Different Types Of Practices Research Articles

Assessment of knowledge management practices in project-oriented business

The rationale of this paper is to illustrate how the management of knowledge in temporary organisations is being carried out in many industries. It aims to examine knowledge management (KM) practices in and between projects. Online survey was conducted to collect the data from project managers and assistant mangers in Finland. It is found out that majority of project managers have intermediate level of intimacy with knowledge management and mostly project completion reports are consulted for capturing information. For information dissemination, lectures/seminars are organised. It is also stressed by the respondents that humans (employees) have more importance than other technologies for successful KM. Further, research should include large-scale surveys to systematically analyse the successful project KM practices in different types of projects, organisations, and industries located in other cultural areas could help extracting possible effects caused by cultural or societal influences on KM practices in projects. It is proposed that project managers should put more emphasis to synchronise KM practices with common and widely accepted realities about project KM programmes. It portraits the real picture of KM practices of project-based organisations.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Human Resource Management: An analysis of common practices and their determinants in Spain

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the scope, types, and degree of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices currently employed in human resource management (HRM) in Spain, and its determinants. It analyses firm, employee, and job‐related characteristics which affect the implementation of CSR in HRM. It also offers an overview of the current situation regarding CSR in HRM for a wide range of economic sectors, employees, job characteristics, and HRM practices. Information is obtained from employees rather than CEOs. Results show that companies do not engage in CSR practices to the same extent. The scope of CSR differs among types of HRM practices. The practices curently applied are grouped more according to type than to degree of responsibility. Another relevant result is that some variables such as a firm's dimension, have a clear effect on the likelihood that an employee benefits from responsible labour practices, but their effects generally vary for different types of practices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

Mediating Labour: An Introduction

SummaryThe essays in this volume aim to explain the evolution and persistence of various practices of indirect labour recruitment. Labour intermediation is understood as a global phenomenon, present for many centuries in most countries of the world, and taking on a wide range of forms: varying from outright trafficking to job placement in the context of national employment policies. By focusing on the actual practices of different types of labour mediators in various regions of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and by highlighting both the national as well as the international and translocal contexts of these practices, this volume intends to further a historically informed global perspective on the subject.

Working Alone Together: Coordination in Collaboration across Domains of Expertise

This study develops theory on how coordination occurs in collaboration across multiple expert domains. Ethnographic fieldwork at two top U.S. universities explored the emerging field of systems biology cancer research, an extreme case of cross-functional work. Scientists make diverse contributions compatible by engaging in the coordination practices of joint assessment and consultation and in the collaborative practices of counterprojection and alignment. The study advances a process model of coordination as an ensemble of different types of practices that drive collaboration across domains. Insights into how experts coordinate work within domains and how this affects temporal dynamics of collective work have implications for the literature on cross- functional coordination, innovation, and practice

How Coordination Shapes Expert Practice in Cross-domain Cancer Research

This study develops theory on how coordination occurs in collaboration across expert domains. Ethnographic fieldwork at two top US universities explored the emerging field of systems biology cancer research, an extreme case of cross-functional work. Coordination is salient because systems biology exhibits a high degree of expertise diversity and novelty. Findings suggest that scientists work in intervals and take turns to conduct specialized practice. Coordination practices and collaborative practices are identified as second order practices that create correspondence across expert domains. Coordination practices of joint assessment and consultation during meetings connect phases of specialized work. Collaborative practices of counterprojection and alignment direct changes to scientific approaches and make contributions compatible across domains. The study advances a model of coordination as an ensemble of different types of practices that drive collaboration across domains.

Erratum to: How obedience of marriage rules may counteract genetic drift

Erratum to: J Community Genet (2010) 1:23–28 DOI 10.1007/s12687-010-0003-3 In the original paper, the figure parts (a) and (b) in Fig. 1 were inadvertently reversed. Here is the correct figure: Fig. 1 Graphical representation on an idealized practice of different types of marriage, involving cross-cousin marriage. Circles indicate females; squares indicate males; different coloring is used to identify prevalent matrilines (hatched symbols) and patrilines ...

Foreign Direct Investment and Managerial Knowledge Spillovers through the Diffusion of Management Practices

abstractAlthough managerial knowledge spillovers have long been claimed to be a major benefit of foreign direct investment (FDI), such spillovers have not yet been systematically analysed. This paper adds to the literature by analysing the nature and extent of managerial knowledge spillovers from FDI through the diffusion of management practices. Taking into account the tacit and explicit elements of management practices and distinguishing between industry and non‐industry specific practices, the paper identifies different types of spillovers and discusses their transmission mechanisms. Evidence from establishment‐level panel data from the UK attests to the existence and significance of intra‐industry, linkage, and non‐linkage based inter‐industry spillovers of managerial knowledge from foreign to local firms, although the strength varies for different types of practices. The spillovers are geographically localized, especially in channels without supply chain linkages. Local firms are selective in the adoption of individual practices and the spillover effects are more significant at the cluster and management system level. Reverse spillovers from local firms to MNEs from industrialized countries appear to be limited despite significant spillovers of practices amongst local firms.

Gender Features of Time Allocation, Gender Stereotypes and Labour Supply

Securing the well-being, protection of human rights and equality on the ground of age, gender, race, nationality etc along with sustainable economic development becomes the most important goal for any country. Gender differences in labor market are a problem of many countries. Being a larger demographic group, women have played a vital role in employment and economic development. Despite longstanding striving for gender equality, the inequality manifests itself in labor markets around the world. There is no common opinion on the reasons of the existence of gender differences in economic literature. After decades of research most investigators would agree that there can be no single-factor explanation for gender inequality in the labor market. One of the conventional explanations of gender gap in employment sphere includes the differences in men’s and women’s preferences in working hours due their stereotypical roles in the private and public life. This paper is focused on the study of gender feature of time allocation and its impact on the labor supply by men and women. For this purpose, based on the different types of activity, particular: income getting or in­co­me increasing promote activity, non-monetary inco­me obtain activity, income-make activity, non-income-make activity, indirect-receipts activity, the author introduces the time allocation model which includes parameters such as working time, leisure, non-working time, using time, free time and time for satisfying an individual’s physiological needs. For the attribution of different types of practice to certain kinds of activity the “principle of dominant purpose of activity” was offered. According to given time allocation model, the pattern of features of labor supply by men and women is offered in the paper.

Longitudinal Effects of Different Types of Practice on the Development of Chess Expertise

SummaryA view holds that expertise level depends on practice alone and that certain types of practice are important or unimportant. Supporting evidence largely comes from studies using a correlational retrospective recall paradigm, usually with small samples. Initially, these studies were partially replicated with 533 international chess players. Log number of games played was the strongest predictor of latest performance rating. Then, effects of study hours, having had coaching and the number of games played were examined longitudinally to control for key variables confounded in the retrospective recall paradigm. Groups with a nearly 5–1 median difference in weekly study hours, roughly equated on time in the domain and the number of games played, were observed over 7 years. More study hours had negligible impact. Coaching had some effect over time, and the number of games had a strong effect even when participants were equated on time in the domain. Previous studies show that a factor other than the number of games is important in developing chess expertise. Study is a weak factor at best and could not be that important factor. Chess expertise apparently does not depend on practice (study and the number of games) alone. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The clash of practice: political controversy and the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission

Controversy is at the heart of politics. Theories of practice offer a productive way of understanding controversies and potentially negotiating in them. In this paper, drawing on the work of Theodore Schatzki, Michel Callon and Bruno Latour, I introduce a heuristic for understanding controversies. I argue that what is often at stake in controversies are different types of practices of how a political issue should be handled. I introduce five of these types of practices. I analyse a case from global politics to demonstrate the value of such a perspective – the controversies in the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission are analysed as clashes between different practices of handling peacebuilding.

Gods, Buddhas, and Organs: Buddhist Physicians and Theories of Longevity in Early Medieval Japan

This article examines medical works aimed at nourishing life and promoting longevity composed or compiled by priests in early medieval Japan, focusing on the Choseiryoyoho and the Kissayojoki. These texts provide an especially useful aperture through which to explore the relationship of medical and religious knowledge in medieval Japan, since theories about the aging process were based on fundamental beliefs about both the structure of bodies and the nature of the forces thought to animate them. A comparison of the different types of practices these texts recommended to forestall physical degeneration and spiritual dissipation provides concrete examples of the ways in which physicians, or priest-doctors (soi), combined Chinese medical theories with knowledge gleaned from scriptures, and sheds light on the various conceptualizations of the body that emerged in the intersection of these traditions. KEYWORDS: priest-doctor (soi)-longevity techniques (yojo)-Choseiryoyoho-Kissayojoki-Rengi-Myoan Eisai (var. Yosai) (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) This article examines the ways in which continental medical and religious traditions concerned with nourishing life and promoting longevity (Ch. yangsheng; Jp. yojo ...) were appropriated in early medieval Japan, focusing on medical treatises composed or compiled by priests in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. These works shed light on multiple aspects of medieval Japanese religious life. First, they provide an especially useful aperture through which to explore the nexus of medical and religious knowledge in medieval Japan, since theories about longevity and the aging process were based on fundamental beliefs about both the structure of bodies and the nature of the spiritual forces thought to animate them. Second, a comparison of the different types of practices these texts promoted provides concrete examples of the ways in which priests and physicians combined Chinese medical theories with knowledge gleaned from scriptures, and sheds light on the various conceptualizations of the body that emerged in the intersection of these traditions. Finally, by examining the divergent religious and medical activities undertaken by priest physicians, as well as the changes their theories underwent over the centuries, we can gain a more nuanced and historicized understanding of the various styles of medical thought and practice in which priests were engaged. It is worth noting at the outset that although this article deals with what might be referred to as Buddhist medical thought and practice, I do not mean to imply a monolithic institutional formation or a perfectly unified medical ideology. As will become clear in the pages that follow, physicians varied widely in their medical and religious backgrounds and sampled from an eclectic range of theories and therapeutic techniques in their attempts to cure disease and extend the life span of their patients and patrons.1 The article will proceed in three sections. First, I will provide some background on the circumstances by which priests became the preeminent theorists and practitioners of medicine in medieval Japan, and discuss the various traditions of continental medical knowledge that they imported and combined. Next, I will describe how the body was imagined in traditional Chinese yangsheng literature, works dedicated to nourishing and preserving life, and how these theories were represented in the Ishinpo ... (984), Japan's earliest extant medical text. The third section will examine how yangsheng theories were adopted and adapted by authors, focusing on two major longevity treatises, the Choseiryoyoho ... (1184) of the priest Rengi ..., and Myoan Eisai's ... Kissayojoki ... (1211). Before concluding, I will briefly discuss Kakuban's ... Gorinkuji myo himitsushaku ... (ca. 1142) and describe how the frameworks he provides for understanding the human body compare to those presented in the Kissayojoki. …

Learning & Development: Blockplay - Stacking up

A deeper understanding of children's blockplay and significant improvements in practice in different types of settings were discovered in a unique research project by early years consultants Daniel Spry, Pauline Latchford and Annabel Hollis.

215: A Profile of Emergency Medicine Board-Certified Physicians: 2001-2007

215: A Profile of Emergency Medicine Board-Certified Physicians: 2001-2007

Primary Medical Care Provider Accreditation (PMCPA): pilot evaluation.

While practice-level or team accreditation is not new to primary care in the UK and there are organisational indicators in the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) organisational domain, there is no universal system of accreditation of the quality of organisational aspects of care in the UK. To describe the development, content and piloting of version 1 of the Primary Medical Care Provider Accreditation (PMCPA) scheme, which includes 112 separate criteria across six domains: health inequalities and health promotion; provider management; premises, records, equipment, and medicines management; provider teams; learning organisation; and patient experience/involvement, and to present the results from the pilot service evaluation focusing on the achievement of the 30 core criteria and feedback from practice staff. Observational service evaluation using evidence uploaded onto an extranet system in support of 30 core summative pilot PMCPA accreditation criteria. Thirty-six nationally representative practices across England, between June and December 2008. interviews with GPs, practice managers, nurses and other relevant staff from the participating practices were conducted, audiotaped, transcribed, and analysed using a thematic approach. For each practice, the number of core criteria that had received either a 'good' or 'satisfactory' rating from a RCGP-trained assessment team, was counted and expressed as a percentage. Thirty-two practices completed the scheme, with nine practices passing 100% of core criteria (range: 27-100%). There were no statistical differences in achievement between practices of different sizes and in different localities. Practice feedback highlighted seven key issues: (1) overall view of PMCPA; (2) the role of accreditation; (3) different motivations for taking part; (4) practice managers dominated the workload associated with implementing the scheme; (5) facilitators for implementation; (6) patient benefit--relevance of PMCPA to quality improvement; (7) recommendations for improving the scheme. Version 1 of PMCPA has been piloted as a primary care accreditation scheme and shown to be relevant to different types of practice. The scheme is undergoing revision in accordance with the findings from the pilot and ongoing consultation.

Radioimmunotherapy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Opinions of U.S. Medical Oncologists and Hematologists

Radioimmunotherapy is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for CD20 antigen-positive follicular and transformed non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The goal of this study was to obtain the opinion of hematologists and medical oncologists about CD20-directed radioimmunotherapy in the United States. An e-mail-based survey with 8 questions was sent to 4,239 oncologists and hematologists throughout the United States. Two hundred sixteen (5.0%) oncologists and hematologists responded to our survey. One hundred fifty-seven (72.7%) said they had referred patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma for radioimmunotherapy in the last 24 mo. Different types of practices had significantly different concerns regarding this treatment. Compared with referring physicians from academic centers, those from nonacademic centers reported significantly higher concerns about the lack of a site to which to refer patients for treatment (P < 0.01), the lack of interest by nuclear physicians in this type of treatment (P < 0.01), and a referral process that they felt was too complicated (P < 0.01). They were also more concerned about an economically adverse effect on their own practices if they referred patients for radioimmunotherapy (P < 0.01). Referring physicians who perceived consolidation as a possible indication for radioimmunotherapy had significantly fewer concerns about an adverse effect on their own practice (P < 0.01) and about nonradioactive alternatives (P < 0.01). Seventy-nine (36.6%) responders thought radioimmunotherapy would probably grow in importance, and 52 (24.1%) responders thought it would definitely grow in importance. However, the group with a positive outlook about the future of radioimmunotherapy predicted a higher growth of radioimmunotherapy if they could administer it in their own offices (P < 0.05). Radioimmunotherapy was generally viewed positively by referring physicians. However, in addition to scientific concerns, barriers to the use of radioimmunotherapy included difficulty in referral, perceptions of a high cost of the treatment, concerns about negative financial outcomes related to referral, and an opinion that the treatment would be used more if given by medical oncologists in their own offices. For the growth of radioimmunotherapy, it appears crucial not only to demonstrate the treatment's safety and efficacy but also to streamline the referral process, to enhance collaboration between specialists, and-it appears-to develop economic incentives for the referring physician.

Reflections on Applying Economic Theory in Social and Economic Research

The article considers some methodological aspects of interaction between economic theory and applied economic research. It is shown that to use theoretical conceptions and principles directly in applied studies does not make sense since one always needs specific forms of knowledge as an intermediate level. The reason for relative autonomy of theoretical and applied economic knowledge is that a theoretician and an applied researcher face different types of entities in cognition and entertain different types of practice.

The internationalisation of born global and international new venture SMEs

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether differences exist between born global (BG) firms and international new ventures (INVs) in respect of their performance in overseas markets. These terms have arguably been used as interchangeable to characterise firms that internationalized rapidly, typically but not exclusively within three years of their business start‐up. The term “global” suggests firms have a presence in at least the world's triad regions and arguably a commitment spread across them. INVs, however, may have internationalized quickly to address opportunities but without necessarily a global presence.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology in this exploratory study employs both quantitative but also primarily a qualitative methodology involving 21 technologically oriented small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) based in the UK. This methodological approach is used to assess the strategies used by the two types of firms after their start‐up phase and the factors that shaped their international trajectory and performance.FindingsThe findings provide some initial understanding of the two types of firms' patterns of internationalization and more specifically suggest foreign market strategies can be formulated in various ways, i.e. some planned and others by serendipitous means, but that BG and INVs exhibit different characteristics. BGs focused globally in comparison to the more regional focus of INVs.Practical implicationsThe implication of the findings is to suggest that researchers should not use the terms interchangeably to characterise different types of firms and behaviour.Originality/valueThe main aspect of originality is to offer insights into managerial practices of different types of firms that have to date been viewed in some studies as representing the same international marketing behaviour.

Clinical and financial characteristics of pediatric surgery practices

Pediatric surgical practices face many challenges. We wanted to define the clinical practice and financial support among different types of practices as follows: academic, private practice, and employed. Methods This study involved an Internet survey of members of the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA), comparisons using χ 2 and paired t test analyses. Results The response rate was 28.7% (233/811), 145 academic, 48 private, and 40 employed. More than 90% received partial to full financial hospital support. Only 7.3% received no outside support, most frequently those in private practices (16.7%; P = .016). More than 90% had resident or fellow coverage. Nearly all practices covered newborn conditions and solid tumors, with differences in pediatric trauma, patent ductus arteriosus, and urologic condition. Transfer out of community was low but increased for specific conditions during the respondents' absence, from 0.4% to 5.2% to 3.4% to 6.9% ( P = .001-0.003). A minority of respondents noted that nonpediatric surgeons treated selected pediatric conditions in their communities as follows: inguinal hernia (38.4%), umbilical hernia (42.6%), abscesses (37.5%), and trauma (36.6%). Pediatric surgeons shared call within their group in 86.3%, whereas 5.6% took call alone. Many restricted call by excluding trauma (37.2%), soft tissue infections or appendectomies (21.3% for both), and older children (>12 years, 23.8%). Nearly one fifth (18.9%) expressed interest in having an APSA surgeon serve as a locum tenens in their practices. Discussion Many pediatric surgeons receive both financial and in-kind subsidies. Although they cover a wide breadth of surgical conditions, many limit the conditions that they treat to reduce call responsibilities. The workforce shortage in pediatric surgery creates call coverage problems that may affect up to 8% of US practices.

School Psychologists as Instructional Consultants in a Response-to-Intervention Model

The 2004 authorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act affords an opportunity to shift the classification of Learning Disabilities (LD) from a “refer-test-place” to a Response-to-Intervention (RtI) service delivery model. As a result, there are implications for the professional activities of school psychologists. School psychologists, who historically devoted much of their time to testing struggling learners for learning disabilities, will need to engage in a different type of practice, specifically providing instructional consultation in a tiered assessment and intervention model. This article describes instructional consultation skills and knowledge school psychologists must possess to promote the learning outcomes of students with achievement deficits, including students with disabilities. Survey data collected from 249 California school psychologist practitioners highlight the need to modify school psychology pre-service training and on-going professional development to enable school psychologists to become effective instructional consultants.

Redesigning Residency Training in Internal Medicine: The Consensus Report of the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine Education Redesign Task Force

Because of numerous criticisms of the content and structure of residency training, redesigning graduate medical education (GME) has become a high priority for the internal medicine community. From 2005 to 2007, the leadership of the internal medicine community, working under the auspices of the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine Education Redesign Task Force, developed six recommendations it will pursue to improve residency education: (1) focus education around a "core" of internal medicine, which provides the framework for both the structure and content of residents' educational experiences, (2) fully adopt competency-based evaluation and advancement, which will enhance training by focusing on individual learners' needs, (3) allow for increased, resident-centered education beyond the internal medicine core, because different types of practice require customized knowledge and skills, (4) improve ambulatory training by providing patient-centered longitudinal care that addresses the conflict between inpatient and outpatient responsibilities, (5) use new faculty models that emphasize the creation of a core faculty, and (6) align institutional and programmatic resources with the goals of redesign, balancing the clinical mission of the institution with the educational goals of residency training. Adoption of these recommendations will require significant efforts, including pilot projects, faculty development, changes in accreditation requirements, and modifications of GME funding systems. Opportunities are ample for individual programs to develop creative approaches based on the framework for educational redesign outlined in this article, and for these educational and clinical redesign initiatives to work hand-in-hand for the benefit of patients, faculty, trainees, and institutions.