Different Types Of Probes Research Articles

Superequilibrium and thermal nitric oxide formation in turbulent diffusion flames

Measurements and modeling of the formation of superequilibrium radicals and nitric oxide in atmospheric pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames are presented which quantify the influence of superequilibrium on thermal NO x formation. Variation of fuel gas compositions (CO/H 2/N 2, CO/H 2/CO 2, and CO/H 2/Ar) permits partial separation of chemical and fluid mechanical effects. Superequilibrium OH radical concentrations are measured by single-pulse laser saturated fluorescence and NO and NO 2 concentrations by probe sampling and chemiluminescent detection. Four different types of probes were used to quantify probe sampling effects. In turbulent reaction zones, virtually all of the NO x in the flame occurred in the form of NO but far downstream of the flame nearly half of the NO x occurred as NO 2. Thermal NO x maximized near stoichiometric flame zones; the rich shift observed by others may be a probe sampling artifact. In turbulent CO/H 2/N 2 jet diffusion flames, both measurements and a nonequilibrium turbulent combustion model show that superequilibrium decreases average temperatures by 250K, increases average OH concentrations by a factor of 4–6, and increases thermal NO x formation principally by broadening the range of mixture fraction (both rich and lean) where thermal NO x is formed. Calculated increases in thermal NO x due to superequilibrium in turbulent CO/H 2/N 2 jet diffusion flames are factors of 2.5 at 1 atm and 1.4 at 10 atm. The two-scalar pdf model predicts that thermal NO x yield is independent of Reynolds number in disagreement with previous experimental reports.

Divorce and its psychiatric sequelae in children.

THERE has been a relative neglect of the study of divorce as a specific mental health issue in children's lives. This neglect is highlighted because of its obvious import for personality development and disturbance of that development on an individual basis, as well as from a sheer public health view of the incidence in our society, ie, over 6 million children of divorce are growing up in our midst today, with the steadily climbing divorce rate pouring forth more and more. Full study of the impact of divorce will require a variety of approaches, using both normal and disturbed children, focusing both on the immediate and later impact, and including particularly needed longitudinal studies. The host of influential variables involved will inevitably require a variety of different types of probes. The purposes of this report are to (1) examine statistically the characteristics of a group of children

Comparison of results of explorer XXXI direct measurement probes

Intercomparison measurements of the major ionospheric parameters of ion and electron density and temperature and ionic species made by direct measurement probes on the Explorer XXXI satellite are presented. Plasma density results are compared with simultaneous data from the Alouette II satellite. Probe results are from the following experiments: planar ion trap, planar electron trap, cylindrical electrostatic probes, high resolution magnetic ion mass spectrometer, planar Langmuir plate, and spherical ion probe. The plasma densities measured by the various probes generally agree with simultaneous Alouette II sounder values to within 20 percent. Electron temperatures measured by three different types of probes generally agree within 10 percent. Ion composition measurements by the planar ion trap and spherical probe show good agreement with the high resolution magnetic mass spectrometer. Ion temperature measurements from the ion trap are consistently higher than spherical ion probe results.