Different Types Of Metals Research Articles

New data and insights on the secondary glass workshop of Comacchio (Italy): MgO contents, steatite crucibles and alternatives to recycling

This study introduces a collection of 33 glass samples, encompassing production indicators (blocks, fluidity tests, drops, cuts and wastes) and finished products (mainly goblets and probably a lamp) dating to the second half of the 7th century, except for a single more recent specimen (12th-14th). Additionally, a fragment was taken from a crucible bearing a thin layer of glass inside it. This new collection complements the investigation of glass materials from the Comacchio workshop previously analysed by Bertini et al. (2020).Measurements were performed using scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy on all samples and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses on 5 blocks.The results showed how the entire collection can be classified as natron-based silica-soda-lime glass and that the high MgO contents frequently observed are due to contamination with the steatite crucible. Contextually, the hypothesis of using plant ash-based glass mixed with natron-based glass formulated in the previous literature seems to have run out, along with the use of plant ash-based glass itself, further weakened by the very low representativeness of this latter type of glass on the site.The technological investigation further elucidated that recycling may not singularly account for the Comacchio glass technology. Discernible correlations may suggest the introduction of different types of metals, indicating a specialised control over the production process. Notably, the preference for green–blue glass emerges as a distinctive hallmark, underscoring the deliberate pursuit of a specific aesthetic taste.Lastly, the provenance analysis showed that over three-quarters of production was based on semi-finished products from Egypt, while only the remaining quarter came from the Levantine coast.

Cooperative and Bifunctional Adsorbent-Catalyst Materials for In-situ VOCs Capture-Conversion.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gases that are emitted into the air from products or processes and are major components of air pollution that significantly deteriorate air quality and seriously affect human health. Different types of metals, metal oxides, mixed-metal oxides, polymers, activated carbons, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and mixed-matrixed materials have been developed and used as adsorbent or catalyst for diversified VOCs detection, removal, and destruction. In this comprehensive review, we first discuss the general classification of VOCs removal materials and processes and outline the historical development of bifunctional and cooperative adsorbent-catalyst materials for the removal of VOCs from air. Subsequently, particular attention is devoted to design of strategies for cooperative adsorbent-catalyst materials, along with detailed discussions on the latest advances on these bifunctional materials, reaction mechanisms, long-term stability, and regeneration for VOCs removal processes. Finally, challenges and future opportunities for the environmental implementation of these bifunctional materials are identified and outlined with the intent of providing insightful guidance on the design and fabrication of more efficient materials and systems for VOCs removal in the future.

Activation of ERK/NF-kB Pathways Contributes to the Inflammatory Response in Epithelial Cells and Macrophages Following Manganese Exposure.

Different types of metals, including manganese (Mn), are constantly encountered in various environmental matrices due to natural and anthropogenic activities. They induce a sustained inflammatory response in various organs, which is considered to be an important priming event in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Mn-induced neuroinflammation and subsequent neurodegeneration are well recognized. However, emerging data suggest that occupationally and environmentally relevant levels may affect various organs, including the lungs. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Mn (as Mn2+) exposure on the inflammatory response in human normal bronchial (BEAS-2B) and adenocarcinoma alveolar basal (A549) epithelial cells, as well as in murine macrophages (J774). Mn2+ exposure significantly induced mRNA and protein expression of various pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines and chemokines) in all cells compared to corresponding vehicle controls. Furthermore, Mn2+ treatment also led to increased phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) p65 in both epithelial cells and macrophages. As expected, cells treated with inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059) and NF-kB p65 (IMD0354) effectively mitigated the expression of various pro-inflammatory mediators induced by Mn2+, suggesting that ERK/NF-kB pathways have a critical role in the Mn2+-induced inflammatory response. Further, in vivo studies are required to confirm these in vitro findings to support clinical translation.

The Effect of Welding Current on Shear Test and Microstructure TIG Brazing of Cemented Carbide and Steel

The need for good welding results as knowledge in the process of welding different types of materials is needed in the community, and this res- earch is to determine the effect of variations in welding currents of different types of metals on cemented carbide and carbon steel using the TIG brazing method. For the base metal, YG6 cemented carbide and SS400 carbon steel with CuSi filler metal are used. The sample method is made by connecting different types of materials with the welding process using variations in current of 60 ampere; 80 ampere, and 100 ampere. The mechanical properties of this material connection were tested using the Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine, while for the microstructure examination, a microstructure test tool with a magnification of 100 x was used. The results of the tests revealed that the highest average compressive strength was 22.2 kN at a welding current variation of 60 A, and the lowest average value was 10.2 kN at a welding current variation of 100 A. Furthermore, for the average value of shear stress, the highest value at 60 A variation is 148 N/mm2 and the lowes t value is at 100 A welding current, which is 67 N/mm2. The res ults of testing the microstructure of the connection area s how that the higher the current strength, the more enriched the Cu content and will affect the size and spacing of Si grains.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN METAL ARTIFACTS: LASTING FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGAINST CORROSION

Metals were used to make artifacts and medical tools in ancient times. This review article focuses on the gold and silver metal artifacts of the ancient Egyptian and their protection against corrosion. There is no doubt that Egypt is an open museum because the ancient Egyptians planted the monuments everywhere in the deserts. There are many types of artifacts, such as statues, jewelries, furniture, weapons, paints, etc. They have used different types of materials to make all these monuments, such as marbles, wood, stones, metals. They have used different types of metals, such as gold, silver, iron, and copper. The museums in Egypt accommodate huge number of metals artifacts. Ancient Egyptian produced fine and gorgeous artifacts, especially rings, bracelets, and necklaces. The artifacts were created to be resistant to degradation and corrosion over a long period of time. They have used different ways of protection, such as paints, alloying, chemicals etc.

Thermal conductivity measurement experiment of metal using heat sensor and Arduino

The characteristics of metals are very important to know in order to get optimal utilisation. In this research, a system for measuring the heat propagation of various types of metals is developed. Measurements will be made using a number of LM35 sensors placed scattered on the metal to be tested. In this research, Arduino is used to read the data through ADC which then sends the data to the computer. The data is then processed simultaneously for several metal samples so that the heat propagation of each can be compared. The fixed parameters used in this research are the area of each plate and also the distance between the plates. Finally, the success of the method to measure the heat propagation of different metals is reported. Further results can be developed to identify different types of metals and their purity.

Study of Some Physiological Activities for Multimetal Tolerant Bacteria Under Metallic Stress

Electroplating effluents contain heavy metals besides nitrate, which can be harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life if released into the environment. Bioremediation is an imperative task to remove these contaminants from aquatic surfaces. Bacterial species that are tolerant to multiple metals were isolated from electroplating effluents and studied for their ability to withstand high metal concentrations and perform physiological activities. These activities included the production of carotenoid pigments and the reduction of nitrate during exponential and stationary growth phases after exposure to high concentrations of single and quaternary metals. The influence of heavy metals on these activities and bacterial behavior was evaluated. The results showed that the production of carotenoid pigments increased over time, with the highest quantities produced at 48 hours with Zn, Cu, and quaternary. Pigments produced vary with the different types of metals and their concentrations. The ratio of pigment extract to unladen metal cells was higher compared to laden metals cells. The isolates were also capable of reducing nitrate and producing nitrite, but high metal concentrations hindered the conversion of nitrite to nitrogen gas and accumulated great amounts of nitrite between the end of the exponential phase and the start of the stationary phase. The production of carotenoids allowed the bacteria to tolerate high metal concentrations and continue reducing nitrate. This study suggests that pigmented bacteria and aerobic denitrifiers have the potential for bioremediation and nitrate reduction, which can help clean and recover contaminated environments.

A Review of Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Compounds for Environmental Applications

Metal–organic framework‐based compounds have recently gained great attention because of their unique porous structure, ordered porosity, and high specific surface area. Benefiting from these superior properties, metal–organic framework‐based compounds have been proven to be one of the most potential candidates for environmental governance and remediation. In this review, the different types of metal–organic framework‐based compounds are first summarized. Further, the various environmental applications of metal–organic framework‐based compounds including organic pollutant removal, toxic and hazardous gas capture, heavy metal ion detection, gas separation, water harvesting, air purification, and carbon dioxide reduction reactions are discussed in detail. In the end, the opportunities and challenges for the future development of metal–organic framework‐based compounds for environmental applications are highlighted.

Spatio-temporal variation of the microbiome and resistome repertoire along an anthropogenically dynamic segment of the Ganges River, India

Aquatic ecosystems are regarded as a hub of antibiotic and metal resistance genes. River Ganges is a unique riverine system in India with socio-cultural and economic significance. However, it remains underexplored for its microbiome and associated resistomes along its anthropogenically impacted course. The present study utilized a nanopore sequencing approach to depict the microbial community structure in the sediments of the river Ganges harboring antibiotic and metal resistance genes (A/MRGs) in lower stretches known for anthropogenic impact. Comprehensive microbiome analyses revealed resistance genes against 23 different types of metals and 28 classes of antibiotics. The most dominant ARG category was multidrug resistance, while the most prevalent MRGs conferred resistance against copper and zinc. Seasonal differences dismally affected the microbiota of the Ganges. However, resistance genes for fosmidomycin and tetracycline varied with season ANOVA, p < 0.05. Interestingly, 333 and 334 ARG subtypes were observed at all the locations in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. The taxa associated with the dominant ARGs and MRGs were Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, which are important nosocomial pathogens. A substantial phage diversity for pathogenic and putrefying bacteria at all locations attracts attention for its use to tackle the dissemination of antibiotic and metal-resistant bacteria. This study suggests the accumulation of antibiotics and metals as the driving force for the emergence of resistance genes and the affiliated bacteria trafficking them. The present metagenomic assessment highlights the need for comprehensive, long-term biological and physicochemical monitoring and mitigation strategies toward the contaminants associated with ARGs and MRGs in this nationally important river.

Analisis Pengaruh Elektroda E309-16 Pada Sambungan Baja Carbon Aisi 1045 Dan Stainless Steel 304 Dengan Menggunakan Pengelasan Smaw

The bimetallic welding process is a welding process that connects two different types of metal. This study aims to determine the effect of the E309-16 electrode on the connection of two materials using smaw welding on tensile strength. The materials used were carbon steel AISI 1045 and stainless steel 304. This study used an experimental method with a penetration and filling welding process with a 60° V seam using an E309-16 electrode. The shape of the specimens in this study used the ASTM E8 standard. From the results of the tensile test research conducted, the E309-16 electrode has an influence on the bimetallic welding process on AISI 1045 carbon steel and 304 stainless steelwith a resulting tensile strength of 58.01 Kg/mm – 68.48 Kg/mm, yield strength that is produced by 35.97 Kg/mm – 37.12 Kg/mm, the resulting strain value was 12.50% - 43.00% and was able to withstand a given tensile load of 6450 Kg – 7900 Kg. and the bimetallic welding process using the E309-16 electrode has a more binding effect on the 304 stainless steel material, this is evidenced by the broken specimens in the weld area and the lower carbon content of 304 stainless steel with a carbon content of 0.042% compared to AISI steel material 1045 which has a carbon content of 0.42%.

A role of back contact and temperature on the parameters of CdTe solar cell

ABSTRACT The present work covers the solar cell simulation of cadmium telluride (CdTe) by means of the SCAPS-1D simulation software. The impact of back contact type and operation temperature on operation parameters of solar cell was studied. For the present study, three different types of metals with different work functions have been used in simulation, i.e. silver (Ag), gold (Au) and platinum (Pt). The range of working temperature was 300–400 K. Simulation results confirmed that the back contact type and work functions and temperature strongly influence the parameters of solar cells, especially the PCE, wherein it has been found that the Pt gave a conversion efficiency of 5.7% and Au gave 2.01% efficiency and Ag with 0.04% and best temperature to work is 350 K. The influence of inserting cadmium sulphide (CdS) buffer coat had been studied, and the presence of CdS enhanced the solar cell work.aq

Metal Catalyzed Polymerization: From Stereoregular Poly(α‐olefins) to Tailor‐Made Biodegradable/Biorenewable Polymers and Copolymers

AbstractMetal catalyzed polymerizations are among the most important chemical reactions, accounting for the production of about 400 million tons per year of polymeric materials, 50 % of which are polyolefins. The CIRCC research units at the University of Salerno, founded by the late Professor Adolfo Zambelli, a coworker of Giulio Natta and a pioneer in the studies of stereospecific polymerization catalysts, has a consolidated expertise in this field. Although often considered a “mature” area of research, olefin polymerization catalysis continues to drive great interest of both industrial and academic scientists. On the other hand, strong political and economic pressure toward the development of “green” and possibly biodegradable alternatives to olefin‐based polymers stimulated our group to direct increasing research efforts in the area of sustainable polymers. In this perspective, we focus on the most recent work from the CIRCC research units involved in homogeneous catalysis for polymerization of a variety of monomers, with the aim to address how the concepts and the expertise developed for olefin polymerization can be applied to the development of different metal‐catalyzed polymerizations and copolymerizations. Of course, although the results are discussed in the frame of the most important literature contributions, a comprehensive review of such a wide and diversified topic is out of the scope of the paper. References to reviews covering the different types of metal catalyzed polymerizations are provided in each chapter.

Immunotoxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: from toxic mechanisms to metabolism and outcomes.

The influence of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials on various fields since their discovery has been remarkable. They have unique properties, and therefore, have been employed in specific applications, including biomedicine. However, their potential health risks cannot be ignored. Several studies have shown that exposure to metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can lead to immunotoxicity. Different types of metals and metal oxide nanoparticles may have a negative impact on the immune system through various mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. As an essential factor in determining the function and fate of immune cells, immunometabolism may also be an essential target for these nanoparticles to exert immunotoxic effects in vivo. In addition, the biodegradation and metabolic outcomes of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are also important considerations in assessing their immunotoxic effects. Herein, we focus on the cellular mechanism of the immunotoxic effects and toxic effects of different types of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as the metabolism and outcomes of these nanoparticles in vivo. Also, we discuss the relationship between the possible regulatory effect of nanoparticles on immunometabolism and their immunotoxic effects. Finally, we present perspectives on the future research and development direction of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials to promote scientific research on the health risks of nanomaterials and reduce their adverse effects on human health.

Galvanic Corrosion among Ti–6Al–4V ELI Alloy, Co–Cr–Mo Alloy, 316L-Type Stainless Steel, and Zr–1Mo Alloy for Orthopedic Implants

In orthopedics, occasionally, different types of metals are used in applications in which they are in contact with each other. However, few studies have electrochemically investigated the galvanic corrosion of orthopedic implants formed of different metals. In this study, galvanic corrosion of Ti–6Al–4V ELI alloy, Co–Cr–Mo alloy, and 316L type stainless steel, which are used in orthopedics, and a newly developed Zr–1Mo alloy as a low-magnetic susceptibility material was evaluated in saline. Coupling of the Ti–6Al–4V ELI and Co–Cr–Mo alloys did not exhibit localized corrosion and maintained highly stable passive films. Coupling of the 316L type stainless steel and Co–Cr–Mo alloy, temporary localized corrosion occurred. Similarly, coupling of the Zr–1Mo and Co–Cr–Mo alloys, temporary localized corrosion occurred. However, both of 316L type stainless steel and Zr–1Mo alloy were finally repassivated spontaneously with the immersion time. The degree of the localized corrosion of the Zr–1Mo alloy was smaller than that of 316L type stainless steel. No galvanic current was observed when the Ti–6Al–4V ELI and Co–Cr–Mo alloys were coupled. A slight galvanic current flowed when 316L type stainless steel or the Zr–1Mo alloy was coupled with the other alloys; however, the galvanic current with the Zr–1Mo alloy coupling recovered to zero after a certain period owing to repassivation. No metal ions were detected from the couplings with Zr–1Mo.

Review on Metal-Based Theranostic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy and Imaging.

Theranostic agents are promising due to their ability to diagnose, treat and monitor different types of cancer using a variety of imaging modalities. The advantage specifically of nanoparticles is that they can accumulate easily at the tumor site due to the large gaps in blood vessels near tumors. Such high concentration of theranostic agents at the target site can lead to enhancement in both imaging and therapy. This article provides an overview of nanoparticles that have been used for cancer theranostics, and the different imaging, treatment options and signaling pathways that are important when using nanoparticles for cancer theranostics. In particular, nanoparticles made of metal elements are emphasized due to their wide applications in cancer theranostics. One important aspect discussed is the ability to combine different types of metals in one nanoplatform for use as multimodal imaging and therapeutic agents for cancer.

Plasmon resonance in split-ring resonator based heterostructures

We herein propose a plasmonic nanostructure that is composed of heterogeneous metallic split-ring resonator (SRR) trimers with built-in crosses. We studied its optical transmission properties by using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Results showed that, the resonant modes can be changed when the nanostructures are composed of different types of metals. For the heterogeneous metallic SRR trimers, the resonant modes were in the near-infrared region blue shift, but the modes remained the same when the air slit width was increased. All the dips red-shifted as dielectric constant of the SRRs medium was increased. The resonant modes in the visible region red shifted when the arms of metallic cross length were increased, but locations of resonance dips in the near-infrared region remained unchanged. Magnetic and electric field distributions for certain wavelengths were also investigated.

Comparative study of a perovskite solar cell using different aperiodic arrangements of plasmonic nanoparticles

In this research work, the optimized Fibonacci, Thue-Mors, and Gaussian-based aperiodic arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles were studied to improve the performance of thin perovskite solar cells. Here, the effect of different types of deterministic aperiodic plasmonic arrays on the optical properties of perovskite absorbers is analyzed. At first, different polytypes of perovskite material consistent (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4, CH3NH3FeI2Br, CH3NH3FeI3, CH3NH3PbBr3, CH3NH3PbCl3, and CH3NH3PbI3 as the active layer of a solar cell were analyzed. The results show that CH3NH3PbI3 has higher absorption spectra than other cases. Then, different types of metals (Ag, Au, Cu, Al) as the form of periodic arrays are simulated and Ag was selected to form our arrays according to the Fibonacci, Thue-Mors, Gaussian, and periodic array arrangement. To form such arrays, 36 nanoparticles per cell were used and the effect of network constant (closest distance between the nanoparticles) was evaluated. Our results confirm that all cases of the Fibonacci, Thue-Mors, and Gaussian arrangement improve the photocurrent, while the photocurrent of the Thue-Mors arrangement is higher than in other cases. These findings reveal that it is possible to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells using a realistic plasmonic array.

Biomaterials used in orthodontics

In recent years, orthodontic dental medicine has progressed at a rapid pace as a result of the use and enhancement of biomaterials. Innovations and improvements in biomaterials have a great impact on orthodontic practice, with significant changes in recent years in the types of materials used as well as their biomechanical requirements. Different types of metals, alloys, polymers, composites, self-polymerizing acrylic plastics are used to create orthodontic materials and appliances. Each of the biomaterials used has its advantages over the others in a particular situation. It is extremely important to evaluate the physical and biomechanical properties of biomaterials in order to achieve predictable results that meet the objectives of orthodontic treatment. From the research it has come to the conclusion that orthodontic dental medicine, like other areas of dentistry, is greatly influenced by the improvements and enhancements of the biomaterials used. Digital technologies, computer design and manufacturing are an integral part of modern orthodontics. New technologies have a great impact on biomaterials used in orthodontics. The right choice of biomaterials for making orthodontic appliances is the key to successful treatment.

Current Development in Biomaterials-Hydroxyapatite and Bioglass for Applications in Biomedical Field: A Review.

Inorganic biomaterials, including different types of metals and ceramics are widely used in various fields due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and bioresorbable capacity. In recent years, biomaterials have been used in biomedical and biological applications. Calcium phosphate (CaPs) compounds are gaining importance in the field of biomaterials used as a standalone material or in more complex structures, especially for bone substitutes and drug delivery systems. The use of multiple dopants into the structure of CaPs compounds can significantly improve their in vivo and in vitro activity. Among the general information included in the Introduction section, in the first section of this review paper, the authors provided a background on the development of hydroxyapatite, methods of synthesis, and its applications. The advantages of using different ions and co-ions for substitution into the hydroxyapatite lattice and their influence on physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties of hydroxyapatite are also presented in this section of the review paper. Larry Hench's 45S5 Bioglass®, commercially named 45S5, was the first bioactive glass that revealed a chemical bond with bone, highlighting the potential of this biomaterial to be widely used in biomedicine for bone regeneration. The second section of this article is focused on the development and current products based on 45S5 Bioglass®, covering the historical evolution, importance of the sintering method, hybrid bioglass composites, and applications. To overcome the limitations of the original biomaterials, studies were performed to combine hydroxyapatite and 45S5 Bioglass® into new composites used for their high bioactivity and improved properties. This particular type of combined hydroxyapatite/bioglass biomaterial is discussed in the last section of this review paper.

Catalytic efficiency of copper nanoparticles modified silica-alginate hydrogel nanocomposite towards reduction of water pollutants and H2 generation

In the present study, a viscous solution of sodium alginate polymer (Alg) containing dispersed silica (Si) was prepared for the fabrication of hydrogel beads. It was added dropwise into a divalent calcium (Ca+2) ions solution which convert each drop into a hydrogel bead i.e, Si@AlgBD. In the next step, the outer surface of the Si@AlgBDs were modified with five different types of metal. As a result, it gives five types of metal coated M+n/Si@AlgBDs catalyst. These coated M+n [M+n = Ag+, Ni+2, Fe+3, Co+2, and Cu+2] were converted into zero-valent metal nanoparticles (MNPs) [M0 = Ag0, Ni0, Fe0, Co0, and Cu0] by NaBH4, which act as a strong reducing agent. Firstly, all catalysts were analyzed for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP to check out the efficiency of catalysts. Among which the reduction rate was higher for Cu0/Si@AlgBDs catalyst and was chosen for further study. Secondly, the Cu0/Si@AlgBDs catalyst was examined for the decolorization of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP), methyl orange (MO), congo red (CR), and acridine orange (ArO). Additionally, its catalytic reduction was analyzed for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP in different quality of water sources. The highest reduction rate of 6.207 × 10−1 and 8.619 × 10−1 min−1 was calculated for CR and 4-NP, respectively. Beside its catalytic reduction, the same catalyst was evaluated for the generation of H2 gas from NaBH4 through methanolysis. Where, the lowest Ea energy of 25.9 kJ/mol was calculated at room temperature. In both experimental procedures i.e, catalytic reduction and H2 production, different parameters, such as, catalyst dosage, different amount of the NaBH4, initial concentration of the 4-NP, and temperature effect for the H2 production were studied in detail. Similarly, the hydrogel beads were characterized by SEM, EDX, and ICP-OES to identify and find out the successful incorporation of MNPs on Si@AlgBDs. Finally, the recyclability of the catalyst was also investigated.