Different Types Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Mechanism of tetracycline sorption on carbon-bentonite

Antibiotics increased industrial production is the reason of their occurrence in wastewater, soils, groundwater, and drinking water. In this regard, treating the environment for pharmaceuticals is one of the urgent environmental challenges. Synthesis of adsorbents using different types of raw materials by the methods of mechanochemical activation makes it possible to significantly increase their sorption capacity due to the accumulation of various kinds of defects in the crystal structure of the adsorbent. We obtained the bentonite-carbon composite using roller-ring vibratory mill with coal-bentonite ratio of 30 : 70 and 50 : 50. However, the nature of the interaction between carbon and bentonite correlates with changes of surface area and porosity. The porous structure parameters of the samples show the mechanochemical activation of the mixture involves their components interactions. The authors studied the structural and chemical changes during the modification of bentonite with activated carbon by analysing the vibrational spectra of carbon, initial, and modified aluminosilicate samples. According to infrared spectroscopy of adsorbents, absorption bands characteristic of Si-O-C bond vibrations occurred. The paper investigates the sorption capacity of mechanochemically modified natural clay mineral Dash-Salakhli bentonite towards tetracycline hydrochloride. Research investigates the kinetics of the process and rapid sorption of tetracycline. The paper provides possible mechanisms of chemisorption due to donor-acceptor interaction and ion-exchange processes.

The Taskuduk Camp Site in the Northern Caspian Sea (preliminary results of the study)

The article presents the results of a study of the Taskuduk site in 2023, located in the Kharabalinsky district of the Astrakhan region. These investigations were a continuation of the 2022 research. An aim of excavations was the clarify cultural layer boundaries and obtain new materials. Planographic analysis allowed the authors to determine the borders of the cultural layer. The stratigraphic analysis gave the possibility for artifact distribution. The excavations provided an increase in the information base of sources about the Late Neolithic of the Northern Cis-Caspian region. A representative collection of stone tools has significant importance. A homogeneous combination of products from different types of raw materials has been proven. The specificity of microscrapers in the Late Neolithic stone industry was established by a typological method. The adze with traces of processing and polishing was found. The unique arrow point, which is untypical for the stone industry of this region was determined. The application of technical and technological analysis as well as the thin section analysis of pottery allowed the authors to determine the recipes of ceramic pastes. A lot of vessels have an influx on the inside of the corolla. This pottery feature has analogies with the vessels of the Dzhangar and Orlovka cultures. On the base of gas chromatography analysis of the charred food crusts on ceramics the diet of ancient people was reconstructed. The study of a representative collection of animal bones provided information about the economic strategy on this site. The radiocarbon dating supports the Late Neolithic age of this site.

Modeling the Efficiency of Biogas Plants by Using an Interval Data Analysis Method

This article considers the task of developing mathematical models and their computer implementation that would establish the dependence of pH (acidity of the environment) on the volume and structure of raw materials for daily loading, as well as on the operating parameters of temperature and humidity based on the interval analysis of experimental data obtained during BGP research of a given type. In the process of research, based on the developed interval models, it was established that this indicator depends on the volume and structure of raw materials, as well as on the temperature and humidity of the substrate in the bioreactor. To build this mathematical model, it is proposed to use the method of interval data analysis and the method of identification of model parameters based on multidimensional optimization. The results of experimental studies for a specific type of biogas plant are given, and interval models with guaranteed prognostic properties that characterize the pH of the environment depending on the specific type of bio-raw material of solid and liquid fractions, temperature, and humidity are obtained. Based on the use of different types of raw materials, the developed models, based on experimental data, describe different configurations of the structure and volumes of raw materials for daily loading. The obtained mathematical models are an algebraic nonlinear equation that can be applied to control the level of pH of the environment in the bioreactor by determining the optimal volumes of raw materials of each type during the loading period depending on the temperature and humidity of the substrate in the bioreactor.

Production of methanol from renewable sources in Mexico: Supply chain optimization

Methanol is one of the most important chemical compounds, as it is the basis for producing a wide variety of derivatives. Its production through fossil sources such as natural gas in countries like Mexico is not entirely viable due to the fluctuations in the availability of this resource. The use of renewable sources to produce methanol represents an interesting area of opportunity to reduce the dependence on a single raw material. This work proposes the design of the methanol supply chain in Mexico using residual materials, finding a solution with the best compromise between profit, social impact, and CO2 emissions. The solution with the best compromise corresponds to a profit of 7,334,100 USD/y, a marginalization index of 2592.536 and CO2 emissions of -0.021 Mt/y. This solution has 8 different types of raw materials, 18 process plants and the use of three processing technologies: gasification, anaerobic digestion, and catalysis from CO2.

ОЦЕНКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СЫРЬЯ ТАВОЛГИ В ФАРМАЦИИ И МЕДИЦИНЕ

An analysis of the scientific literature has shown a significant interest of researchers around the world in the study of medicinal plant raw materials and new sources of herbal preparations of various pharmacological effects. One of such promising objects is the vyazolistnaya meadowsweet or labaznik, an unpretentious plant widely distributed on the territory of the Russian Federation. Due to its diverse chemical composition, labaznik has a wide range of properties necessary for the manufacture of various drugs with high pharmacological activity. The main group of biologically active substances of meadowsweet are phenolic compounds. The essential oil has noticeable antimicrobial and antifunginal activity. Today, being a pharmacopoeial plant in the Republic of Belarus, France and the United Kingdom, in the Russian Federation, meadowsweet does not have the appropriate regulatory documentation, which makes it difficult to use this plant as a source of medicines. In addition, the presence of a number of dietary supplements on the pharmaceutical market, which include different types of raw materials of meadowsweet, also requires the availability of appropriate regulatory documents. The pharmacological activity of different types of raw materials has been confirmed in a significant number of studies by scientists from different countries, however, the plant is still of interest for further testing, especially in the Russian Federation for the formation of regulatory documentation. In this article, the authors conducted a systematic analysis of scientific research on the pharmacological activity of various types of raw materials of the labasnik and assessed the prospects for its use in Russian pharmaceutical practice.

QUALITY OF PELLETS FROM OLIVE GROVE RESIDUAL BIOMASS

Two of the main environmental problems that man currently faces are the high rate of waste generation and energy consumption, both bearing directly upon climate change. The situation requires a change in waste management models, with a greater focus on waste reduction, recycling and appraisal, as well as a change in energy models. This signifies the use of renewable energy sources to supply part of the future demands of fossil fuel. Such sources include biomass sources from agricultural waste. Southern Spain has a large supply of biomass of a residual nature from agricultural activities, such as olive pruning. However, the use of pellets made from olive tree leaves or a mixture of different parts of olive trees is not as yet widespread. This research shows that the use of different types of raw materials from olive grove residues results in pellets with different physical and chemical properties, which define their possible application. More research is needed to design the production of pellets, which will have properties suitable for specific applications and which will possess the quality that satisfies accepted standards and norms.

Study on content of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the raw materials of Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.

The aim of this work was to determine the component composition and quantitative content of flavonoids, including catechins, in the leaves, shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.) for further standardization of raw materials and establishing antioxidant activity of their water-ethanol extracts. Materials and methods. The leaves, shoots of Parthenocissus quinquefolia were collected during the phase of mass flowering in July 2020 and fruits were collected during full ripeness (September – October 2020) in Lisnyky village of Obukhiv district of Kyiv Oblast (Ukraine). Determination of the component composition and quantitative content of flavonoids, including catechins, was carried out by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent Technologies 1200 liquid chromatograph. Identification and quantitative analysis were carried out using standard solutions of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin-3-b-glycoside, naringin, neohesperidin, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin) and catechins (pyrocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and halocatechin). Antioxidant activity was determined by the spectrophotometric method at 347 nm by the ability to inhibit the autooxidation of adrenaline in vitro.Results. As a result of the study, 9 phenolic compounds were identified: rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-b-glycoside, naringin, epicatechin, catechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin gallate. It was determined that rutin, quercetin, epicatechin, and catechin predominate in the leaves, shoots, and fruits of Virginia creeper.It was established that the extracts of leaves with shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper show a pronounced antioxidant activity due to their ability to inhibit autooxidation of adrenaline in vitro.Conclusions. The high content of rutin, quercetin, epicatechin and catechin in the leaves, shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper has scientific interest, due to discovered compounds have a valuable pharmacological effect. The obtained results can be used for the standardization of raw materials of Virginia creeper, and differences in the quantitative content of halocatechin in different types of raw materials, as well as the presence of naringin in leaves and shoots and luteolin in the fruits of Virginia creeper as diagnostic features of this species raw material.The results of the study of antioxidant activity confirm the prospects of using this raw material for the creation of new drugs with antioxidant activity

An optimization model for sustainable multi-product multi-echelon supply chain networks with U-shaped assembly line balancing under uncertainty

This study presents an integrated supply chain network with suppliers, manufacturers, assemblers, and customers. The proposed model considers a U-shaped assembly line with three sustainability objective functions. We consider assumptions considering different types of raw materials, multiple products, location selection of manufacturers, location selection of assemblers, and capacity of suppliers. The problem is formulated non-linear and then linearized as a multi-objective model. Some cost and demand parameters are considered uncertain and are represented by fuzzy sets and theory. The proposed uncertain model is first converted to a multi-objective crisp model by applying the modified robust possibilistic programming approach. Then, the obtained crisp multi-objective model is solved by an interactive-fuzzy optimization approach in the literature. For computational study, some test problems are generated and solved using an original deterministic formulation and the crisp form of the uncertain formulation. The obtained results are analyzed and compared according to the objective function values. Finally, an extensive sensitivity analysis is performed on the parameters of the models.

A Comparison of the Qualitative Characteristics of Pellets Made from Different Types of Raw Materials

With the aim of extending the production of renewable energy from lignocellulosic materials by improving their energy characteristics, the authors have started a series of experimental activities that involve a densification process of the wood material and a subsequent quantitative and qualitative characterization of the different pellets produced. The research activity was focused on different types of pellets obtained using biomass deriving from dedicated energy crops (medium rotation forestry), pruning residues of agricultural crops, thinning interventions in planted forests, and, lastly, residues from the maintenance of urban greenery. Among the 15 parameters that were investigated, 9 (length, diameter, fusibility, As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were within the limits set by current legislation for all the analyzed pellets. The same was not detected for the remaining 6 parameters (bulk density, heating value, ash, N, durability, and cadmium), the value of which did not reach the quality requirements established by the standards. The biomass obtained from medium rotation forestry plants (MRF) and forest residues turned out to be the best source of material to be used to produce pellets. Within these two groups, the best results were found for eucalypt, except for the heating value. Pellets from MRF also showed interesting values of durability and nitrogen content (classes A1 vs. A2).

Evolution of the technological, sensory, and nutritional quality of gluten-free cookies: a critical review

Understanding the scenario of the development of gluten-free products, the relationship with the public, and the present challenges is of paramount importance to advance the development of these products successfully. This review focuses on gluten-free cookies, with a discussion of the main results found for the different types of raw materials and their influence on product quality and the lack of innovation in new processes for such products. According to the presentation of the studies, the main challenges for the development of gluten-free cookies are the repetition of starchy raw materials and the processes that lead to technological and sensory results that displease consumers because they are being compared with the affective memory of the gluten-free product, which unbalanced the nutritional value of the products because they have high levels of carbohydrates and fat. In the food industry, innovations and changes are already occurring, such as the use of protein and fiber raw materials. However, it is still necessary to develop strategies dissociated from those used for gluten-free baked goods that are more personalized for this market, which, compared with wheat products with more than 2000 years of history, is in the first steps of development.

Pottery traditions in Kydonia: Preliminary results from the petrographic analysis of three pottery assemblages in Chania

Chania, or Minoan Kydonia according to the Linear B tablets, has been an important Minoan settlement throughout the Bronze Age. Systematic and rescue excavations on the hill of Kastelli since the 1970 s has revealed the presence of a major palatial centre of the Late Minoan III (LM IIIA1-B1) period that kept thriving even after the collapse of the Minoan palatial system. This paper deals with the combined analysis of three assemblages from Chania covering all phases of the Postpalatial period (LM IIIA1 to LM IIIB2). The petrographic analysis of an array of coarse and fine wares allowed the in-depth investigation of pottery production throughout the LM III period and the establishment of the main pottery recipes. Issues of provenance and technology of manufacture are investigated with emphasis on the use of different types of raw materials for the production of coarse wares used for domestic purposes as well as semi-fine and fine wares used for transportation and consumption of staples and liquids. With an approach incorporating pottery from different contexts and different chronological horizons of the LM III period this paper examines continuity and discontinuity in the use of fabrics and clay recipes in time and at a micro-regional level. Last but not least, the technological characteristics of the renowned ‘Kydonian workshop’ are examined.

Biogoriva kao izazov održivog razvoja

Bioenergy, or energy derived from biomass, today is recognized as an important component in many energy scenarios, being an integral part of various global, regional, and national policies and strategies. This has led to intensified research into more efficient biofuel production. This paper explains the advantages, disadvantages, and problems related to the production of biofuels from different types of raw materials. Several examples of commercialized and demonstration plants for the production of biofuels in different parts of the world are listed. It is to be expected that, with greater use of modern biofuel production solutions, the contribution of these sources of (bio)energy will be the main part of future energy consumption from renewable sources.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTALLATIONS WITH MICROWAVE POWER SUPPLY FOR PROCESSING RAW MATERIALS AT AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The developed methodology of designing installations with microwave power supply for heat treatment of raw materials of agricultural enterprises is described. The scientific problem is the low energy efficiency of installations designed for heat treatment of raw materials with steam-water mixture, convective heat supply, the absence of continuous-flow installations for farms that ensure the preservation of consumer properties of the heat-treated product at reduced operating costs. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing the scientific and technical foundations of installations with microwave power supply for processing raw materials at agricultural enterprises. (Materials and methods) Carried out three-dimensional modeling of the structural design of the installations in the Compass 20 program, determined the electrodynamic parameters of the “generator-resonator” system in the CST Microwave Studio program. (Results and discussion) Resonators of different structural designs have been developed for different types of raw materials, in which electromagnetic safety is ensured by forbidden waveguides, decelerating systems in the form of a chain of connected resonators, comb, cylindrical spiral, rod ring, counter pins. In resonators with curved surfaces, several magnetrons of the same frequency or operating at close frequencies with dissectors were used to change the frequency of the generator and increase the number of types of vibrations, and mixing, transporting mechanisms that allow maintaining the well of the technological process less than 0.5 and observing the dimensions of the raw materials in accordance with the depth of penetration of the wave. It was found that when using several magnetrons, the concentration of the electromagnetic field energy in the resonator volume and the reduction of radiation losses are achieved using ceramic reflectors. The values of the intrinsic Q-values of the resonators were determined to evaluate the thermal efficiency coefficient. (Conclusions) Using the examples of an animal colostrum defroster, instant milk pasteurizer and a three-section hop dryer with air-cooled magnetrons, the implementation of the scientific and technical fundamentals of designing microwave equipment for processing raw materials of agricultural enterprises was shown. It was revealed that they provide ways to achieve a continuous mode of operation of the equipment in compliance with electromagnetic safety without a shielding housing by implementing metal-dielectric resonators with decelerating systems and ceramic reflectors with an optimal arrangement of waveguides with air-cooled magnetrons on the curved surfaces of the resonators.

Comparative life cycle assessment of activated carbon production from various raw materials

Activated carbon (AC) is an effective adsorbent in water treatment but its production method has significant emissions to the environment. This study aims to quantify the environmental impacts of various AC types and determine whether raw material selection could reduce the footprint of AC. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on coal, coconut shell, wood, peat, and reactivated coal ACs. The different types of raw materials were selected to reflect typical global and local availability in the selected location. Life cycle data was collected from the Ecoinvent database, scientific literature, and an industrial producer. Using CML 2001 as a characterization method, potential environmental impacts were calculated for 12 categories. The direct emissions of AC production and electricity production were the largest contributors to environmental impacts. Coal AC had the highest impact in ten out of the twelve categories. On the other hand, reactivated coal and coconut AC had the lowest impacts in three and five categories, respectively. The comparison in carbon footprints between the AC types were found to be dependent on inclusion or exclusion of biogenic emissions: When including biogenic carbon emissions, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of reactivated coal AC was 72–80% lower than for the virgin ACs. When biogenic carbon emissions were excluded, the GWPs of the residual biomass ACs (coconut shell and wood) were found to be about 50% lower than that of reactivated coal AC. The results demonstrate that raw material choice and production method significantly affect the environmental impact of AC. To minimize site-specific impacts of AC application, technical feasibility of AC and use phase emissions need to be assessed.

Sampling in a precious metals refining plant—A practical approach for a complex problem

Umicore Precious Metals Refining is one of the world’s largest precious metals recycling facilities. This plant recycles very diverse waste streams containing precious and other non-ferrous metals. More than 200 different types of raw materials are being processed here, varying from complex mining concentrates and refining residues coming from the mining industry and other smelters up to precious metals containing production scraps and end-of life materials such as electronic scrap and car catalysts. All these materials need to be sampled and analysed, of course, to determine the metal content (and so the value) of each individual lot. It is clear that heterogeneity rules in this process! Next to the obvious heterogeneity of the material itself, there is also a huge variety e.g. in lot size, in packaging, in physical appearance of the different materials, … which is also to be taken into account during the sampling process. To take all these hurdles, the necessary resources are … unfortunately… – not unlimited. In this article we will gain more insight on how this complex problem is tackled in practice within Umicore, with respect for the Theory of Sampling. A couple of major specific sampling lines have been developed and designed in particular to be able to deal with the variety in physical appearance of the materials itself. Additionally, a large number of sampling procedures are made up in a modular way, to be able to cope with the necessary flexibility demanded for. Some examples will be illustrated and described more in detail, with specific attention to the most important influencing circumstances. Furthermore, the way the overall performance and quality of this whole process is supervised, will be explained. And finally, we’ll discuss some special cases where“nothing seems to be what expected for”…

Prospects of biodiesel production: the place and role of Ukraine in the context of implementation of the eu green course

The purpose of the study is to conduct a systematic analysis of global processes of biodiesel production and to establish priority areas of biodiesel production in Ukraine based on the calculation of economic efficiency of production from different raw materials to ensure energy independence of the agro-industrial sector. The article highlights the historical processes, current trends, and prospects for the production and consumption of biodiesel in the world. Modern approaches to the formation, development, and support of biodiesel production in the European Union are outlined. The following methods, as well as techniques, have been used during the research: economic-historical and analytical generalizations; monographic; graphic; statistical analysis; prognostication; abstract-logical. Statistical results have been processed on a personal computer using special WindowsXP applications: Word, Excel 7.0, and the system "STATISTICA". The economic efficiency of biodiesel production in Ukraine from different types of raw materials (rapeseed, sunflower, soybean) is considered. Modern approaches to efficient biodiesel production in Ukraine and perspective directions of formation of raw material base for increase of biodiesel production are offered.

Fleet sizing of trucks for an inter-facility material handling system using closed queueing networks

Material handling systems (MHS) are integral to logistics functions by providing various supports such as handling, moving, and storing materials in manufacturing and service organisations. This study considers determining the optimal size of a homogeneous fleet of trucks to be outsourced (or subcontracted) from a third-party logistics provider to be used daily to cyclically transport different types of raw materials from designated storage yards to intermediate buffer locations to be fed as inputs to a production facility for processing. Within this context, the problem is modelled as a closed queueing network (CQN) combined with mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) to determine the optimal fleet size. This study proposes an analytical method based on sequential quadratic programming (SQP) methodology coupled with a mean value analysis (MVA) algorithm to solve this NP-Hard problem. Furthermore, a discrete event simulation (DES) model is developed to validate the optimisation of non-dominant solutions. The proposed analytical approach, along with the simulation, are implemented in a real case study of a steel manufacturing setup. Analytical model results are validated using the simulation results, which are proved to be very accurate, with deviations ranges within ±7%.

Development of double screw press and method of controlling the parameters of the briquetting process

Paper is focused on development of new patented construction of screw briquetting machine for compacting biomass into the solid biofuel. Developed machine design is based on achieved results of comprehensive research of the complicated process of biomass densification. Patented construction provides two main goals: the elimination of axial forces, which causes increasing of bearings lifetime, and a new modular design of pressing chamber and tools with geometry based on application of the mathematical model. Research of the biomass densification pointed to the need for modular design of densification machine, where it is possible to control all significant parameters of the densification process. The goal of this paper is to present a new patented design of screw press, which satisfies all requirements for modularity and control of the parameters. It allows optimizing this process for different types of raw materials and achieving high quality production. Results of experimental research of densification process then allow the engineering design of the production machine tailor-made to the customer, while being able to minimize investment, energy and operating costs. The developed design of screw press is unique in its modularity and high reliability.

TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FICARIA VERNA

The objective of the present study was to determine the total content of phenolics and flavonoids in ethanol extracts of a plant from the family of Ranunculaceae – Ficaria verna. Harvesting of medicinal plant was carried out in ecologically clean regions of west Ukraine in spring 2020. The extracts were obtained by maceration of grass, leaves,and flowers to compare the content of active substances in different types of raw materials. The total phenolic content was estimated spectrophotometrically using Folin Ciocalteu method. The total flavonoid content was measured by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. The maximum content of phenolic and flavonoids compounds was observed in the grass Ficaria verna. The antioxidant effects of the extracts were investigated. The Ficaria verna can be regarded as a promising natural plant source of antioxidant effects with a high potential for phytopreparations.

Modeling of the process of safe functioning of a mechanized feed production complex

The article deals with the concept of the safe production process of forage by improving the means of mechanization in order to reduce injuries to workers and improve working conditions. A modern feed mill is an industrial complex and is quite specific, characterized by the peculiarities of the developing the factors that affect the health of workers, as well as the nature and level of their morbidity. Sources of hazards are power plants (transformers, electric motors, distribution panels and points, compressor stations, boiler plants, etc.), a significant number of various technological, transport and auxiliary equipment; mobile and self-propelled means of mechanization. A large number of different types of raw materials, often with specific properties, finely dispersed, with tendency to caking, dust releasing, pass through the communications of the enterprise, are stored in silos, bunkers, floor-type warehouses. With the effective implementation of the developed model, the process becomes explosion and fire safe, safe for the environment and comfortable during operation.