BRI projects and viewpoint of host countries.” Among the four strategies identified, developing trust in the Chinese system can be created through National Branding by Chinese MNEs to mitigate the geo‐political risks. Second, Guanxi neutralizes the reputation risks and cultural friction in collaborative projects and positively affects BRI project implementation. Third, the localization of management and processes can also help in offsetting the environmental risks in post COVID scenario. Lastly, increasing multilateral funding for sustainable infrastructure can be used to boost financial capacity building and mitigate financial risk to a certain extent. The present study has been a novel attempt to relate current research themes to emerging areas under BRI. This study is one of its kind which focuses on reshaping the views of practitioners, researchers, and policymakers on the multifaceted areas and themes in the BRI research field, to examine the risks and a roadmap for future research.

Managers’ Perception and Attitude toward Financial Risks Associated with SMEs: Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach

This study aimed to identify financial and cash flow risks associated with SMEs and investigated how managers perceived these risks using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). Accordingly, a three-level decision model was structured using two criteria, probability and consequences, and a list of six different types of risks as decision alternatives. Data were collected by a survey questionnaire from SME managers/owners and analyzed in accordance with the AHP method. The results show that the priority weight for risk criteria was 52% for probability and 48% for consequences. Further, with an average weight of 18.8%, the risk of an increase in bank charges ranked as the highest type of risk faced by SMEs. However, the risk of low or no profits was ranked as the lowest with an average weight of 13.4%. This study is one of the few, if not the first, to investigate SME managers’ perceptions using an AHP method and to provide insightful information on how SME managers/owners perceived various financial and cash flow risks. The study results may support the use of the AHP method in understanding managers’ perceptions and attitudes toward various types of risks associated with SMEs.

The impact of operational risk on performance in supply chains and the moderating role of integration

PurposeThis study aims to empirically investigate the impact of operational risk (i.e. supply, manufacturing and demand risks) on supply chain performance and the moderating role of integration (i.e. supplier, internal and customer integrations) in mitigating the impact of these risks, respectively.Design/methodology/approachA research framework of hypotheses is tested by structural equation modeling with data collected from the fourth round of the high-performance manufacturing project.FindingsIt is revealed that manufacturing and demand risks negatively impact operational performance, and more importantly, internal and customer integrations help to reduce the impact of these two risks. Additionally, the effects of both supply risk and supplier integration are only significant for large firms.Practical implicationsSupply chain managers need to appropriately develop the levels of integration to mitigate the adverse impact of operational risk.Originality/valueOperational performance is always threatened by different types of risk that adversely affect the supply, production and demand sides of manufacturing firms. Despite this fact, large-scale data-based empirical research on the impact of operational risk on the performance of supply chains has been scarce. This study aims to fill this literature gap.

Ubezpieczenie jako metoda zarządzania ryzykiem w procesie realizacji inwestycji budowlanej

Przedmiot badań: Przedmiotem badań jest ryzyko występujące podczas prowadzenia inwestycji budowlanej oraz rola ubezpieczeń jako sposobu ograniczenia się przed skutkami jego realizacji.
 Cel badawczy: Głównymi celami artykułu są: ocena ubezpieczenia jako metody zarządzania ryzykiem przez polskie przedsiębiorstwa, identyfikacja kluczowych ryzyk zagrażających realizacji inwestycji na każdym etapie procesu budowlanego oraz przedstawienie najważniejszych produktów oferowanych przez ubezpieczycieli dla inwestorów i podmiotów z branży budowlanej oraz weryfikacja ich zakresu pod kątem pokrycia ryzyk związanych z przedsięwzięciem budowlanym.
 Metoda badawcza: Artykuł powstał na bazie studiów literaturowych, analizy danych statystycznych i dostępnych wyników badań ankietowych, analizy i porównania treści Ogólnych Warunków Ubezpieczenia odnoszących się do produktów dostępnych na polskim rynku ubezpieczeniowym, wzorców umownych udostępnianych przez Zleceniodawców w ramach postępowań przetargowych dotyczących realizacji inwestycji budowlanych, a także w oparciu o własne wieloletnie doświadczenia zawodowe jako osoby pełniącej czynności brokera ubezpieczeniowego, obserwację rynku ubezpieczeniowego oraz zachowań klientów.
 Wnioski: W trakcie realizacji badań potwierdzono, że coraz więcej przedsiębiorców jest świadomych rosnącego ryzyka prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej, wdraża politykę zarządzania ryzykiem w swoich firmach, której istotnym elementem jest ubezpieczenie. Udowodniono też, że realizacja inwestycji budowlanej jest procesem złożonym, obarczonym na każdym etapie wysokim ryzykiem jej niepowodzenia o zróżnicowanym charakterze i wymaga od inwestora podjęcia wielu działań mających na celu właściwe zabezpieczenie się na wypadek wystąpienia szkody. Ubezpieczenie stanowi ważny element strategii zarządzania ryzykiem inwestycji budowlanej, szczególnie na etapie projektowania i realizacji prac. W związku z problemami, z jakimi boryka się aktualnie sektor budowlany, należy pamiętać o waloryzacji wartości kontraktów budowlanych i zwiększaniu sum ubezpieczenia, gdyż przy szybko rosnących cenach materiałów budowlanych i robocizny w tym sektorze wiele budów może być obecnie niedoubezpieczonych, co w przypadku szkody będzie skutkować ograniczeniem wypłaty odszkodowania.

The Characteristics of Cryptocurrency Market Volatility: Empirical Study For Five Cryptocurrency

In recent years, digital innovations especially emerged depend on Blockchain technology have caused a substantial transformation in the finance sector as in other sectors. Different financial assets have been revealed and began to be used as an investment tool along with this transformation in the markets. Cryptocurrencies that have a digital structure hold an important place among these assets. Dramatically increases in the daily transaction volume of currencies in the market have brought along different types of risks. These risks raised uncertainty on these currencies. Moreover, because cryptocurrencies are mostly used for the purpose of investment and speculation, it is important to understand the volatility movements and co-movements of cryptocurrencies and is substantially important, particularly because volatility can influence investment decisions.
 This study aims to determine the volatility transmission between cryptocurrencies to find useful answers about the volatility and the efficiency of markets. Daily logarithmic return series between 18 January 2018 – 14 February 2021 were used to analyze the volatility of five of the most common cryptocurrencies, namely Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), Ripple (XRP), IOTA by applying the RALS-ADF test, EGARCH, and DCC-GARCH models. We determined whether the market is efficient or not, and tested the existence of the asymmetric effect and volatility transmission in the market. According to our results, volatility shocks are not obtained persistent for only BTC. Furthermore, the presence of asymmetric effects and leverage effect valid for four cryptocurrencies. While asymmetric effects observed for BTC, no leverage effect has been observed during the period. We also analyzed nine pair-wise cryptocurrencies applying the DCC-GARCH model and we found that dynamic conditional correlation coefficients are statistically significant and positive for each pair.

QUANTITATIVE FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF EQUIPMENT RENT OF ENTERPRISES OF URBAN CONSTRUCTION AND ECONOMY

The special case of industrial investment which is the equipment rent by the enterprises of city building and economy is investigated. The necessity in the quantitative financial analysis of the equipment lease arises both for the owner of the equipment and for the lessee. For the owner it is important to correctly determine the amount of rent and financial efficiency of leasing the equipment. The lessee, if there is an alternative, must decide whether to lease the equipment or buy it. These problems can be solved on the basis of purely financial principles, and any method of their solution is based on the concept of the present value of financial flows.
 There are ratios, which allow you to determine the size of payments for the lease of equipment, the effectiveness of leasing equipment for the owner. The problem (to rent or buy equipment?), which is a special case of the problem of measuring efficiency, is solved. Numerical examples of solving the above problems are also given. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the effect of risk and inflation on the rate of interest on which the discounting of cash flows, rent payments are made. The estimation of the market value of urban construction and economy enterprises with different types of risks taken into account has been carried out. The modification of I. Fisher's formula which allows, in conditions of uncertainty, using appropriate methods to predict the real rate of inflation (as well as using the model of capital market equilibrium - in particular beta coefficient) to determine the expected value of inflation rates, inflation risk premium has been substantiated.

Dynamic risk assessment of deepwater drilling using data-based and probabilistic approach

Risks associated with deepwater drilling are dynamic because of various accident-causing factors such as equipment failures, abnormal processes, and operator errors. All these factors should be considered during the implementation of dynamic and quantitative risk assessment (DQRA) for drilling operations. Dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) can graphically present the cause-effect relationships among different types of risk influencing factors (RIFs). Hence, this study developed a four-step DBN model for the DQRA of deepwater drilling. Firstly, multi-type contributing RIFs were identified according to the process flow. Subsequently, a network structure was developed to present the potential accident scenarios and capture the interdependencies among the RIFs. Thereafter, the probabilities of equipment failures, abnormal processes, and operator errors were determined using the probabilistic, data-based, and Standardized Plant Analysis Risk—Human Reliability Analysis (SPAR-H) approach, respectively. Finally, DBN inference was performed to evaluate the probabilistic risk of drilling operations. The model was applied to a case study of DQRA for managed pressure drilling (MPD), where the calculated initial blowout probability was 9.30 × 10−5, whereafter it was updated dynamically. This case study demonstrates the practicability of the proposed approach. This study contributes to a systematic investigation of the role of multisource data in DQRA using a full DBN approach. The assessment results can provide early warnings for practitioners to implement risk elimination or mitigation measures in real time.

Residents’ sense of safety in senior living communities: A conceptual paper

Senior living communities (SLCs) are the new frontier of hospitality management. They provide high-end amenities and customer-oriented services for residents and employ various strategies to prevent risks and guarantee residents’ safety because safety is an essential factor in older adults’ lives as they age. Although a few studies have assessed residents’ safety or perceptions of safety, none of these research studies were conceptual or grounded in a comprehensive safety model. This paper proposes a conceptualization of sense of safety to evaluate residents’ perceptions of four types of risks (i.e., physical, social, emotional and psychological, and financial) in SLCs. This conceptual research provides important suggestions for researchers to assess residents’ perceptions of risk and sense of safety and also offers practical recommendations for senior living community operators to consider when addressing the four different types of risks that could enhance residents’ sense of safety in their SLCs.

Risks in the Role of Co-Creating the Future of Tourism in “Stigmatized” Destinations

The primary goal of this paper was to investigate the strength of the influence of different types of risk on the travelers’ intention to visit destinations in future, that are, prejudiced due to COVID-19, marked as “stigmatized”, “isolated”, or “risky destinations”. Field interview research was conducted at the “Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport” (Serbia). The results obtained by multiple regression analysis showed that all types of risks influenced the intention of travelers, with financial risk showing a more significant impact. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that men were most afraid of human induced risk, service quality risk, natural disaster and COVID-19 risk, and they chose safer destinations. Among the women, the biggest fear was financial risk, socio-psychological risk, and food safety risk. Older respondents and those under the influence of external factors decided on safer destinations, while financial status did not play a significant role in predicting the choice of destination. The selection of the destination according to the degree of security was determined by the ordinal regression methodology. The entire research presents a certain novelty, because so far in the numerous studies on the topic of the negative consequences of COVID-19 on tourism, there has been no discussion of stigmatized or risky destinations that received that epithet, and were therefore negatively and unfairly marked in the minds of tourists for future visits.

Does perceived risk influence the intention to purchase second-hand clothing? A multigroup analysis of SHC consumers versus non-SHC consumers

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the influence of perceived risk, including financial, functional, aesthetic, sanitary, psychological and social risks, on the intention to purchase second-hand clothing (SHC) between SHC consumers and non-SHC consumers based on perceived risk theory.Design/methodology/approachA total of 290 responses were collected, with 110 from SHC consumers and 180 from non-SHC consumers. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to validate the hypotheses. Additionally, a permutation test and multigroup analysis (MGA) were performed.FindingsThe findings indicate that different types of risk have varying effects on both SHC and non-SHC consumers’ intention to purchase SHC. In particular, financial, aesthetic and social risks are found to be significant predictors of purchase intention for SHC consumers. By contrast, sanitary and psychological risks are significant predictors of purchase intention for non-SHC consumers. Furthermore, the MGA results indicate a significant difference between SHC consumers and non-SHC consumers in the relationship between financial risk, social risk and purchase intention.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of different types of risk on the intention to purchase SHC in both SHC and non-SHC consumers. The findings will provide practitioners with practical insights for developing more effective strategies to target these two distinct consumer groups.

Xenotransplantation and Risks: The Opinion of Veterinary Students at Spanish Universities

Understanding the perception of the risks associated with xenotransplant, especially among professionals who will contribute to the care of the animals, is important for xenotransplant to become a clinical reality. The objective of this study was to analyze opinions regarding the risks of organ xenotransplant among veterinary university students in Spain. The study population was 2683 veterinary students from different courses and universities in Spain. Instrument valuation: Validated self-administered questionnaire completed anonymously (PCID-XENOTx-Ríos). Consent to collaborate in the study was requested. Variables for the study: attitude toward xenotransplant and risks (infectious, immunologic, ethical/moral, philosophical, religious, other unspecified risks). descriptive analysis, Student t test, χ2 test, and Fisher exact test. Of the total number of respondents, 2646 students answered this question, with a completion rate of 98.6%. They considered immunologic risk 78.4% (n=2074), infectious risk 48.6% (n=1286), ethical/moral risk 10.7% (n=284), philosophical risk 5.2% (n=137), religious risk 1.5% (n=40), and other risks 3.9% (n=104). Significant relationships were observed between immunologic risks (P < .001), ethical/moral risks (P < .001), and other risks (P=.002). Despite the consideration of different types of risks, the favorable attitude toward xenotransplant among veterinary students at Spanish universities is highly prevalent, and evidence-based information campaigns on the different risks associated with xenotransplant are important.

Gender diversity and bank risk-taking: female directors and executives

PurposeThe authors investigate how a gender-diverse board, a gender-diverse executive team, or a female chief executive officer (CEO) impact bank balance sheet and equity risk.Design/methodology/approachUsing panel data of U.S. bank holding companies over the period of 1992–2019, the authors conduct panel regressions with bank and year-fixed effects to analyze how female directors, female executives, and female CEOs impact a wide range of bank risk measures, controlling for the bank, board and executive characteristics.FindingsThe authors find female directors significantly reduce all types of risk. Female executives reduce some balance sheet risk but have an insignificant effect on bank equity risk. However, the presence of female CEOs does not significantly reduce bank risk-taking. During financial crises, female CEOs even increase equity risk.Social implicationsThe findings are important to shed light on the ongoing debate on how gender quota policy could be efficiently used to balance the need for gender diversity while ensuring corporate performance. It could also improve social welfare by guiding proper public policy to ensure the efficient use of social labor capital and curb banks' excessive risk-taking incentives.Originality/valueThe authors provide the first empirical evidence demonstrating that female directors and female executives in the banking industry have different impacts on bank risk-taking. The authors also provide the first empirical evidence that female leaders have a different impact on two different types of risks: balance sheet and equity risk. The study is also the first to analyze the impact of female executives over multiple financial crises.

Risk and uncertainty of plastic mulch adoption in raspberry production systems

AbstractAgriculture plays a central role in providing food security and essential goods globally. Producers must consider and manage risk to ensure that the production system and its associated individuals are capable of enduring unexpected and disruptive events. Analyzing the different types of risk and accompanying uncertainties that growers experience can be essential to better reflect and understand the realities of their circumstances, but these concepts are not always accounted for in the adoption process. Drawing on the importance of risk and uncertainty, this study aims to assess the different types of risk and uncertainties involved in the risk decision-making process of the processed raspberry industry, where plastic mulch is a new production technique. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants involved in the use, research, outreach, manufacturing, and distribution of plastic mulch, specifically polyethylene (PE) mulch and soil-biodegradable mulch (BDM). Findings indicate that risk can be present in various forms including production, price, and hidden risks, with production and price risks being the most significant to all participants. When accounting for overall risk, PE mulch was considered riskier to industry representatives but less risky to growers and most research and outreach specialists. BDM was considered risky due to the uncertainties about durability, degradability, and the unknown impacts on the environment if BDM fragments do not degrade readily. The application of PE mulch and/or BDM can be beneficial for the raspberry production systems but will require time for additional research and effort to disseminate information to a wider agricultural audience.

Review on Types of Attacks on Bitcoin and Ethereum crypto currencies

Among the new way of exchanging money, using crypto currency has been very popular. Its also an investment to get good returns over the period of time. Cryptocurrency has grown to more than 120 million investors around the world as per a survey of 2021.Its growing at the 15 to 20% ratio around the world every year. This fact leads to a serious consideration of security and its vulnerabilities in block chain. Apart from market risks, high volatility, lack of rules and regulations, cyber risks are one of the most required types which needs proper attention and technical understanding. Because the crypto currencies are fully decentralized the risk of attacks is exposed and in most of the cases defenseless. Proof of stake and proof of work are two major algorithms followed by almost all crypto currencies to allot stocks to the holders. In this paper, different types of risks and attacks with POS and POW are explained with its mitigation. The problems and outcomes are examined, reviewed and conferred in case of Ethereum and Bitcoin crypto currencies. These currencies decentralized frameworks and anonymity attracts unlawful activities. Recognizing and preventing them needs understanding of the mechanism of attacks which are discussed in easiest possible ways for even a new-bee or an outsider person.

Customers’ awareness and satisfaction of products and services offered by the general insurance companies in the Tiruchirappalli district

An individual is exposed to various risks in daily life and it will surprise one to note how many of these can actually be insured. General insurance companies offer a variety of products covering different types of risks. Not only is there a dearth of knowledge about these but also most individuals are not aware of the value that Insurance, as an option, could add to their lives. While the affordability factor, and an individual’s priority for Insurance are important aspects why some do not opt for insurance, the lack of awareness about the types of Insurances available and the inability to perceive Insurance as a protection tool are other reasons why a few have chosen to remain uninsured The General Insurance industry has played an unparalleled role in creating access to financial services and to protection. Supported by the largest health insurance programme globally, the industry prides itself on having added over three million beneficiaries in a short span of six years. Further, a majority of the beneficiaries are from the below poverty-line segment, which goes a long way in contributing to the policy objectives of universal financial inclusion.

Energy poverty in Sweden: Using flexibility capital to describe household vulnerability to rising energy prices

Energy poverty has been kept at bay in Sweden for the past decades owing to several beneficial circumstances. However, geopolitical pressure and an accelerating energy transition are changing the circumstances and exposing vulnerabilities to energy poverty in Sweden particularly connected to electricity price peaks. The circumstantial nature of the exposed risks for energy poverty motivates a conceptualisation of the concept in Sweden through the energy vulnerability framework. Also recognising that flexibility is an important ability to be able to dodge short-term price peaks, this paper combines the energy vulnerability literature with the concept of flexibility capital. Using national survey data from 2021, this study seeks to explore vulnerability to heating-related energy poverty in Swedish single-family housing by analysing factors influencing households' self-perceived ability to pay for heating as well as their self-perceived flexibility capital. Logistic regression models revealed that there are geographic as well as sociodemographic factors influencing the energy vulnerability experienced by Swedish households. Extending the understanding of energy poverty vulnerability beyond mere heating affordability provides a more nuanced understanding of the different types of risks that may emerge among households; for example, low affordability combined with low flexibility capital increases the risk for financial effects of energy poverty, whereas low affordability combined with high flexibility capital increases the risk for energy poverty affecting comfort, convenience and wellbeing. By integrating energy vulnerability with flexibility capital, this paper contributes to a more holistic understanding of challenges connected to a transitioning energy system in general and in the Swedish context in particular.

Risks associated with the development process of in-house information system projects

To provide a risk management perspective for managers responsible for in-house project development, we investigated how the risks associated with an in-house information system (IS) project evolve during the software development process. We conducted interviews and content analysis to examine the risks that affect project delivery quality. Three companies participated in this research. The results of this study indicate that risks related to organizational structure persist throughout the software development process. Content analysis indicated that in the conducted interviews, sentences regarding task- and actor-related risks characterized the first two phases of this process, and sentences regarding technology-related risks characterized the last two (third and fourth) phases. The results also suggest that different types of risks exert pressure on in-house project teams to reassess the weaknesses and resource allocation in a project and the possible solutions to any potential problems. This research explains risk dynamics throughout the life cycle of in-house IS development. Moreover, the findings of this study can help project managers identify the risks associated with the project development process that directly affect the project results.

Smallholder farmers’ crop production and input risk analysis in rural Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Different types of risks are inherent in agricultural production. This study examines agricultural input risks faced by smallholder farmers in rural Ethiopia. It uses data from farm household surveys covering the period 1995–2015. The study uses a stochastic production function approach for estimating the mean production and risks of agricultural inputs. The mean production estimation results are consistent with the economic theory of conventional inputs. Land and labour have higher elasticities than the other inputs. The variance or risk estimation results show that fertilizers and labour are risk-decreasing inputs, while land is a risk-increasing input. Crop diversification has a risk-decreasing impact. The more farmers diversify their crops, the less is the yield variability. However, the risk variation effects of farm inputs vary across regions in the country. For example, risk-decreasing effects of fertilizers are high in the Oromia region, moderate in the Southern Nations and Nationalities and low in the Amhara regional state. Variations in regional input risks need to be considered in national agriculture risk management and food security efforts. The risk variation effects of these inputs decreased over time.

Risks and Challenges of Ecological Transition for the Financial System: What Role for Central Banks?

The ecological transition poses the most impelling challenges for central banks, regulators and supervisory authorities. This paper explores the different types of risks associated with ecological transition. It deplores their absence in the instruments of control and regulation at a time when climate change threatens financial stability and can be at the root of a systemic crisis. Risk management is particularly sensitive given its uncertain nature. Nowadays, many actors, including governments, the private and public sectors, as well as part of the international community, are intervening to support the ecological transition. Nevertheless, it would appear that central banks are best able to meet these challenges. Keywords: ecological transition, climate, central banks, monetary policy JEL: F52, F58, Q54

Safety of using cultured cells with trisomy 7 in cell therapy for treating osteoarthritis.

Cell therapy is a promising alternative treatment approach currently under study for osteoarthritis (OA), the most common chronic musculoskeletal disease. However, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) used in cell therapy to treat OA are usually expanded in vitro to obtain sufficient numbers for transplantation, and their safety has not been fully assessed from multiple perspectives. Analysis of karyotypic abnormalities, in particular, is important to ensure the safety of cells; however, chromosomal mutations may also occur during the cell-expansion process. In addition, there have been many reports showing chromosome abnormalities, mainly trisomy 7, in the cartilage and synovium of patients with OA as well as in normal tissues. The suitability of cells with these karyotypic abnormalities as cells for cell therapy has not been evaluated. Recently, we assessed the safety of using cells with trisomy 7 from the osteoarthritic joint of a patient for transplantation, and we followed up with the patient for 5 years. This study showed analysis for copy number variant and whole-genome sequencing, compared with blood DNA from the same patient. We did not find any abnormalities in the genes regardless of trisomy 7. No side effects were observed for at least 5 years in the human clinical study. This suggests that the transplantation of cultured cells with trisomy 7 isolated from an osteoarthritic joint and transplanted into the osteoarthritic joints of the same person is not expected to cause serious adverse events. However, it is unclear what problems may arise in the case of allogeneic transplantation. Different types of risks will also exist depending on other transplantation routes, such as localization to the knee-joint only or circulation inflow and lung entrapment. In addition, since the cause of trisomy 7 occurrence remains unclear, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism of trisomy 7 in OA to perform cell therapy for OA patients in a safe manner.