Different Types Of Repetition Research Articles

PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONING OF GRAMMATICAL MEANS IN EXPRESSIVE COMPRESSED TEXTS

The article deals with the investigation of grammatical means of achieving expressiveness in compressed texts. In addition, the peculiarities of functioning of these means are considered in the article. Researches of linguistic expressive means are closely related to stylistics, thus, expressive means in compressed texts are, first of all, represented by stylistic devices as the expressive discourse is actualized through stylistics. Grammatical level of the language is traditionally subdivided into morphological and syntactical, correspondingly we distinguish between morphological and syntactic grammatical expressive means. Thus, at the morphological level compressed texts are usually characterized by the use of certain parts of speech with expressive meanings. Here mostly belong such categories of words as adjectives and adverbs. Other morphological means may include the use of different tenses. As to syntactic level, the expressive means in the compressed texts are represented by syntactic synonymy, inversion, the use of different syntactic structures (sentence types), the use of short sentences in answers to questions, different types of repetition, ellipse, direct speech, parallel constructions. On the whole, both grammatical morphological means and grammatical syntactic ones are rather productive in achievement of expressiveness in the compressed texts.

IDIOSTIL KOLUMNI MOMA KAPORA U VODIČU KROZ SRPSKI MENTALITET

The subject of analysis is the idiostyle of Momo Kapor’s columns published in the book entitled Vodič kroz srpski mentalitet. The author’s individual discourse style of columns is a collection of specific expressive means which distinguish the language of Momo Kapor from other Serbian writers. Communicative, stylistic, verbal and cognitive style of M. Kapor reflects the author’s personality and his perception of the world. We have isolated and analyzed stylis- tically marked usage of linguistic devices in order to show the characteristics of Kapor’s com- municative, stylistic, verbal, and cognitive style. Kapor’s communicative style in the analyzed columns is informal and he uses jargon and colloquial phraseology in order to transform the genre of column. In Vodič kroz srpski mentalitet Kapor performs a kind of painting with words by developing descriptions through different types of repetition, antithesis, metaphorical epi- thets, metaphor, comparisons, personification, and antonomasia. The linguostylistic analysis shows that the peculiar structural organization of the discourse of the analyzed columns is achieved through the use of cumulation, syntactic parallelism, which is sometimes enhanced by anaphora, the use of epiphonemes and antithesis.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАМІТКИ ДО КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ЛІНГВОФОЛЬКЛОРИСТИЧНОГО АНАЛІЗУ ПОЕТИКИ МЕФОДІЇВСЬКОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ПІСНІ НАД ПІСНЯМИ

The article is devoted to some methodological issues that arise in the linguistic and folklore analysis of the poetics of the Methodius's translation of the Song of Songs, which we consider as an orally poetic text, later elaborated in literature. The parameters of interlingual, interfaith and interethnic transmission under conditions of considerable time duration are outlined. Problems related to layers not only temporal, but also within several ethnic traditions, namely: ancient Egyptian, ancient Jewish, ancient Greek, ancient Slavic. There are a number of tropes and stylistic figures that are used as a means of organizing the text or used as components for stylistic symmetry. These are permanent epithets, different types of repetitions, anaphora and epiphora, tautological combinations, pleonastic combinations, allegories, comparisons, ekphrasis, specific composites, etc. It is possible to involve in the study of common in folklore hyperbole, personifications, paraphrases. The range of methodological difficulties is outlined. The article warns about the counterproductiveness of the study of literary tropes in isolation from the contexts of specific works, in the abstract non-ethnic continuum, although in synchrony and diachrony. If in the national literatures, especially in the early stages of their development, there are peculiar genre systems, then in folklore there are differences in genres of even related ethnic groups. Hence, the need to take into account the differences between the genres of wedding poetry in ancient Aramaic folklore and in the oral traditions of the peoples whose scribes translated the poem. The importance of a specific contextual study of the tracks of the Song of Songs is emphasized, because the movement of its texts in time and space is a change in their perceptions by translators, editors, transcribers, which leads to changes in understanding and aesthetic acceptance of the monument by readers. It is stressed that the full picture can be obtained only by examining all the national and ethnic branches of the family tree of the monument. The question of place in such a comprehensive study of religious allegorical and symbolic interpretations is also delivered in the article.

Repetition in McDonald's Slogan

McDonald’s is one of the fast food companies which used stylistic devices as the language strategy. The stylistic devices implemented on the analysis is repetition. The purposes of the analysis on repetition in the McDonald’s advertising slogan are (1) to identify the type of the repetition and (2) to identify the language unit used in the slogan. This research implemented qualitative method; the method is used to qualify the slogans that consist of repetition. There are 10 data of McDonald’s repetition slogans. The results discover three different types of repetition and two language units used in the repetition of the slogan. The research concludes that repetition is used as a particular strategy in McDonald’s slogan in order not only to attract customer’s attention or convey the message but also to bear in their mind about the image of McDonald’s.McDonald’s is one of the fast food companies which used stylistic devices as the language strategy. The stylistic devices implemented on the analysis is repetition. The purposes of the analysis on repetition in the McDonald’s advertising slogan are (1) to identify the type of the repetition and (2) to identify the language unit used in the slogan. This research implemented qualitative method; the method is used to qualify the slogans that consist of repetition. There are 10 data of McDonald’s repetition slogans. The results discover three different types of repetition and two language units used in the repetition of the slogan. The research concludes that repetition is used as a particular strategy in McDonald’s slogan in order not only to attract customer’s attention or convey the message but also to bear in their mind about the image of McDonald’s.

СТИЛІСТИЧНІ ЗАСОБИ ФРАНЦУЗЬКОЇ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ РЕКЛАМИ

The article is devoted to the study of social advertising as a special kind of French advertising discourse, namely to identify the basic stylistic means inherent in advertising discourse. Particular attention was paid to identifying characteristic stylistic figures and defining their functions in social advertising. It is worth noting that the discourse of French social advertising is most characterized by the use of such rhetorical figures as syntactic parallelism, antithesis, repetition, play of words, rhetorical questions and rhyme. Among all the above stylistic figures, the most common in social advertising is syntactic parallelism, which is simultaneously accompanied by different types of repetitions. Another stylistic tool that is also quite common in French social advertising texts is the antithesis. As has been demonstrated in the previous examples, antithesis is usually accompanied by syntactic parallelism, which is built on contrasts and oppositions of certain concepts. Another stylistic technique that is very characteristic of the discourse of French social advertising is the play of words. Advertisers often refer to this rhetorical tool because the use of wordplay renders the advertisement more original, gives it luminance and sometimes even ironic sound. We would like to emphasise that through a system of artistic imagery, linguistic and stylistic means, advertising posters highlight what excites contemporary society and offer ways to solve pressing societal problems.

ESSENCE AND ALPHABETICS OF ADVERTISING OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS

The article introduces the nature and features of advertising for medicinal products. The requirements for the advertising of medicinal products are determined by an ordinance of the Minister of Health. These are contained in the Law on Medicinal Products in Human Medicine (LMPHM). Pharmaceuticals are part of consumer goods. They are intended to meet precisely defined needs when a particular need arises, in a specific set of situations, and thus they are a kind of special commodity. The subject of alphabetics are the alphabets of the various sign systems. Advertisements for medicinal products are composed of the alphabets of at least five sign systems: verbal, clothing, colour, signs and physical characteristics. There are ads designed only for women, as well as the specific female ads intended for the mother and baby. There are others presenting the masculine position. Typical language strategies in their use are binding them to different types of sentences by speech, their participation in dialogical text structures, in antitheses, in different types of repetitions. The parts of speech used and their specific grammatical features in the realization of the creative are described in detail. The predominant chromatems are also given. The contribution of language takes an important place in the realization of commercial goals in the semiotic realization of ads.

Repetition as the Mean of Artistic Expression in the Poetry by N. Rubtsov

The different types of repetitions in poetic texts of N. Rubtsov are investigated in the article, their semantic and functional features are set. The cases of root lexical repetition, methods of syntactic organization of repetitive elements (parallelism, anaphoric constructions) are analysed. The refrain and framing (inclusion) are examined as the special elements in the structure of text, their role in expression of maintenance of text and stylistic functions come to light. It was set as a result of analysis that according to the poet repetition becomes the fundamental principle of structural and semantic organization of text, one of the tools of subjective modality creation, of the authors attitude to the content, meaningful means of expressiveness, creating the special unique style of writer and emotional expression in artistic text.

Structured RNA Markers for Genotyping of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Tick-borne encephalitis is one of the most dangerous natural focal infections. The causative agent of the disease is tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV ) transmitted by ticks . There are three main subtypes of TBEV with different clinical manifestations of the disease, but existence of other subtypes is also possible. Effectiveness of the disease treatment can largely depend on the correct identification of TBEV genotype. Comprehensive information about the genotype is contained in the full coding sequence of TBEV genome. А limited number of genotyping markers can be extracted from it in the form of relatively short structured RNA fragments. In this paper, a rather general approach to the isolation of structured RNA markers for the genotyping of TBEV is formulated. Three types of structures are considered: periodicity, fractal-like constructs and compactly localized combinations of different types of repetitions. The choice of these structures for the purposes of genotyping and their possible role in the formation of the pathogenic potential of the virus is substantiated. The approach was tested on the full coding sequences of TBEV (161 strains). Examples of the most characteristic markers of each of the three types are given.

ПОВТОР КАК ОСОБЫЙ ВИД СИНТАКСИЧЕСКОЙ СВЯЗИ В НЕСОБСТВЕННО-ПРЯМОЙ РЕЧИ: НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПРОЗЫ МАРИНЫ ЦВЕТАЕВОЙ

Автор статьи освещает особенности функционирования повтора, выступающего одним из способов выстроить синтаксические отношения в структуре несобственно-прямой речи, на материале прозаических текстов Марины Цветаевой. В статье описываются различные виды повторов, их отличительные черты и частотность употребления в исследуемых тестах. Типология повторов с позиционной точки зрения в исследуемых случаях несобственно-прямой речи разнообразна: повтор встречается в начале предложений, в конце, в начале и в конце одного высказывания или абзаца, в конце одного высказывания и в начале следующего, а также наблюдается повтор лексем в центре высказывания. Морфология повторов, а именно, частеречная принадлежность повторенных слов и конструкций, представляет интерес с точки зрения и функциональной грамматики. Автор отмечает, что повторы представлены разными частями речи: это могут быть союзы, предлоги, частицы, имена существительные, местоимения, наречия, числительные, комбинация двух слов, глаголы, модальные слова. Более того, в силу своего особого замысла Цветаева усиливает повтор фонетически: это может быть использование фонетических приёмов, таких, как аллитерация, рифма и ритм, что придаёт её прозе дополнительную поэтичность.Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной в современной лингвистике теме чужой речи. Предметом анализа выступают различные виды повторов в структуре несобственно-прямой речи на материале прозаических текстов М. Цветаевой. Автор ставит целью раскрыть особенности функционирования представленных в них типов повтора (лексического, синтаксического, семантического).Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образует метод сплошной выборки иллюстративного материала, а также статистический метод количественного подсчёта, направленный на то, чтобы выявить процентное соотношение случаев употребления разных видов повтора и частеречной принадлежности повторённых слов и конструкций в текстовом поле автора.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в выявлении факта того, что в структуре несобственно-прямой речи писатель выстраивает единый комплекс разноуровневых типов повтора, представляющий собой одну из отличительных черт идиостиля автора. В текстовом поле М. Цветаевой, особенно в рамках несобственно-прямой речи, повторы выполняют самые различные функции: усилительную, ритмическую, связующую.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены студентами филологических отделений при изучении таких учебных дисциплин, как стилистика, синтаксис.

THE USAGE OF STYLISTIC MEANS AND DEVICES IN ENGLISH ADVERTISING SLOGANS AND PROBLEMS OF THEIR TRANSLATION

The present article deals with the analysis of stylistic means and devices usage in English advertising slogans. The functional aspect of stylistic devices usage and the problems of their translation are stated. Stylistic means are those phonetic, graphical, morphemic, lexical and syntactical forms which exist in language as a system for the purpose of logical and emotional intensification of the utterance. They are widely used in English advertising slogans in order to enhance the impact on consumers and stimulate the product demand. The phonetic expressive means such as onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme are mainly used in radio advertising. Such stylistic devices as epithet, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, different types of repetition can be found almost in every single advertising slogan. They make them more expressive, vivid, colourful, memorable and attention-getting. But at the same time stylistic means and devices usage complicates the process of advertising slogans translation and considerably influences the choice of vocabulary units in target language as the translator has to choose lexical items with the equivalent meaning and retain the stylistic effect.

Parental other-repetition in Mandarin parent–child interaction

This study investigated the types and functions of parental other-repetition in Mandarin parent–child interaction from a discourse-pragmatic perspective. The subjects of this study were two Mandarin-speaking parent–child dyads. The data included six hours of natural conversations recorded when the children were between the ages of 2;1 and 3;1. Parental other-repetitions were classified into four repetition types: exact, reduced, modified, or expanded. The different types of repetitions were further analyzed to examine the pragmatic functions of Mandarin parental other-repetition within the framework of communicative exchanges. It was found that the parents used the different types of repetition for a variety of communicative purposes such as acknowledging the receipt of information, asking for clarification, asking for confirmation, targeting a next action, and reformulating the child's utterances. The results also showed that the parents’ use of other-repetition reflected the particular nature of child-directed speech, and the parents’ attempts to foster interaction.

Les reprises dans les interactions adulte-enfant : comparaison d'enfants dysphasiques et tout-venant

<titre/>Within an interactionist approach to language development it is recognized that the verbal scaffolding of an adult – in particular repetitions et recasts of the child’s utterances by the adult – contribute to the child’s language development. In the field of developmental language disorders, the question is to know whether repetitions and recasts function in the same way. Generally, a number of common points are observed. However, when the different types of repetitions and recasts are studied in detail, differences appear between children with and without developmental language disorder regarding the recasts’ and repetitions’ form as well as their function. There are due to, among others reasons, the linguistic characteristics of the children.

Repetitions: a cross‐cultural study

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates how one feature of conversational style ‐ repetition ‐ is utilized within the system of turn‐taking cross‐culturally, examining and classifying the immediate repetitions utilized at topic and subtopic boundaries of three different types of interactions: NSE‐NSE (native speakers of British English), NSJ‐NSJ (native speakers of Japanese), and NSE‐JSE (Japanese speakers of English). Five interactional functions of repetition are identified: interruption‐oriented, solidarity, silence‐avoidance, hesitation, and reformulation repetitions. It is noted that the frequency of the use of different types of repetition varies across cultures, some being exclusively confined either to English or Japanese interactions. It is argued that the differences in the use of repetitions are closely related to the differences in the turn‐taking mechanism of English and Japanese interactions and also to the socio‐cultural values attached to their use.