Different Types Of Oil Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF FILLING MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE WITH VEGETABLE OILS ON FRICTION AND WEAR

This study aims to fill medium density polyethylene MDPE by four different types of oils and study the influence on wear and friction properties. The four oils are Chamomile oil, Mustard oil, Soy oil, and Almond oil. MDPE was filled with four different weight contents of each oil: 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt. %. The composites were tested using pin-on-disc instrument. Five loads were applied during test, 12 N, 14 N, 16 N, 18 N, and 20 N. The general trend of results showed improvement of wear resistance. Almond oil achieved the best result of resisting wear. 15 wt. % of Almond oil content achieved the lowest value of wear. 20 wt. % of almond oil content achieved the lowest wear value at the highest load. The friction tended to increase with increasing the oil weight content of chamomile oil, soy oil, and almond. For mustard oil, the friction decreased. The results showed that blending oils with MDPE has a counter effect on hardness. SEM micrographs showed the changes in surface topography of MDPE due to filling oils with it.

Preparation of superhydrophobic CdS cotton using visible light response and its application for the control of water pollution

Sewage discharge produced by homes and industries contains both oil and water-soluble components. In order to remove oil from water, materials with specific wettability can be used; however, these materials cannot remove dissolved contaminants from water. In this research, we prepared a superhydrophobic CdS cotton for water purification. This material has the ability to adsorb different types of oil due to its non-wettability (WCA = 152°). Moreover, its response behavior towards visible light enables it to remove water-soluble pollutants as well. The highest oil absorption rate of superhydrophobic CdS cotton is nearly 30 times, and it can absorb light below 564 nm and produce •OH to degrade water soluble pollutants. Finally, based on Mott-Schottky curve, the position of Fermi energy level was determined (–0.55 eV). Also, the positions of valence and conduction bands were calculated based on the analysis of band gap which helps in proving photoelectric response characteristics.

Analytical and experimental study of the substance transport in the vortex flow

The characteristics of the vortex flow with a free surface formed in a vertical cylindrical container filled with water, where the source of motion is the disk at the bottom endwall, are studied experimentally and analytically. Different types of oils and petroleum are used in experiments as admixtures. The problem of an “oil body” form in a complex vortex flow is considered on the basis of the analysis of equations for the mechanics of immiscible liquids of different densities with physically based boundary conditions. The calculations of the free surface forms are carried out in cases of one- and two-component fluid. The relations obtained are in satisfactory agreement with the experimentally registered forms of the interfaces. The flow structure near a rotating disk is studied, the shapes of the trajectories of moving liquid particles in the water column near the disk are determined. The coincidence of the types of spiral movement of liquid particles on the surface and near the disk indicates that the characteristic features of the vortex flow are determined in the boundary layer on the rotating disk and then transferred to the entire spatial region occupied by the liquid. Experimental and theoretical study of the vortex flow showed that the trajectories of moving liquid particles near the water surface are spatial spirals along which these particles move from the periphery to the center. The expressions obtained for the form of trajectories of liquid particles accelerated by the rotating disk coincide with the type of registered tracers’ trajectories in the depth of liquid and on the free surface of the flow.

Two component model oils for interfacial shear characterization

The impact of interfacial properties on the processing of crude oil/water emulsions has led to increased studies examining films of asphaltene, the most surface active components of crude oil. However, crude has other surface active components. Although asphaltenes create a strong viscoelastic interfacial film at concentrations found in crude, the study of asphaltene films is limited in utility due to differences between their behavior and films composed from crude. However, crude oils are difficult to work with and characterize and are too complex to allow systematic studies. There is a need for more accurate but simple models of crude that could be used in various types of interfacial deformation. In this work, a simple two component model oil comprised asphaltenes, and resins dissolved in toluene’s are compared to both crude and single component interfaces undergoing interfacial shear. The two component model interface creates a response qualitatively like crude in both aggregation kinetics and strain sweep, whereas pure resin and asphaltene interfaces behave completely different. By adjusting the relative concentration of resin and asphaltene in the model oil, different types of oil are made that correspond to medium and heavy crudes.

Detecting the Presence of Different Types of Oil in Seawater Using a Fluorometric Index

This study analyzed the fluorometric laboratory tests for the detection of the presence of oil in seawater in cases corresponding to the real situation in the sea: when the point of seawater sampling is not in the same place as the appropriate sensor. The phenomenon of fluorescence exhibited by both natural and alien substances (oil) in the sea was used. The possibility of oil detection in the water column based on a fluorometric index (FI) extracted from the excitation–emission matrix (EEM) was studied. Laboratory tests were carried out on water taken from the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea). Seawater samples were contaminated with small amounts of various types of oil (the lowest oil-to-water ratio was 0.5 × 10−6). A statistically significant difference was found between FI values for uncontaminated seawater and seawater exposed to various kinds of oil (i.e., crude oils, lubricant oils, and fuels).

The effect of frying frequency on acid value and peroxides in various types of oil

Background: People often store frying oil that will be reused or used repeatedly for several times, especially in salted fish frying. Cooking oil that has been used repeatedly with high temperatures or contact with water and oxygen will produce acid and peroxide values. This is due to the oxidation and hydrolysis processes causing oil damage. Objective: To identify the effect of frying frequency on the acid and peroxides value in various types of oil. Methods: This research was an experiment with salted fish frying based on a completely randomized design using three treatments (first, second, and the third frying processed) with three different types of oil, that were coconut oil, palm oil, and corn oil. Acids and peroxides values were analyzed using One Way Anova test continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test. Results: Acid value in the three types of oil was still within the limits of the standards value 0.6 mg KOH/g based on SNI 3741: 2013 and free fatty acid 0.3% based on SNI 7709:2012. After first until third frying, peroxide value of coconut oil was still within the standard limit, whereas in palm oil and corn oil, after second frying were exceeded of the standard limit based on SNI which have maximal value 10 mek O2/kg. Conclusion: Frying frequency were affected by acid and peroxides values of coconut oil, palm oil, as well as corn oil.

New Method for the Discrimination of Adulterated Flaxseed Oil Using Dielectric Spectroscopy

To develop a new and rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of flaxseed oil adulteration with different vegetable oils, we investigated the dielectric spectroscopy coupled with multivariate methodology in the frequency range between 10 and 3000 MHz. Linear discriminant analysis was used to distinguish flaxseed oil from other adulterants based on dielectric spectra, and the oil samples were easily grouped in different clusters. The partial least square model was developed for the quantification of the sample adulteration percentage independent from the adulterating oil, which showed a good prediction capability for the adulterant concentrations. The calibration provided a correlation coefficient (R-value) of 0.9961, and the blind sample validation indicated that the R-value of the validation and precision analyses was close to 1. Analysis was characterized as having good precision by slightly low relative standard deviation. Thus, dielectric spectroscopy could be effectively used to discriminate adulterated flaxseed oil from different types of oils at 2% levels.

Indolocarbazole based polymer coated super adsorbent polyurethane sponges for oil/organic solvent removal

The synthesis of an indolocarbazole-fluorene based conjugated polymer (ICZP6), by Sonogashira coupling reaction, has been presented. The ICZP6 has then been integrated with a nano iron oxide embedded polyurethane foam (ICZP6PUF) to develop a promising adsorbent for oil/organic contaminants in aqueous systems. The anchoring ability of ICZP6 on to iron oxide PU sponge switches on significant hydrophobicity within the whole molecular assembly. The cooperative effects of ICZP6-iron oxide- PU sponge system have been highlighted in terms of structural, microscopic and wettability characteristics. The heterogeneity and hierarchical porous structure of the system offer a high adsorption capability for different types of oils and organic contaminants in water, typically in the range of 100–240 gg-1. The performance of ICZP6PUF has been confirmed by the fast (within 5–10s) and choosy removal of selected oils and organic solvents from polluted water with the aid of an external magnetic field. The adsorbed materials (oil/organic solvents) can be separated from the adsorbent by simple mechanical squeezing without causing any structural deformation or performance deterioration; with a reusability of the system over 50 cycles. The adsorption isotherm has been found to fit well with the Langmuir model with R2 = 0.9484. To extent the scope of the ICZP6PUF hybrid, an integrative logic gate has been designed.

A Comparison Study of Carbonized Kapok Fibres Treated by Sodium Hydroxide Solution and Hydrochloric Acid Solution as an Absorbent in Removing Oil Waste

Hydrophobic-oleophilic properties of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) fibre enables it to show good oil absorption capacity. In this study, Kapok fibre was treated with two types of solvent which is Hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) and Sodium Hydroxide solution (NaOH). Both solutions function to remove lignin, pectin and wax that surrounds the outer surface of Kapok fibre. To achieve its carbonized properties, both samples of Kapok fibre were burned in a furnace at 450°C for approximately an hour. By doing this, it was found that activation time between carbonized Kapok fibre porosity shows a positive result, thus enhancing the capability of Kapok fibre as an absorbent. Absorption rate of two samples of Kapok fibre which is NaOH-treated Kapok fibre and HCl-treated Kapok fibre were evaluated on different types of oils which are diesel, lubricant oil, petrol and used vegetable oil. Mass used for each absorbent samples differ by using 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g and 1.0 g respectively. Dosage reusability and percentage of oil removal were examined for this two samples of absorbent. From the dosage reusability experiment it showed that both carbonized Kapok fibre can absorbed the oil after six cycle of using the same absorbent dosage. Meanwhile, the absorption oil experiment showed that HCl-treated Kapok fibre higher than NaOH- treated Kapok fibre. It is proven that HCL-treated Kapok fibre can perform better compared to NaOH-treated Kapok fibre.

Study on how oil type and weathering of crude oils affect interaction with sea ice and polyethylene skimmer material

Understanding the fate of spilled oil in cold environments is essential for oil spill response in Arctic areas. The potential for oils to adhere to sea ice and mechanical skimmers can significantly impact the success of oil spill response and influence the fate of oil in the marine environment. Therefore, the affinity of oil to sea ice and skimmer material was quantified experimentally for three different types of oils at various degrees of weathering. Contact angle measurements of crude oil droplets were performed on the top of and under sea ice and polyethylene-based skimmer material, being submerged in seawater (−2 °C). In addition, “dip- and refloat” tests were performed to quantify the adhesion and study the re-floating process of oil from sea ice at −2 °C (moist ice) and −20 °C (cold dry ice), and from a skimmer material prior to and subsequently to its submersion in seawater (−2 °C). The results indicated limited interaction of oils with sea ice submerged in seawater, but a strong affinity of oils towards polyethylene-based skimmer material.

PROFIL SENYAWA POLAR TIGA JENIS MINYAK GORENG SELAMA PENGGORENGAN TAHU DAN TEMPE

The quality of repeatedly used frying oil can be seen from its total polar material (TPM) content. This study aims to determine the influence of different types of oil with different degrees of unsaturation (coco-nut, palm, soybean oil) and foodstuffs with different characteristics (tofu and tempe) to the formation of the polar compounds in repeatedly used frying oil, based on the content of TPM, FFA, BI, FTIR and UV-Vis spectra. Chemical characterization of materials used was done in the first research stage. The second stage was the analysis of the polar compounds of the oil which was used for 3 hours/day for a dried of 15 hours. The results showed that the type of oil and food type affected the levels of TPM with increasing time of frying. The highest level of TPM 19.41±0.13% obtained from combination soybean frying oil-tempeh (15 hours). The FTIR spectrum of the polar fraction from the used frying oil showed a large absorption in area 3600-3200 cm-1 wavelength in which hydroxyl groups indicate the polarity of the frying oil. The rate of in-crease of FFA in all combinations of oil type-tempeh was faster than combination oil type-tofu. Coconut oil-tofu has a slower rate for FFA and browning index. The carbonyl compound in frying oil was showed from peak spectrum absorption at 420 nm.

Developing an emulsion product with a functional purpose using an emulsifier of plant origin

Emulsion products, with vegetable oil in a dispersed state, occupy a definite place among promising fatty foods, which increases their digestibility and nutritional value. In addition, food emulsions for different populations can be created by changing the ratios of different types of oil in the recipe. The presence of the aqueous phase allows one to enter into the composition of the emulsions of water-soluble physiologically functional ingredients, as well as the use of non-traditional emulsifiers of plant origin. Therefore, work in this direction is promising. The article assesses consumer motivation when choosing sauces, as one of the stages of creating functional products, in order to study the demand for new functional sauces. Theoretically, based on the study of chemical and amino acid composition, as well as the organoleptic evaluation of the powder from dried champignons, the expediency of its use is justified as an emulsifier of vegetable origin in the production of emulsion products of functional purpose. Based on experimental studies to establish the technological parameters for the production of an emulsion product, the following parameters were determined: optimum soaking temperature, soaking time, optimal hydromodule of the mushroom powder, concentration of the wet mushroom powder, and optimal emulsion emulsification modes. Optimization of the fat component in the emulsion product was conducted in the ratio of ω-3 and ω-6=10: 1 fatty acids for a healthy diet. Scientifically based technology and formulation of an emulsion product of a functional purpose using as a emulsifier powder of dried champignons with a balanced fatty acid composition (for healthy nutrition) and structural and mechanical characteristics as close as possible to the mayonnaise sauce. Comparative characteristics produced chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation of the emulsion product using as an emulsifier of vegetable origin and mayonnaise sauce. The absence of cholesterol, reduced energy value can be attributed to the developed emulsion product to products for healthy people and for people with high cholesterol. The high content of potassium and sodium allows its use in the diet of people with cardiovascular diseases.

Time-of-flight of solitary waves in dry and wet chains of beads: Experimental results and phenomenological models

A highly nonlinear solitary wave is generated by impacting a dry chain of beads on one of its ends. Its speed depends on the speed v0 of the striker and the details of the contact force. The force on the bead at the site n = 7 and the end of the chain, as well as the time-of-flight (ToF) of both, the incident and reflected waves, is measured as a function of v0. This study was performed on a chain of stainless steel beads in two general cases: the dry chain and wet chains having three different types of oil on and around the contact points between the beads. The ToF displays a complex dependence on the fluid’s rheological properties not seen in previous studies. Power-law dependencies of the ToF on v0 in both, dry and wet, cases were found. It turned out that the Hertz plus viscoelastic interactions are not enough to account for the measured data. Two phenomenological models providing a unified and accurate account of our results were developed.

Quantitative Analysis of Trace Metals in Engine Oil Using Indirect Ablation-Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

In engine oil, the element composition and concentration changes as the engine operates. A rapid and effective detection of these changes, therefore, is needed to prevent accidents. Indirect ablation laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (IA-LIBS) is a new technology introduced specially for oil samples. In this paper, 5 different oils are used for the analysis. The matrix effect on the calibration curves of analytical elements (Cu, Ti, Fe, and Ni) in these oils is investigated. The results show that the matrix effect is reasonably negligible under the conditions of our experiment. A generalized calibration curve can be established for analytical metals in different types of oils. We use the generalized calibration curves established to determine the concentrations of Cu, Ti, Fe, and Ni in mixed oils. The IA-LIBS results show that good agreement is obtained between the measured and known values.

Ethanol and methanol Unifac subgroup parameter estimation in the prediction of the liquid-liquid equilibrium of biodiesel systems

The biodiesel conventional production method is based on the homogeneous transesterification reaction, in which the quality and quantity of the raw materials used have considerable effect on the separation of phases of the generated products. The presence of glycerol in biodiesel, for example, has a maximum permissible value of only 0.02% (EM 14214). On the other hand, high purity glycerol needs to be marketed separately. In this way, a better understanding of the phase equilibrium becomes fundamental for the proper design, operation and optimization of the process. In the literature, the thermodynamic modeling focuses on the UNIQUAC and NRTL models. Such models can predict phase equilibrium for each system separately, and the interaction parameters are distinct and unique. However, the use of several types of vegetable or residual oils has been reported for biodiesel production. On the other hand, group-contribution thermodynamic models, such as UNIFAC, could be used to predict the phase equilibrium behavior of reactional biodiesel systems formed from these different types of oils. This work contributes to this subject, providing generalized UNIFAC interaction parameters for the already specified subgroup methanol (CH3OH) and a new specific subgroup, ethanol (CH3CH2OH). The UNIFAC-LL database parameters were used, except for methanol and ethanol subgroups proposed here, for calculations with ten vegetable oils, for which experimental data are available. The mean square error (0.92%, methanol; 1.20%, ethanol) was considerably lower when compared to the available UNIFAC-LL data (10.58%, methanol; 8.89%, ethanol) and work of the literature (2.21%, methanol; 3.92%, ethanol) that uses a greater number of adjustable parameters. The results show that the methodology employed is consistent and can be useful in predicting liquid-liquid phase equilibrium for both reactive methyl and ethyl biodiesel systems considered.

Nondestructive Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Oils on Wood Surfaces

The further use of wood resources is expected in an environmentally conscious society. Added-value, such as durability enhancement and preservation by painting, are needed to expand the applicability of wood. Assessment of wood properties such as surface and coat adhesion can be made by studying perviousness to liquid oils, with the aim of developing wood products that deter insects and are weather-resistant; hence, discriminant analysis of oil type is important. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for nondestructive characterization of organic materials and has been widely used in many industries. Here, NIR detection of oil on wood surfaces is applied for the distinguishing of three different types of oil (hereafter, “Oil_1”, “Oil_2” and “Oil_3”) via soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). Oil_1 was antiseptic vehicle or cutting oil. Oil_2 was used as a motor oil for an oil pressure machine. Oil_3 was plant-derived oil. Two types of wood that are commonly used in Japanese construction (Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtuse) were analyzed after applying oil. The NIR spectra measured after the oil was applied were greater in the ranges 1700–1800 nm and 2300–2500 nm than spectra for the bare wood sample. As SIMCA analyses were performed by using spectral data that included the moving average, baseline correction and second derivatives, good results were obtained for Oil_3 for both wood samples. However, the correct classification percentages were low for Oil_1, and the percentage of samples classified within several categories was high. If the components are very different, such as those for Oil_3, NIRS can be a powerful non-destructive method for identifying oil in the context of wood products testing.

Hydrophobized nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres as particulate stabilizers for water-in-oil emulsions.

Hydrophobized nanocomposite microgels can serve as particulate emulsifiers for water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions with different types of oils, including non-polar oils, which usually do not form W/O emulsions with conventional microgels. The emulsion type can be controlled via the amount or type of hydrophobic polymer formed within the microgels.

Olfactory description for refined linseed oils for paints: Characterization for reconstructing material and craft knowledge in paintmaking

AbstractThe aim of this study is to formulate an olfactory description for refined linseed oils, for paintmaking purposes, in order to redevelop and articulate material and craft knowledge relevant to cultural heritage. By using the repertory grid method, common in food and beverage sensory consumer analysis, different types of refined linseed oils available on professional market are examined regarding odor qualities by traditional Swedish architectural painting professionals (32 working or studying painters and paintmakers). With semantic analysis, statistical processing, and principal component analysis, an olfactory description is defined. The analysis reveal that the odor qualities of the linseed oils can be correlated to the types of linseed oils and hence their heating temperatures. Raw, heated, high‐temperature boiled, and vacuum‐boiled linseed oils can be verbally distinguished by typical odor qualities ranging from for instance mild and grassy to pungent and decaying. The olfactory description will be used in further work for sensory examinations, combined with natural sciences and craft sciences to verbalize experiences of linseed oil with different film‐forming characteristics in order to regain lost knowledge concerning linseed oil (anticorrosive) paints for maintenance and conservation of historic buildings and constructions.Practical applicationsAn olfactory description enables traditional architectural painting professionals to judge and discuss linseed oil qualities in traditional architectural painting and paintmaking, for redeveloping tangible and intangible craft skills. Sensory analysis methods access new tools for cultural heritage studies and enables craft persons to train their attention to odors as rapid quality indicators for different types of oils for various outdoor building or iron/steel construction painting purposes.

Analysis and Investigation of a Novel Microwave Sensor with High Q-Factor for Oil Sensing

<span lang="EN-US">In this paper, a novel microwave sensor with high Q-factor for oil sensing is analyzed and investigated. The new design is based on a gap waveguide cavity resonator (GWCR). To characterize and evaluate the sample, the oil under tested (OUT) is injected into a Teflon tube, which is passing through the microfluidic channel that is located in the middle of the cavity where the electric field concentrates. The results show that the proposed sensor has a high Q-factor of 4832. Moreover, the proposed design has the ability to sense and detect different types of oils with a small variation of permittivities such as Fish oil, Coconut oil, Olive oil, Linseed oil and Castor oil. The permittivity equation is extracted using the polynomial fitting method to define unknown dielectric properties of the OUT. The results show that the evaluated permittivity using the proposed sensor has a good agreement with the ideal permittivity. Therefore, the proposed sensor is a good candidate for oil processing in food industries.</span>

Pore-level visual analysis of heavy oil recovery using chemical-assisted waterflooding process – Use of a new chemical agent

Chemical-assisted waterflooding enhances the ultimate recovery of a conventional waterflooding process through several mechanisms such as reducing interfacial tension between water and oil, formation of in-situ emulsions, treatment of adverse mobility ratio, and wettability modification. Application of chemical-assisted waterflooding for recovery of heavy oil is still an active research topic. A new chemical technology (i.e. IPC Technology as referred to in this paper) has been developed. A proprietary mixture of surfactants is used in several techniques associated with surface extraction as well as in-situ recovery of heavy oil and bitumen. This formulation of solvents and surfactants is reusable, low foaming, non-flammable, not acutely toxic, and non-carcinogenic. The efficacy of using IPC as an additive for waterflooding was presented earlier through a systematic coreflooding study, which showed increased ultimate recovery of different types of oils when compared with commercial surfactant and alkali flooding. In order to investigate the mechanisms behind the enhanced macro-scale oil recovery, a series of pore-scale tests were designed and conducted in this study. Glass micromodel type of porous media was used in the presence of brines with different ion compositions. The pore-scale chemical-assisted waterflooding tests were carried out in four consecutive stages: brine flooding, chemical flooding, soaking period, and extended brine flooding. High quality pore-scale images were captured for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the IPC-assisted waterflooding at the pore-level. IPC intensified water wettability of grain particles in the presence of NaCl; however in the presence of MgCl2, use of IPC makes solid surfaces oil-wet. The phenomenon of water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsification was observed when IPC was used along with different brine compositions. This phenomenon is weakened for lighter oils. When the acid number of the oil was low, extension of soaking period intensified wettability alteration and emulsification mechanisms. Other pore-scale phenomena were also observed during visualization tests such as coalescence of microdroplets during the extended waterflooding stage, snap-off mechanism creating daughter droplets during the extended waterflooding stage, occasional flow of bulk oil films toward the production end, and wettability reversal during various flooding stages. Attempts were also made to conduct statistical analysis of emulsion droplet sizes under different test conditions. Several parameters, including chemical concentration as well as ion concentration in brines, were found to significantly affect the emulsion droplet size distribution.