Different Types Of Probes Research Articles

Comparison of different types of ultrasound probes for lung ultrasound in neonates-A prospective randomized comparison study.

To determine the effect of different types of probes for lung ultrasound in neonates. Prospective, blinded, randomized, comparative study between 2020 and 2022. Single-center study at a third level neonatal unit. Hemodynamically stable infants with either nasal continuous positive airway pressure, high flow nasal cannula or without respiratory support. Lung ultrasound using either an echo or microconvex probe. As control, the linear probe was used. Primary outcome measure was neonatologist performed lung ultrasound (NPLUS) score. Secondary outcome measures were number of B-Lines, thickness of the pleural line and subjective image quality. Furthermore, correlation between NPLUS results and clinical data was assessed. A total of 1584 video loops from 66 patients, with a mean corrected gestational age of 33.8 weeks (SD 4.23) and weight of 1950g (SD 910), respectively, were analyzed. NPLUS score was estimated lower with the echo- and microconvex probe compared to the linear probe, with a coefficient of -2.95 (p < 0.001) and -1.09 (p = 0.19), respectively. Correlation between the pulse oximetric saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio and NPLUS score was moderately strong and best using the microconvex probe (Spearman's rho = -0.63, p<0.001). Our results not only confirm the current recommendations, but also demonstrate the extent of the varying results when different probes are used. The differences we discovered call for caution in interpreting scores, especially in the context of guiding therapies and communicating prognoses. Finally, the correlation between NPLUS score and clinical parameters contributes to validating the use of this diagnostic tool.

MetaNorm: incorporating meta-analytic priors into normalization of NanoString nCounter data.

Non-informative or diffuse prior distributions are widely employed in Bayesian data analysis to maintain objectivity. However, when meaningful prior information exists and can be identified, using an informative prior distribution to accurately reflect current knowledge may lead to superior outcomes and great efficiency. We propose MetaNorm, a Bayesian algorithm for normalizing NanoString nCounter gene expression data. MetaNorm is based on RCRnorm, a powerful method designed under an integrated series of hierarchical models that allow various sources of error to be explained by different types of probes in the nCounter system. However, a lack of accurate prior information, weak computational efficiency, and instability of estimates that sometimes occur weakens the approach despite its impressive performance. MetaNorm employs priors carefully constructed from a rigorous meta-analysis to leverage information from large public data. Combined with additional algorithmic enhancements, MetaNorm improves RCRnorm by yielding more stable estimation of normalized values, better convergence diagnostics and superior computational efficiency. R Code for replicating the meta-analysis and the normalization function can be found at github.com/jbarth216/MetaNorm.

Effects of probe parameters on radio-frequency ablation of localized liver cancer using a personalized patient treatment planning

This study investigates the role of different types of probes in Radiofrequency ablation based thermal therapy for tumours and surrounding healthy tissues. The findings demonstrate the significance of understanding the relationship between probe geometry, temperature distribution, and tissue response to optimize thermal therapies' design and application. By fine-tuning probe characteristics, such as radius, length, and power input, practitioners can tailor treatments for specific tissues, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing risks to healthy tissues. Additionally, the study sheds light on heat transfer mechanisms during thermal ablation, highlighting the importance of considering probe characteristics in treatment protocols. Results indicate that increasing power input leads to higher maximum temperatures, particularly in single-point probes, raising concerns about potential tissue damage at high-power settings. Furthermore, increasing the probe radius shows slight temperature reductions for both single-point and multi-point probes. Blood perfusion plays a significant role in regulating temperature, leading to temperature reductions in both probe types. This research emphasizes the importance of fine-tuning probe characteristics for improved thermal therapies and advances our understanding of thermal physics in biological systems, promising advancements in medical technology.

Proposition of the Probe-Event Approach for View-Based Modeling

Viewpoint modeling is the general theme of our work in the field of Model Driven Engineering. It is an object-oriented modeling strategy that focuses on the actors interacting with the system in order to analyze and create complex systems. Building complex computer systems remains a particularly challenging process for the modeling, design, and analysis team despite the progress of design approaches in the field of software engineering due to the complexity and richness of information. Complex software system modeling is an extremely sophisticated and enormous area of study. The best method for reducing complexity and dimension while simultaneously making it easier for people to design complicated systems is to break them down into smaller parts or components. Thus, the concept of multi-modeling methods, So the composition of the models of the findings then poses a challenge. To achieve this goal, we introduced the notion of event probe, which allows specifying implicit communications between views by observing events. This makes it possible to decouple specifications that are a priori strongly interconnected, to design them separately by viewpoint, according to the recommendations of the view modeling approach, and then to integrate them without having to modify them. We first defined the concept of event probes, identified the different types of probes with their associated parameters, and then defined a set of concepts allowing enriching and manipulating the probes.

Comparison of planet detectors of Opportunity and Juno

Generally, the planet detectors offer a unique insight for planet detection in astrophysics. This paper focuses on the planetary probes by first introducing the origin of humans’ exploration of the Solar System ever since the Space Race in the Cold War era. The main topic is about the three different types of probes ever launched (i.e., lander, orbiter, and flybys). Two probes, Mars rover Opportunity and Jovian orbiter Juno, are chosen to represent a typical probe in its category. Both are explained from the perspectives of its structures and crucial scientific discoveries. The comparison method is employed between the two probes as well. The results are then used for proposes on future possible probes, which the experiences gained from past missions that are organized will be valuable to consider. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of planet detections.

Ré-utilisation de lames d’immunohistochimie pour la réalisation de FISH : une solution pertinente d’épargne tissulaire

Diagnostic updates, an increased precision of tumor sub-type classification and the development of new diagnostic biomarkers (immunohistochemistry (IHC), Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and other molecular pathology techniques), have a significant impact on pathologists' management of tissue samples. The objective of this work was to test and validate the FISH technique on detached IHC slides. An IHC technique was first performed on 30 tissue samples. After detachment of the lamella, a FISH technique was then performed according to the usual protocol with a centromeric probe. A validation cohort (n=10) with duplicate testing using a traditional FISH technique and an IHC slide with a detached lamella was then carried out. Finally, a cohort of 20 "old" cases (IHC carried out over 2years ago) was also tested. Different types of probes (specific locus, break apart) have been used. All the slides were interpreted by a technician and a pathologist. Evaluation criteria were: the general interpretability of the slide; the percentage of labeled nuclei; intensity of the signal and the presence or absence of autofluorescence. FISH was interpretable in 100% of recently treated cases and 90% of "old" cases with a satisfactory intensity and a high percentage of labeled nuclei, without autofluorescence. The results of our study show that the reuse of IHC slides for performing FISH is a powerful means of economizing tissue samples, especially for small samples and in the absence of archived representative material.

Nuclear-medicine probes: Where we are and where we are going.

Nuclear medicine probes turned into the key for the identification and precise location of sentinel lymph nodes and other occult lesions (i.e., tumors) by using the systemic administration of radiotracers. Intraoperative nuclear probes are key in the surgical management of some malignancies as well as in the determination of positive surgical margins, thus reducing the extent and potential surgery morbidity.Depending on their application, nuclear probes are classified into two main categories, namely, counting and imaging. Although counting probes present a simple design, are handheld (to be moved rapidly), and provide only acoustic signals when detecting radiation, imaging probes, also known as cameras, are more hardware‐complex and also able to provide images but at the cost of an increased intervention time as displacing the camera has to be done slowly.This review article begins with an introductory section to highlight the relevance of nuclear‐based probes and their components as well as the main differences between ionization‐ (semiconductor) and scintillation‐based probes. Then, the most significant performance parameters of the probe are reviewed (i.e., sensitivity, contrast, count rate capabilities, shielding, energy, and spatial resolution), as well as the different types of probes based on the target radiation nature, namely: gamma (γ), beta (β) (positron and electron), and Cherenkov. Various available intraoperative nuclear probes are finally compared in terms of performance to discuss the state‐of‐the‐art of nuclear medicine probes.The manuscript concludes by discussing the ideal probe design and the aspects to be considered when selecting nuclear‐medicine probes.

1578 Advances in Facial Nerve Monitoring Parameters During Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery

Abstract Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of multi-channel electromyographic monitoring of the facial nerve in improving the detection of mechanically elicited EMG activity and providing new predictive criteria for post-operative facial nerve function. Method The Study was conducted on 20 patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma resection in a tertiary referral cerntre. All patients were subjected to facial nerve monitoring during the surgery by a 5-channel setup monitoring the frontalis, O.oculi, nasalis, O.oris, and mentalis muscle. Mechanically elicited EMG activities of the monitored facial muscles were recorded for analysis. After tumour removal, the facial nerve was stimulated proximal to the tumour site using two different types of probes: Prass and flush-tip. Post-operative facial nerve function was assessed using House-Brackmann scale immediately post-operatively and after six months and correlated to the study tested parameters. Results The use of 5-channel montage led to significantly higher sensitivity in detecting mechanically elicited EMG activity than would have been possible with the ordinary 2-channel one. Mentalis muscle showed significantly higher number and amplitude of spontaneous EMG activities than other facial muscles. Positive correlation was found between the proximal threshold and the post-operative facial nerve outcome. The Prass stimulator showed significantly lower threshold than the ball-tip probe. Conclusions The use of multi-channel facial nerve monitoring allowed earlier and more efficient monitoring of the facial nerve. The use of the Prass stimulator is more accurate and correlates more with the real threshold needed for post-resection stimulation of the facial nerve than the ball-tip.

Alüminyum Kaplanmış Çelik Tel Muayenesinde Kullanılan Girdap Akımları Muayene Sistemi için Çevreleyici Prob Tasarımı

In this paper, an encircling probe design used in the inspection of conductive wires, which are qualified as aluminum clad steel (ACS) wire is made. The eddy current systems are widely used for the quality control of conductive materials as one of non-destructive testing methods. In these systems, it is possible to design and to use different types of probes according to the material type. Internal, encircling and surface probe types are used for the inspection of pipes, wires and plate conductive materials, respectively. The discontinuities on the conductor surfaces are detected and the changes in the inductance values of the coils of probes are analyzed with the electronic hardware and the quality control of the material is ensured. In this study, a sensitive probe design is realized to detect various defect on wire surfaces. The inductance value of the designed probe is calculated by using two and three dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) and the obtained results are compared. The inductance change of the probe was measured by an LCR meter while the probe contained sample ACS wires with different types of defects, these values are given in the table and the change graph is plotted. In addition, an impedance bridge circuit was set up with the probe and the results of the change in voltage induction on the coil are given as an oscilloscope image.

Evaluation of the visibility of peri-implant bone defects using ultrasonography with two types of probes.

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of intraoral and extraoral ultrasonography evaluations performed with two different types of probes (linear and “hockey stick”) for the visibility of peri-implant bone defects. Material and methods: Fourteen implants were inserted into sheep heads. Peri-implant bone defects were created without knowing the depth, which served as the gold standard for the defects. The defects were scanned with two different probe types (linear and hockey stick probes) extraorally and intraorally, using two different ultrasonography systems. For intra- and interobserver agreements for each probe types, Kappa coefficients were calculated. Results: The lowest ICC values were found in both intra- (ICC = 0.696) and interobserver reliability (ICC = 0.762) obtained with the extraorally used linear probe. There was a high agreement with the gold standard when using hockey sticky probes intraorally. For both linear probes, there were no significant differences in agreement among the two observers and the gold standard (p >0.05). Conclusions: High agreement was found when using high-frequency hockey stick probes intraorally, which means that they can be used with good effect for the evaluation of the visibility of peri-implant bone defects. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first one on this subject. Thus, it can be stated that US can be an alternative method of examining defects. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of US in visualizing peri-implant bone defects.

Probing in online mixed-device surveys: Is a research messenger layout more effective than a traditional online layout, especially on mobile devices?

This article compares the effectiveness of a research messenger layout to a traditional online layout with regards to probing. Responses to different types of probes (explanation, elaboration and category selection probes) were examined in terms of length and quality, measured by number of characters, number of themes, and an indicator for response quality. The research messenger layout, regardless of device being used, had a negative effect on both response length, number of themes and response quality. Further, we found that in both the traditional and research messenger layout, using a mobile device negatively affects the number of characters and themes used in probed responses. We conclude that probing is most effective when a traditional survey is completed on a computer. The research messenger layout was not able to generate responses of similar quality compared to the traditional layout, regardless of device being used.

Selected In Situ Hybridization Methods: Principles and Application.

We are experiencing rapid progress in all types of imaging techniques used in the detection of various numbers and types of mutation. In situ hybridization (ISH) is the primary technique for the discovery of mutation agents, which are presented in a variety of cells. The ability of DNA to complementary bind is one of the main principles in every method used in ISH. From the first use of in situ techniques, scientists paid attention to the improvement of the probe design and detection, to enhance the fluorescent signal intensity and inhibition of cross-hybrid presence. This article discusses the individual types and modifications, and is focused on explaining the principles and limitations of ISH division on different types of probes. The article describes a design of probes for individual types of in situ hybridization (ISH), as well as the gradual combination of several laboratory procedures to achieve the highest possible sensitivity and to prevent undesirable events accompanying hybridization. The article also informs about applications of the methodology, in practice and in research, to detect cell to cell communication and principles of gene silencing, process of oncogenesis, and many other unknown processes taking place in organisms at the DNA/RNA level.

Evaluation of detectability of differential type probe using directional eddy current for fibre waviness in CFRP

This paper describes the detectability of eddy current testing (ECT) using directional eddy current for detection of in-plane fibre waviness in unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate. Three different types of probes, such as circular driving, symmetrical driving and uniform driving probe, were proposed, and the waviness angle was extracted from the contour map of the ECT signal by applying a Canny filter and a Hough transform. By comparing both the waviness angle estimated by ECT and that obtained by an X-ray CT image, the standard deviation (precision) and root mean square error (accuracy) were evaluated to discuss the detectability of these probes. The directional uniform driving probe shows the best detectability and can detect fibre waviness with a waviness angle of more than 2° in unidirectional CFRP. The probe shows a root mean square error of 1.90° and a standard deviation of 4.49° between the actual waviness angle and the angle estimated by ECT. This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation and smart monitoring'.

EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN SAND BED AND WELL ON THE INDICATION OF NEUTRON LOGGING INSTRUMENTS

The requirements to the accuracy and reliability of the results of borehole geophysical measurements of the porosity coefficient in oil and gas fields are constantly increasing. Studies of the influence of chlorine on the readings of neutron logging equipment with different types of probes were carried out by mathematical modeling methods. Experimental evaluation of the simultaneous effect of sodium chloride concentration in the reservoir and in the well on the readings of neutron devices has not been carried out. A design description of the experimental bulk model of a porous watersaturated sand formation (a standard sample composition and properties of sand rock) crossed by a well created to study the effect of sodium chloride concentration in the formation and in the well on the readings of neutron logging equipment with various probes, as well as the results of metrological studies of the created model are given. A feature of the model design is the well simulator, made in the form of a cylindrical fiberglass cup and installed coaxially in a cylindrical stainless steel housing. The carriers of the model properties carriers are quartz gravel and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in its pore space. Reproducible values of porosity model taking into account heterogeneity of crushed stone backfill (0.353 ± 0.002) with probability 1 defined by volumetric and gravimetric methods under normal conditions, the sandy layer, pore space which is filled with fresh drinking water. The results of experimental studies of the effect of aqueous NaCl solution in a sand formation and in a well with concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/l on the indication of neutron logging equipment PRKL with probe NGK, RK5-76 with probe NNK-T and SRK-1 with probe NNKNT using individual calibration functions (CF). CF were built on the porosity standards of sandy water-saturated rocks with zero NaCl concentration in the Center of metrological research «Ural-Geo». Correction functions (CF) are given as a dependence of the correction to the readings of the equipment RK5-76 and PRKL on the concentration of NaCl in the formation at a fixed concentration in the well or on the concentration of NaCl in the well at a fixed concentration in the formation. The obtained results can be used in the development of techniques for performing downhole geophysical measurements of the porosity coefficient of rock formations in typical geological and technical conditions.

TCP‐based traceroute: An evaluation of different probing methods

Traceroute is the most commonly used tool, not only for network diagnostics, but also for discovering the topology of the Internet. We evaluated the discovery capability of three variations of TCP‐based traceroute: the first uses SYN segments as probes, the other two operate on an existing connection and use DATA and ACK segments as probes. Experimental results show that using different types of probes is useful to obtain a richer view of the Internet, both in terms of IP interfaces and autonomous systems.

Abbe error compensation for a micro/nano CMM with a coplanar stage

A micro/nano Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) with a stroke of 20 mm × 20 mm × 10 mm has been developed by our group. The “Pagoda structure” with Chinese style is adopted, which has fine mechanical stability. The base of the micro/nano CMM is made of granite to achieve high thermal stability. The stages are driven by piezoelectric motors with a resolution of 1 nm in three directions. The displacements of the stages in horizontal directions are detected by homemade Michelson interferometers. The optical axes of the two interferometers are consistent with their slide way of the coplanar stages respectively, which can reduce the Abbe errors in X and Y axes as much as possible. Semiconductor laser diodes are used as the light source of the interferometers due to low-cost and small size. A linear diffraction grating interferometer (LDGI) has also been developed to detect the displacement in Z direction. After subdivision, the measuring resolution can reach nanometer scale. The micro/nano CMM is compatible with different types of probes. A model of Abbe error and its compensation method are proposed in this paper. Experimental results show that the positioning errors were reduced from 435 nm to 91 nm and from 426 nm to 151 nm via Abbe error compensation method. The flatness of a 0-grade gauge block was tested by the micro/nano CMM, the repeatability of 44 nm (K=2) was achieved.

Scanning probe microscopy for advanced nanoelectronics

As the size of electronic devices continues to shrink, characterization methods capable of precisely probing localized properties become increasingly important. Scanning probe microscopy techniques can examine local phenomena, and conductive atomic force microscopy can, in particular, study local electromechanical properties. Such techniques have already played a valuable role in the development of nanoelectronics, but their capabilities remain relatively limited compared with the probe stations typically used to examine electronic devices. Here, we discuss the potential of conductive atomic force microscopy in nanoelectronics. We explore possible characterization strategies, enhanced electronics for the technique and improved multiprobe approaches. We also propose a multiprobe scanning probe microscopy system that combines different types of probes and could allow multiple nanofabrication and characterization experiments to be carried out simultaneously and under vacuum conditions. This Perspective examines the potential role of conductive atomic force microscopy in the development of nanoelectronics, exploring possible characterization strategies, enhanced electronics for the technique and improved multiprobe approaches.

A COMPUTER-AIDED APPARATUS FOR MEASURING SOME FRUIT PRODUCTS QUALITY

A computer driven device has been developed to measure the hardness of fruits easily and accurately. The apparatus can be used for fruits in either destructive or non-destructive conditions. Measurements include external covering layer and internal flesh compressive strength for persimmon and anna-apple fruits and bio-yield point of persimmon fruit. The testing apparatus consists of a step-motor controlled by a computer which drive a probe movement. A step-motor interface 6pin was used for connection to a standard PC from type 486 on. The motor may either be controlled by hand with the computer keyboard or via a program accompanying with the motor. Different types of probes can be used to penetrate or compress the fruit sample. The fruit sample was placed on a load cell under the probe, and the load cell reading was transferred to a digital indicator. Examples of measurements on persimmon and anna-apple were presented to demonstrate the performance of the apparatus.

Characterization of the microscopic tribological properties of sandfish (Scincus scincus) scales by atomic force microscopy.

Lizards of the genus Scincus are widely known under the common name sandfish due to their ability to swim in loose, aeolian sand. Some studies report that this fascinating property of sandfish is accompanied by unique tribological properties of their skin such as ultra-low adhesion, friction and wear. The majority of these reports, however, is based on experiments conducted with a non-standard granular tribometer. Here, we characterise microscopic adhesion, friction and wear of single sandfish scales by atomic force microscopy. The analysis of frictional properties with different types of probes (sharp silicon tips, spherical glass tips and sand debris) demonstrates that the tribological properties of sandfish scales on the microscale are not exceptional if compared to snake scales or technical surfaces such as aluminium, Teflon, or highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.

18F]FDG-Labeled CGPRPPC Peptide Serving as a Small Thrombotic Lesions Probe, Including a Comparison with [99mTc]-Labeled Form.

Purpose: Fibrin is a perfect target for specific imaging of all types of thrombotic lesions. Cyclic peptides were introduced as the best scaffolds out of the different types of probes for thrombi detection. This study was conducted to label previously synthesized peptide-targeting fibrin with [18F]FDG and its in vitro and in vivo assessments. Materials and Methods: CGPRPPC peptide functionalized with 6-hydrazinonicotinamide and Eei-NHS was synthesized and cyclized using air oxidation method. The cyclic sequences were labeled with [18F]FDG at 85°C within 30 min. The stability studies were performed in human plasma. Fibrin-binding and platelet aggregation tests were performed in vitro. Biodistribution and scintigraphy imaging in normal mice and carotid thrombotic rat model were considered as in vivo studies. Results: Radiolabeled peptides show a good stability in human plasma and also high-affinity binding for human fibrin. Platelet aggregation test confirmed specific binding of radiopeptides to fibrin. A key problem with the authors' previous research was inability to detect small-vessel thrombi. The results of positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning show high specific uptake of [18F]FDG-labeled CGPRPPC in small-sized thrombosis. Conclusion: The experiment revealed that radiolabeling of cyclic peptide (CGPRPPC) with [18F]FDG enables us to detect small thrombotic lesions in small animal models with high resolution.