Different Types Of Resistance Research Articles

Влияние сортов озимой пшеницы с разными типами устойчивости к возбудителю бурой ржавчины на изменение структуры популяции по признаку вирулентности

Abstract. A change in the varietal composition of wheat causes response changes in the population of the fungus, which evolves conjugately. Population studies of the causative agent of leaf rust of wheat are carried out in many countries. Comparison of populations of P. triticina is mainly carried out geographically. The purpose of the study was to analyze the dynamics of the virulence of North Caucasus Puccinia triticina populations under the influence of winter wheat varieties with different types of leaf rust resistance. Methods. The study was carried out in 2018 in the experimental field and greenhouses All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection. Two varieties of winter wheat: Kralya and Vershina with different types of resistance to leaf rust, were used for the experiment. Cultivar Kralya had race-specific resistance; cultivar a Vershina had race-nonspecific resistance to leaf rust. Virulence analysis of the impact of each cultivar on the structure of the pathogen population based on the results of differentiation of P. triticina populations, collected from each cultivar and compared to the mixed pathogens population. As a result, it was found that the genotype of a winter wheat variety with race-specific resistance significantly affects the virulence of the P. triticina population. The frequency of virulent pathogen isolates to most lines with Lr genes has changed under the influence of driving selection. Therefore, the wide regionalization of varieties with race-specific resistance will contribute to selective pressure on the P. triticina population and the accumulation of virulent phenotypes in it. The genotype of a wheat variety with nonspecific resistance did not cause significant changes in the gene pool of the virulence of the leaf rust pathogen population. In accordance with the obtained values of the Nei index, the pathogen population collected from a variety with race-specific resistance has significant differences with the combined population (N = 0.68), in contrast to the population of P. triticina collected from the Vershina variety (N = 0.41). The results obtained confirm the importance of screening varieties by resistance types for further decision making on their placement. Varieties with race-specific resistance are best used for mosaic placement with subsequent mandatory rotation in time and space. And varieties with nonspecific resistance, which are weakly affected by all races of the pathogen and cannot be carriers of infection, can be used over large areas for a longer time, combined with varieties from various groups, including their own. Scientific novelty. There have been practically no studies on the effect of wheat varieties with different types of resistance on the virulence of rust fungi populations, although this direction is of great practical interest for both selection and varietal placement.

Students’ Resistance Behaviors: What Do Turkish Primary Teachers Face?

Abstract Introduction: Students could react to the learning activities, teachers, or administrators knowingly and willfully, many times intentionally by resisting in various ways. A detailed analysis of this definition indicates that unlike naughty behaviors, resistance behaviors do not develop suddenly, they are often planned beforehand by the student, and they contain some messages to the person or institution they are directed at. These kinds of behaviors could have negative effects not only on students’ academic, social, and psychological development but also on teachers’ professional satisfaction. Therefore, these issues should be elaborated carefully. However, despite the importance indicated in the literature, students’ resistance behaviors are one of the neglected issues that are not investigated adequately. With reference to this need, the presented study aims to identify perceptions of primary school teachers about students’ resistance behaviors. Methods: The participants were 152 primary school teachers. Data were collected through the Student Resistance Behaviors Scale for Teachers (SRBS-T) and Teacher Interview Form. In addition to descriptive statistics, data were analyzed using t-test and one-way ANOVA. Also, a qualitative descriptive analysis was conducted regarding qualitative data of the study. Results: Results show that the mean scores for SRBS were “medium” on a 5-point Likert scale. While teachers’ perceptions about resistance behaviors showed no significant differences according to gender and the type of school they graduated from, scores showed significant differences in terms of teachers’ years of seniority. According to the teachers, the most encountered resistant behaviors were gathered under the themes of resistance to teacher authority and hostile attitudes towards the teacher/peers. Discussion: Through discussion, the results obtained by the scale and interviews were discussed. All the findings showed that teachers are important receivers of resistance behaviors and they are facing with different types of resistance in the classroom. Limitations: It is obvious that these results were limited to the reached primary school teachers. Another limitation was that the data within the study collected via SRBS-T and interviews. Conclusions: The study showed that teachers and students are the key components of the educational process and students could show resistance to both the process and teachers in different ways. As this study only focused on primary teachers’ experiences, more studies could be organized through understanding the resistance middle and high school teachers face with as well. Further research could be conducted with students to see how they feel and behave when they feel resistance as well as with other teachers working at various levels of education and in various institutions.

De kracht van inertie

Abstract The force of inertia. A Sartrean perspective on resistance Although Sartre’s philosophy of freedom is often considered as a philosophy of resistance, rooted in the experience of the Second World War, Sartre did not formulate a full-blown theory of resistance. However, his Critique of Dialectical Reason contains a wealth of material that allows a rethinking of the notion of resistance. In much of the literature, this notion is inflated so as to include action, opposition, struggle, exodus and a range of other phenomena. In order to acquire a sharper sense of the specific meaning of resistance, this paper argues, this notion has to be reconnected with its origins in mechanical physics. Sartre’s key concept of inertia provides a starting point for such a theoretical strategy. Although human beings are fundamentally free, they can live their relation to others and to themselves as if they were inert things. From a Sartrean perspective, resistance means making oneself inert in order to be able to persevere and to hold the line in the face of a threat. Resistance occurs at both sides of a struggle, and can take different, asymmetrical forms. The two fundamental modes of sociality Sartre distinguishes, namely the group and the series, offer different types of resistance to opponents.

Simulated and real train driving in a lineside automatic train protection (ATP) system environment

This paper presents the differences between the train traffic simulation tool RailSys and real train traffic with focus on Electrical Multiple Units (EMU) and the Swedish automatic train protection (ATP) system ATC, on a single-track line. Braking, acceleration, different types of resistance and running times have been investigated. From this study it can be concluded that the margins to unconditional ATC braking is high with this specific ATC implementation and parameters, and that the braking differs depending on the signal target. Compared to RailSys with parameters settings according to Swedish Transport Administration recommendations, the measurements show significantly lower acceleration and deceleration, which results in differences between measured and simulated running time.

Grist to the mill of subversion: strikes and coups in counterinsurgencies

Why are acts of organized resistance associated with coups? Inspired by the Arab Spring, a large literature suggests that militaries confronted with civil resistance tend to side with protesters and oust their government. In the historically most coup-prone environment of insurgencies, however, alliances between the military and protesters are implausible because soldiers suspect insurgents behind social dissent. Disentangling different types of resistance, this article analyzes whether and how strikes, demonstrations, riots, and guerrilla attacks affect the military’s disposition and ability to stage a coup during counterinsurgencies. We argue that only strikes trigger coup attempts. Soldiers interpret strikes as manifestations of a strengthening subversive enemy that threatens their victory over insurgents, while economic elites support a coup in the hope that the military will terminate costly walkouts. This interest alignment fosters military takeovers. We provide case-study evidence from Cold War Argentina and Venezuela to show our suggested mechanism at work. Demonstrating the scope of our argument, we quantitatively analyze coup attempts in counterinsurgency worldwide (1950–2005). Results show that strikes increase wartime coup risk, whereas demonstrations, riots, and guerrilla attacks do not. The findings highlight the backfiring potential of nonviolent resistance with important implications for post-coup political orders and democratization prospects.

Role of tumor microenvironment in the regulation of PD-L1: A novel role in resistance to cancer immunotherapy.

Tumor evasion from the host immune system is a substantial strategy for tumor development and survival. The expression of many immune checkpoint proteins in cancer cells is a mechanism by which tumor cells escape from the immune system. Among the well-known immune checkpoints that can tremendously affect tumor development and cancer therapy are the programmed death-ligand-1/programmed death-1 (PD-L1/PD-1). To tackle this phenomenon and improve the therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment, the blockade of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway is introduced as a target, but the therapeutic advantage of PD L1/PD-1 blockade has not fulfilled the expectations. This condition may be associated with a different type of resistance in a considerable number of patients. A crucial issue to conquer resistance against immune checkpoint blockade therapy is to understand how PD-L1 level is regulated. However, the mechanisms by which the PD-L1 expression is regulated are complicated, and they can occur at different levels from signaling pathways to posttranscriptional levels. For example, various transcriptional factors, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1, nuclear factor-κΒ, interferon-γ, STAT3, MYC, and AP-1 can regulate the PD-L1 distribution at the transcriptional level. Herein, we tried to focus on the most important regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 by inducible agents in the tumor cells, such as signaling pathways, transcriptional factors, and posttranscriptional factors. Finally, these approaches may open up new windows for targeting tumor immune evasion and suggest the novel suppressors of PD-L1 for efficient therapeutics.

Contentious Politics in China: Causes, Dynamics, and Consequences

AbstractChina has become a land of social protests. Yet the Chinese state possesses considerable capacity and is rising on the world stage day by day. Why and how do Chinese people take to the streets? Where does their activism lead? This paper draws on a rich body of existing literature to provide an overview of the broad landscape of Chinese contentious politics and to dig deeper into a few common or emerging forms of social conflict. It then explores the various structural and political opportunity-based explanations for why protest occurs in China, before describing the ways in which different organizations and different framings of issues by citizens affect how protests play out. Shifting to where protests lead, the paper briefly surveys a variety of coercive and conciliatory institutions China possesses for social control and then documents distinct patterns in the state’s handling of different types of resistance—repressive, tolerant, concessionary, and mixed approaches—followed by an examination of the multifaceted impact of unrest. The conclusion offers suggestions for future researchers. Reviewing major concepts, debates, perspectives, and emerging research directions in studies of contentious politics in the world’s most populous country, this paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of authoritarian politics and authoritarian resilience more generally.

Trends and impact of antimicrobial resistance on older inpatients with urinary tract infections (UTIs): A national retrospective observational study.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections in older people and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. UTIs are also associated with increased risk of antimicrobial resistance (AR). This study examined changes in AR among older inpatients with a primary diagnosis of UTIs in the United States over an 8-year period and the impact of AR on clinical outcomes and hospital costs. Data were obtained from the longitudinal hospital HCUP-NIS database from 2009 to 2016 for inpatient episodes that involved those aged 65+ years. The ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes were used to identify episodes with a primary diagnosis of UTIs, comorbidities, AR status and age-adjusted Deyo-Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI) for the patient concerned. Weighted multivariable regression was used to examine the impact of AR on all-cause inpatient mortality, discharge destination, length of stay and hospital expenditures, adjusted for socio-demographic and clinical covariates. The proportion of admissions with AR increased, from 3.64% in 2009 to 6.88% in 2016 (p<0.001), with distinct patterns for different types of resistance. The likelihood of AR was higher in admissions with high ACCI scores and admissions to hospitals in urban areas. Admissions with AR were more likely to be discharged to healthcare facilities (e.g. care homes) compared to routine discharge (OR 1.81; 95%CI, 1.75–1.86), had increased length of stay (1.12 days; 95%CI, 1.06–1.18) and hospital costs (1259 USD; 95%CI, 1178–1340). Resistance due to MRSA was specifically associated with increased hospital mortality (OR 1.33; 95%CI, 1.15–1.53). Our findings suggest that the prevalence of AR has increased among older inpatients with UTIs in the USA. The study highlights the impact of AR among older inpatients with a primary diagnosis of UTIs on clinical outcomes and hospital costs. These relationships and their implications for the care homes to which patients are frequently discharged warrant further research.

Resistance in Postcolonial Literature with Reference to Sahar Khalifeh’s Wild Thorns

This study presents a theoretical and practical framework of resistance as a concept of postcolonial criticism. It describes different types of resistance as presented in Sahar Khalifeh’s novel, Wild Thorns. A historical approach is adapted to trace ‘resistance Literature’ throughout the postcolonial criticism. The main aim here is to highlight the theme of resistance against the colonial structure from the point of view of a Palestinian novelist. The application of the analytic descriptive approach intends to analyze the theme of resistance at this colonial period from different points of view. The theme of resistance is tackled from a sociological and cultural point of view. The ideology of both the colonized and the colonizer is revealed throughout this critical analysis.

Cryptophlebia peltastica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Is Highly Infectious to Codling Moth Larvae and Cells.

Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a cornerstone of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) control in integrated and organic pome fruit production, though different types of resistance to CpGV products have been recorded in codling moth field populations in Europe for several years. Recently, a novel baculovirus named Cryptophlebia peltastica nucleopolyhedrovirus (CrpeNPV) was isolated from a laboratory culture of the litchi moth, Cryptophlebia peltastica, in South Africa. Along with CpGV, it is the third known baculovirus that is infectious to codling moth. In the present study, parameters of infectiveness of CrpeNPV, such as the median lethal concentration and median survival time, were determined for codling moth larvae susceptible or resistant to CpGV. In addition, the permissiveness of a codling moth cell line with respect to infection by CrpeNPV budded virus was demonstrated by infection and gene expression studies designed to investigate the complete replication cycle. Investigations of the high degree of virulence of CrpeNPV for codling moth larvae and cells are of high significant scientific and economic value and may offer new strategies for the biological control of susceptible and resistant populations of codling moth.IMPORTANCE The emergence of codling moth populations resistant to commercially applied isolates of CpGV is posing an imminent threat to organic pome fruit production. Very few CpGV isolates are left that are able to overcome the reported types of resistance, emphasizing the demand for new and highly virulent baculoviruses. Here we report the recently discovered CrpeNPV as highly infectious to all types of resistant codling moth populations with a high speed of killing, making it a promising candidate baculovirus in fighting the spread of resistant codling moth populations.

Resistance in Postcolonial Literature with Reference to Sahar Khalifeh’s Wild Thorns

This study presents a theoretical and practical framework of resistance as a concept of postcolonial criticism. It describes different types of resistance as presented in Sahar Khalifeh’s novel Wild Thorns. A historical approach is adapted to trace ‘resistance Literature’ throughout the postcolonial criticism. The main aim here is to highlight the theme of resistance against the colonial structure from the point of view of a Palestinian novelist. The application of the analytic descriptive approach intends to analyze the theme of resistance at this colonial period from different points of view. The theme of resistance is tackled from a sociological and cultural point of view. The ideology of both the colonized and the colonizer is revealed throughout this critical analysis.

PB1920 BCR‐ABL GENE ABL KINASE DOMAIN MUTATIONS IN IMATINIB RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS FROM AZERBAIJAN

Background:While chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) can successfully be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, point mutations within ABL kinase domain of the BCR‐ABL gene are the most common cause of resistance to Imatinib Mesylate. More than 100 BCR‐ABL1 kinase domain point mutations with various frequencies of incidence, domain positions and implications on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) response in CML are associated with TKI resistance.Aims:To assess the frequency and type of ABL kinase domain mutations in Imatinib resistant CML patients.Methods:115 Imatinib resistant CML patients having been observed during the period from 2014 to 2018. 90 patients at the time of diagnosis were in the chronic phase (78.3%), 19 patients in the acceleration phase (16.5%) and 6 patients in the blast crisis phase (5.2%). By risk groups by Socal et al., the patients were distributed as: low risk ‐ 35 patients; the average risk is 67 patients; high risk ‐ 13 patients. Total RNA was isolated from whole blood and reverse‐transcribed. The resulting cDNA was subjected to an initial round of RT‐PCR across the BCR‐ABL1 breakpoint followed by a second round to amplify the sequence. The final PCR product was pyrosequenced. A total of 14 mutations were identified. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM, USA) with Chi‐Square. Critical p‐value was set to 0.05.Results:115 Imatinib resistant CML patients were analyzed, 44.3% men (n = 51) and 55.7% women (n = 64), average age – 45.3 ± 14.8 (from 16 to 80). BCR‐ABL1 mutations were found in 16.5% (19/115) CML patients. 7 different mutation variants were identified in 19 patients (Y253H – 2, E255K – 1, F317L (TTG) – 2, F317L (TTA) – 1, T315I – 7, F359 V – 3, F359C ‐ 3). Mutations Y253F, E255 V, V299L(CTG), V299L(TTG), F317 V, F317L(CTC), T315A didn’t identified. Mutation associated resistance rate was higher in men than in women (24.5% against 7.8%, p = 0,025). Also these mutations were analyzed between the group of patients aged ≥50 and &lt;50. The results were 20.45 % and 14.08 %, respectively, p = 0.371. In men and women, T315I mutation prevailed, which occurred in 9.8% and 3.1% of cases, respectively, p = 0.136. In addition, the mutations identified in men were Y253H ‐ 2 (3.92%), F317L (TTG) ‐ 2 (3.92%), F359 V ‐ 2 (3.92%), F359C ‐ 2 (3.92%), E255K ‐ 1 (1.96%), and in women, F317L (TTG) ‐ 1 (1.56%), F359 V ‐ 1 (1.56%), F359C ‐ 1 (1.56%). Studying the frequencies of mutations in the different phases of the disease allowed us to establish that mutations were detected in 10 patients in the chronic phase, which accounted for 11.1% of the total number of patients in this phase, and they were detected in 5 patients in the acceleration phase (26.3%), and in 4 patients in the blast crisis phase (66.7%), p = 0.0008. Studying the distribution of mutations by risk groups showed that mutations were detected in 2 patients in the high‐risk group, which accounted for 15.4% of the total number of patients in this group, in 12 patients in the medium‐risk group, (17.9%), and in 5 patients in the low‐risk group (14.3%), p = 0.890.Summary/Conclusion:Since different mutations of the kinase domain of BCR‐ABL1 are associated with different types of resistance to TKI, identifying trends in the distribution of mutations in CML patients receiving TKI treatment is very important for choosing treatment strategy and early prediction of therapy resistance.

Analisis Lapisan Batuan dan Potensi Air Tanah dengan Metode Geolistrik Konfigurasi Schlumberger di Kampus 2 UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Geoelectric is the method most often used to obtain subsurface images with the possibility of groundwater and minerals at a certain depth. Estimations by means of this method are based on the fact that different materials will have different types of resistance when electrified. The purpose of this research is to estimate the electrical properties of subsurface rock formations, especially their ability to generate electricity or inhibit electricity. The results showed that the tested area had soil geological conditions which were dominated by soil, sand and gravel in the surface area, whereas for 50 m depth it was dominated by sedimentary rocks accompanied by basalt rocks with little saline in the deepest layer. For large resistivity in the range of 3000 - 5000 Wm it indicates that the area has poor groundwater potential.

Detection of Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Al-Zahraa University Hospital

Background : the rate of multidrug resistant (MDR) klebsiella pneumonia is increasing worldwide, its detection by available phenotypic methods represents a challenge. However, every lab should estimate its frequency for infection control measures and antibiotic stewardship program. Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of MDR klebsiella pneumoniae in Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, and to determine their different phenotypic methods. Methods: frequency of MDR K. pneumoniae isolates from different clinical samples provided to the microbiology laboratory, Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt during the period from May 2016 to January 2017 was detected by different phenotypic methods including ESBL detection (ESBL combined disk test, the double disk synergy test and the ESBL NDP test), AmpC production, carbapenemase production, the temocillin disk diffusion test, the Carba NP test, the Blue carba test and the genotypic detection of OXA-48 gene). Results: out of 2058 samples provided to Al-Zahraa University Microbiology Lab, 143 isolates were K. pneumoniae (6.94 %), 120 out of these 143 (83.9 %) were MDR. Their incidence rate (0.1) from the total and (0.8) and from the K. pneumoniae isolates respectively.98.3% of these MDR were ESBL producers, 45.8% were AmpC B lactamase, 39.16% were carbapenem resistant while quinolone and aminoglycoside resistance were 63.6% and 68.3% respectively. Conclusion: continuous laboratory surveillance for different types of resistance in all K. pneumoniae isolates is recommended. ESBL NDP test and blue carba test could be used as routine tests in the microbiology lab for rapid detection of ESBL and carbapenem isolates.

Integrative and complementary practices in the Unified Health System: unveiling potentials and limitations.

To understand the perception of professionals in the Family Health Strategy and the Family Health Support Center units regarding the use of integrative and complementary practices in the Unified Health System, revealing potentials and limitations. A qualitative and participatory study articulated using a dialogical methodological reference performed in Culture Circles with professionals of a municipality of the South of Brazil. The disclosure was carried out concurrently with the participation of the respondents. Thirty (30) professionals participated. The potentials of integrative and complementary practices for strengthening the healthcare system as a model of differentiated care with a comprehensive, holistic and empowering approach were identified, however an overload of work and the different types of resistance constitute limitations for its consolidation. Integrative and complementary practices are a form of care with potential for transforming individuals, families, communities, professionals and health services, and thus are important resources for strengthening the Unified Health System.

Relationship between Fusarium Head Blight, Kernel Damage, Concentration of Fusarium Biomass, and Fusarium Toxins in Grain of Winter Wheat Inoculated with Fusarium culmorum.

Winter wheat lines were evaluated for their reaction to Fusarium head blight (FHB) after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum in two field experiments. A mixture of two F. culmorum chemotypes was applied (3ADON—deoxynivalenol producing, NIV—nivalenol producing). Different types of resistance were evaluated, including head infection, kernel damage, Fusarium biomass content and trichothecenes B (deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV)) accumulation in grain. The aim of the study was to find relationships between different types of resistance. Head infection (FHB index) and Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) were visually scored. Fusarium biomass was analysed using real-time PCR. Trichothecenes B accumulation was analysed using gas chromatography. Wheat lines differ in their reaction to inoculation for all parameters describing FHB resistance. We found a wide variability of FHB indexes, FDK, and Fusarium biomass content. Both toxins were present. DON content was about 60% higher than NIV and variability of this proportion between lines was observed. Significant correlation was found between head infection symptoms and FDK. Head infection was correlated with F. culmorum biomass and NIV concentration in grain. No correlation was found between the FHB index and DON concentration. Similarly, FDK was not correlated with DON content, but it was with NIV content; however, the coefficients were higher than for the FHB index. Fusarium biomass amount was positively correlated with both toxins as well as with the FHB index and FDK. Environmental conditions significantly influenced the DON/NIV ratio in grain. In locations where less F. culmorum biomass was detected, the DON amount was higher than NIV, while in locations where more F. culmorum biomass was observed, NIV prevailed over DON.

Pathogenesis-related protein genes involved in race-specific all-stage resistance and non-race specific high-temperature adult-plant resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat

Interactions of the stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) with wheat plants activate a wide range of host responses. Among various genes involved in the plant-pathogen interactions, the expressions of particular pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes determine different defense responses. Different types of resistance have been recognized and utilized for developing wheat cultivars for resistance to stripe rust. All-stage resistance can be detected in seedling stage and remains at high levels throughout the plant growth stages. This type of resistance is race-specific and not durable. In contrast, plants with only high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance are susceptible in seedling stage, but become resistant when plants grow older and the weather becomes warmer. HTAP resistance controlled by a single gene is partial, but usually non-race specific and durable. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of PR protein genes involved in different types of wheat resistance to stripe rust. The expression levels of 8 PR protein genes (PR1, PR1.2, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PR9 and PR10) were quantitatively evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days after inoculation in single resistance gene lines of wheat with all-stage resistance genes YrTr1, Yr76, YrSP and YrExp2 and lines carrying HTAP resistance genes Yr52, Yr59, Yr62 and Yr7B. Races PSTv-4 and PSTv-37 for compatible and incompatible interactions were used in evaluation of PR protein gene expression in wheat lines carrying all-stage resistance genes in the seedling-stage experiment while PSTv-37 was used in the HTAP experiment. Analysis of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that all of the PR protein genes were involved in the different types of resistance controlled by different Yr genes. However, these genes were upregulated at different time points and at different levels during the infection process among the wheat lines with different Yr genes for either all-stage resistance or HTAP resistance. Some of the genes were also induced in compatible interactions, but the levels were almost always higher in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible interaction at the same time point for each Yr gene. These results indicate that both allsalicylic acid and jasmonate signaling pathways are involved in both race-specific all-stage resistance and non-race specific HTAP resistance. Although expressing at different stages of infection and at different levels, these PR protein genes work in concert for contribution to different types of resistance controlled by different Yr genes.

Yield Loss Associated with Different Levels of Stem Rust Resistance in Bread Wheat.

Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race Ug99 (syn. TTKSK) has been identified as a major threat to wheat production based on its broad virulence. Despite its importance, the effect of Ug99 on different types of resistance in wheat has not been thoroughly researched. In field trials conducted with P. graminis f. sp. tritici race PTKST (Ug99 race group) over 2 years, AUDPC differentiated the moderately susceptible variety SC Stallion (515) and susceptible entries SC Nduna (995) and Line 37-07 (1634) from those with adult plant resistance (APR). AUDPC of APR varieties W1406 (256), W6979 (399), and Kingbird (209) was higher than the mean of 25 recorded for the all stage resistant (ASR) variety SC Sky. In fungicide-protected and unprotected plots, race PTKST resulted in a mean yield loss of 21.3%, with susceptible Line 37-03 recording a 47.9% decrease in grain yield. Yield reduction in APR varieties reached 19.5% in W1406, whereas the ASR control SC Sky showed a mean loss of 6.4%. Although APR reduced the effects of stem rust on yield and yield components under conditions of high disease pressure, it did not provide the same protection as effective ASR.

Resistencias contra el neoliberalismo: una conceptualización de su ejercicio entre lo local y lo global

Desde la década de 1970 se han implementado políticas neoliberales que afectan distintas esferas de la vida social. Por ello, definir el neoliberalismo como una forma de racionalidad política resulta útil para entender sus variadas manifestaciones y efectos, así como los distintos tipos de resistencia que se construyen en su contra. Este artículo hace una propuesta conceptual desde un marco neogramsciano en relaciones internacionales, que permite entender las resistencias contra el neoliberalismo como prácticas locales y globales diversas que retan el orden establecido y cuestionan su carácter hegemónico. Todo esto en un proceso de cambio social que abarca tanto experiencias individuales como globales, que confluyen en el denominado “movimiento alterglobalización”. Para tales fines, en primer lugar, se caracteriza el neoliberalismo como una forma de racionalidad política, mostrando sus efectos más allá de las dimensiones socioeconómicas; en segundo lugar, se conceptualizan las resistencias en su contra como se ha descrito anteriormente; en tercer lugar, se presenta un análisis del movimiento alterglobalización, entendiendo que no es un actor unificado sino un proceso de cambio social apuntalado por la diversidad; y, finalmente, se presentan una serie de conclusiones que resaltan la importancia académica y política de esta perspectiva.

Molecular and Phenotypic Study of Carbapenem Resistant E. coli.

Carbapenem resistance is an emerging problem. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of carbapenem resistance and ESBLs among clinical isolates of E. coli by phenotypic methods and to study the molecular bases of the resistance by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The study was carried on 153 non repetitive E. coli strains collected from different clinical samples from Baghdad hospitals. The strains were isolated according to standard microbiological procedures and identified by Gram stain and biochemical reactions. E. coli strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests by the disc diffusion method, carbapenem screening, ESBL screening tests, and molecular studies for genes responsible for such resistance. The study was carried out on 153 non repetitive E. coli. Detection of ESBLs by the double disc method reveals that 63 isolates (41.2%) of isolated E. coli had ESBL activity. Carbapenem resistance among E. coli reveals that 30 isolates (19.6%) had both metallo-β-lactamase and carbapenemase activity as detected by double disc synergy test and boronic acid disc. Among 63 isolates of E. coli with positive double disc tests for ESBL resistance, the most frequent gene detected by PCR was blaTEM (52.4%), followed by blaSHV (33.3%) and blaCTX-M (14.3%). Among 30 E. coli strains with metallo-β-lactamase activity and carbapenemase activity, the most frequent genes were IMP, VIM (30% for each), followed by NDM (20%), GIM, SIM, SPM, and KPC (10% for each). Isolated E. coli with carbapenem resistance represented 47.6% of E. coli with ESBL activity. The present study highlights the incidence of carbapenemase among clinical isolates of E. coli combined with extended β-lactamases activity. Phenotypic screening methods were valuable for detection of different types of resistance. The common genes responsible for carbapenem resistance were IMP, VIM, and NDM. Further studies are recommended with more included E. coli isolates.