Different Types Of Media Research Articles

Effectiveness Of Different Medium Of Education To Imparting Knowledge At Bangladesh Open University

Open and distance learning system meanly based on different types of media to impart education to the learners. Bangladesh Open University (BOU) offered education through open and distance learning system. There are two largest programs one is Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and another one is Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) offered by BOU through Open School (OS). To impart education to the learners, OS prepared text materials in the modular form and also broadcast audio-visual educational program through radio and television. At present, BOU provided printed materials to learners and telecast so many radio and TV pogroms for learners of the SSC and HSC program. Some survey stated that there are not enough evidences to fulfill the learner‘s objectives effectively. According to the previous survey result, study materials and audio-visual medium of teaching are of average quality (Islam 1988). The participants of this survey were mostly learners, tutors of the Open School programs and the media experts. This study has focus on how the educational program of the Open School could be more acceptable and enriched.

The RIAO 2007 conference

This review summarizes the main topics covered by the presentations given at the RIAO 2007 Conference. The theme of this year's conference, "Large-scale Semantic Access to Content (Text, Image, Video and Sound)", encompasses two current, and recurring, challenges in Information Retrieval: inclusion of semantics in retrieval and adaptation to different types of media. The use of the term "large-scale" underlines the need for scalable methods in real-world applications. RIAO 2007, hosting both innovative applications and research papers, presented a panorama of current trends in semantics based information retrieval.

Pediatric auricular chondrocytes gene expression analysis in monolayer culture and engineered elastic cartilage

This study was aimed at regenerating autologous elastic cartilage for future use in pediatric ear reconstruction surgery. Specific attentions were to characterize pediatric auricular chondrocyte growth in a combination culture medium and to assess the possibility of elastic cartilage regeneration using human fibrin. Laboratory experiment using human pediatric auricular chondrocytes. Pediatric auricular chondrocytes growth kinetics and quantitative gene expression profile in three different types of media were compared in primary culture and subsequent three passages. Large-scale culture-expanded chondrocytes from the combination medium were then mixed with human fibrin for the formation of elastic cartilage via tissue engineering technique. The equal mixture of Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (FD) promoted the best chondrocyte growth at every passage compared to the individual media. Chondrocytes differentiation index; ratio of type II to type I collagen gene expression level, aggrecan and elastin expression gradually decreased while passaging but they were then restored in engineered tissues after implantation. The engineered cartilage was glistening white in color and firm in consistency. Histological evaluation, immunohistochemistry analysis and quantitative gene expression assessment demonstrated that the engineered cartilage resemble the features of native elastic cartilage. Pediatric auricular chondrocytes proliferate better in the combination medium (FD) and the utilization of human fibrin as a biomaterial hold promises for the regeneration of an autologous elastic cartilage for future application in ear reconstructive surgery.

Removal of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon from stormwater by biofiltration mesocosms

Biofiltration systems are becoming a popular stormwater treatment device in water sensitive urban design for the removal of fine particulate and dissolved pollutants from stormwater. However, there is limited published data on the effectiveness of these systems for nutrient removal. We constructed biofiltration mesocosms to assess nutrient removal (nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon) under experimental conditions. Different types of media were compared (gravel, sand, and sandy-loam) in vegetated and non-vegetated mesocosms (six treatments in total). Five plant species were used. Vegetated sand and vegetated sandy-loam provided the best overall treatment. Vegetated mesocosms were very effective in removing nitrogen (63-77% removal) and phosphorus (85-94% removal) from synthetic stormwater, and removed substantially more nutrients than the non-vegetated treatments. All treatments removed a substantial portion of the carbon from the stormwater (28-66%). When flushed with tap water, nitrogen and phosphorus were retained by the vegetated mesocosms, but leached from the non-vegetated mesocosms. Plant growth was most vigorous in the sandy-loam media, indicating that this is a good growth media, even without the addition of organic matter.

Microenvironments and Cellular Proliferation Affected by Oxygen Concentration in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line

Background: Abnormal angiogenesis can induce hypoxia within a highly proliferating tumor mass, and these hypoxic conditions can in turn create clinical problems, such as resistance to chemotherapy. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia induces these changes has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine how hypoxia induces changes in cell viability and extracellular microenvironments in an in vitro culture system using non-small cell lung cancer cells. Methods: The non-small cell lung cancer cell line, A549 was cultured in DMEM or RPMI-1640 media that contained fetal bovine serum. A decrease in the oxygen tension of the media that contained the culture was then induced in a hypoxia microchamber using a CO 2-N2 gas mixture. A gas analysis and an MTT assay were then conducted. Results: (1) The decrease in oxygen tension was checked the anaerobic gas mixture for 30 min and then reoxygenation was induced by adding a 5% CO 2 -room air gas mixture to the chamber. (2) Purging with the anaerobic gas mixture was found to decrease the further oxygen tension of cell cultur e media. (3) The low oxygen tension resulted in a low pH, lactic acidosis and a decreased glucose concentration in the media. (4) The decrease in glucose concentration that was observed as a result of hypoxia was markedly different when different types of media were evaluated. (5) The decrease in oxygen tension inhibited proliferation of A549 cells. Conclusion: These data suggests that tumor hypoxia is associated with acidosis and hypoglycemia, which have been implicated in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. (Tuberc Respir Dis 2007; 63: 242-250)

Organogenesis in vitro from the leaf of blackberry cv Cacanska bestrna

The paper presents evaluation of different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators on induction of adventitious organogenesis from the leaf of blackberry cultivar Cacanska Bestrna. This genotype was introduced and maintained in tissue culture on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) (1962), mineral salts and organic complex with in mg l-1: BAP 1.0, IBA 0.1, GA3 0.1. Young, expanded leaves taken from upper third of in vitro proliferating shoots were used as initial explants. The leaves were cut three times across the midrib and placed with adaxial side touching the regeneration medium. In this experiment 20 types of regeneration media have been evaluated with different types and concentrations of cytokinins and auxins: BAP (2.0 mg l-1) or TDZ (1.0 mg l-1) alone, or each in combination with different concentrations of IBA, NAA and 2,4-D (0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg l-1). In cv Cacanska Bestrna regeneration of adventitious shoots was observed on three different types of media with BAP combined with IBA (0.1 and 1.0 mg l-1) and NAA (0.1 mg l-1). TDZ alone or in combination with IBA (0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg l-1) and NAA (0.1 mg l-1) has been more effective at induction of regeneration than BAP. The highest percentage of regeneration was obtained precisely on medium supplemented with TDZ alone (41.66%). .

Seasonal variations of Fusarium species in wheat fields in Upper Egypt

Populations of the genus Fusarium in wheat fields were studied within the crop-growing season at Qena area (Upper Egypt) using two different types of media (DCPA and DRBA) at 25°C. Fourteen Fusarium species were isolated during this study, namely F. anthophilum, F. aquaeductuum, F. chlamdosporum, F. dimerum, F. merismoides, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. poae, F. proliferatum, F. sambucinum, F. scripi, F. solani, F. sporotrichioides and F. subglutinans. Fusarium merismoides, F. oxysporum and F. sambucinum were the most common Fusarium species isolated from different wheat plant parts (rhizosphere and rhizoplane) as well as from the wheat fields (soil and air). Fusarium spp. rarely appeared at the beginning of the season and increased sharply between January to March and decreased slightly or sharply at the end of the season according to the type of media and isolation source.

The relevance of attention for selecting news content. An eye-tracking study on attention patterns in the reception of print and online media

Abstract This article argues that a theory of media selectivity needs a theory of attention, because attention to a media stimulus is the starting point of each process of reception. Attention sequences towards media stimuli – pages of newspapers and online-newspapers – were analyzed using eye-tracking patterns from three different perspectives. First, attention patterns were compared under varying task conditions. Second, different types of media were tested. Third, attention sequences towards different forms of news with different design patterns were compared. Attention was seen as a prerequisite for reception: Its selective functions for these processes are especially important. Reception itself was examined within an action-theoretical framework and therefore described as a form of interaction between recipient and the media. Eye-tracking data were used as indicators of attention. Starting with a hypothesis on the impact of different media such as printed newspapers and online newspapers on the agenda-setting process of their audience, the study examined how the type of media and the form of news influences attention and selectivity. Our findings showed that visual cues such as salient photos or graphics and information hierarchies signalled by design and layout guide attention processes, not as an automatic process driven from the bottom up, but as stimuli for an active, intention-driven selection process. The results indicate that the form of news affects these patterns of interactive attention more than the medium itself.

Structure-dependent switchover of reaction modes: A laser flash photolysis and magnetic field effect study

This work illustrates a switchover of reaction mode on account of steric effect in different types of media. We have observed that in polar organic medium, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione, MQ) undergoes electron transfer (ET) with different amines, e.g., triethylamine (TEA), N, N-dimethylaniline (DMA) and 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane (DMDPM), whereas in SDS micelles it abstracts hydrogen from DMA and DMDPM although ET persists with TEA. On the contrary, our previous reports indicate that the mode of interaction of 9,10-anthraquinone with DMA and DMDPM is predominantly ET in both these media. Here we have attempted to explain such anomalous behavior.

Explanatory and illustrative visualization of special and general relativity

This paper describes methods for explanatory and illustrative visualizations used to communicate aspects of Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, their geometric structure, and of the related fields of cosmology and astrophysics. Our illustrations target a general audience of laypersons interested in relativity. We discuss visualization strategies, motivated by physics education and the didactics of mathematics, and describe what kind of visualization methods have proven to be useful for different types of media, such as still images in popular science magazines, film contributions to TV shows, oral presentations, or interactive museum installations. Our primary approach is to adopt an egocentric point of view: The recipients of a visualization participate in a visually enriched thought experiment that allows them to experience or explore a relativistic scenario. In addition, we often combine egocentric visualizations with more abstract illustrations based on an outside view in order to provide several presentations of the same phenomenon. Although our visualization tools often build upon existing methods and implementations, the underlying techniques have been improved by several novel technical contributions like image-based special relativistic rendering on GPUs, special relativistic 4D ray tracing for accelerating scene objects, an extension of general relativistic ray tracing to manifolds described by multiple charts, GPU-based interactive visualization of gravitational light deflection, as well as planetary terrain rendering. The usefulness and effectiveness of our visualizations are demonstrated by reporting on experiences with, and feedback from, recipients of visualizations and collaborators.

How can the media be best used to influence the diabetes policy makers?

‘The media’ can play an important part in raising the profile of diabetes, spreading knowledge and understanding of the disease and attracting additional resources to diabetes research and care. To that end, it is necessary for those involved in diabetes to deal appropriately with the different types of media, e.g. medical and lay, specialist and general, national and local, print, radio and TV and electronic. It is also necessary to identify ‘the diabetes policy makers' who are to be influenced by the media, i.e. who help to determine the allocation and organisation of diabetes resources. These include governments, national and international organisations, people living with diabetes, health professionals, scientists, academics, health care managers, health care and food companies, lawyers, the media itself and, most important, public opinion. There should be broad agreement about the messages to be conveyed, an acknowledgement of the media’ s role, knowledge of how it works and a willingness to cooperate with it. This requires professional communications and PR input and resources. If diabetes stakeholders are prepared to work together, much can be accomplished but one should be realistic about goals and time scales. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Long‐term Cultivation of Bovine Hoof Cells in a Novel Perfusion Chamber System

The aim of this study was to establish a co‐culture of bovine hoof keratinocytes and fibroblasts in different types of perfusion chambers under defined conditions. The perfusion chamber PCS3c (Oligene, Berlin) was used to culture dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes separated by a Millicell® Insert (Millipore, Schwalbach). In addition novel perfusion chambers developed by Dirk Hoffmann were used in combination with S & S membrane filters (Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel). First, fibroblasts were seeded onto one side of the insert/membrane and allowed to grow for 4 days. Subsequently keratinocytes were seeded onto the other side and allowed to adhere for one day. Then the chambers were connected to the tubing system with an attached 8‐channel pump and a gas permeable media bag. We worked with different media and flow rates ranging from 0.035 ml/min to 0.35 ml/min. The system was run for up to 20 days. After a few days in culture the cells had grown to confluence. Then keratinocytes began to differentiate and built up stratified colonies. Within these colonies the cells showed the characteristic morphology of a stratified squamous epithelium. The use of perfusion chambers allows three‐dimensional cultures to grow and survive for weeks, because of an unlimited medium supply and gas exchange. Additional, perfusion chamber systems enable the co‐cultivation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes separated by membranes, which permit the exchange of molecules like growth factors. Furthermore, it is possible to perfuse the two different parts of the perfusion chamber with various and even different types of media. This provides the opportunity to add a growth factor to the medium for only one cell type and to study the effect of this factor to the other cell type. This work was supported by the European Communities under the Lamecow project QLK5‐CT‐2002‐00969.The authors are solely responsible and the work does not necessarily represent the opinion of the European Communities.

Goos–Hänchen Shifts via Composite Layers of Negative- and Positive-Index Media

Goos–Hänchen shifts via composite layers of both positive-index medium (PIM) and negative-index medium (NIM) are analyzed using the stationary phase theory. They are dependent on the evenness or oddness of the number of interfaces between different types of media (such as PIM–NIM and NIM–PIM).

Production of vanillin from ferulic acid using recombinant strains ofEscherichia coli

Vanillin is one of the world's principal flavoring compounds, and is used extensively in the food industry. The potential vanillin production of the bacteria was compared to select and clone genes which were appropriate for highly productive vanillin production byE. coli. Thefcs (feruloyl-CoA synthetase) andech (enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase) genes cloned fromAmycolatopsis sp. strain HR104 andDelftia acidovorans were introduced to pBAD24 vector with PBAD promoter and were named pDAHEF and pDDAEF, respectively. We observed 160 mg/L vanillin production withE. coli harboring pDAHEF, whereas 10 mg/L of vanillin was observed with pDDAEF. Vanillin production was optimized withE. coli harboring pDAHEF. Induction of thefcs andech genes from pDAHEF was optimized with the addition of 13.3 mM arabinose at 18 h of culture, from which 450 mg/L of vanillin was produced. The feeding time and concentration of ferulic acid were also optimized by the supplementation of 0.2% ferulic acid at 18 h of culture, from which 500 mg/L of vanillin was obtained. Under the above optimized condition of arabinose induction and ferulic acid supplementation, vanillin production was carried out with four different types of media, M9, LB, 2YT, and TB. The highest vanillin production, 580 mg/L, was obtained with LB medium, a 3.6 fold increase in comparison to the 160 mg/L obtained before the optimization of vanillin production.

Possibilities of Using Sources of Neutron Radiation for Radiation Testing of Dikes of Trunk Pipelines

Methodical aspects of in-tube testing of the media surrounding a trunk pipeline are considered. The method is based on radiating media with a source of fast neutrons and the subsequent measurement of the albedo of thermal neutrons and neutron-capture gamma rays. On the basis of a laboratory model of a pipeline segment, a set of model experiments was conducted to assess the information content of radiation signals for different types of media surrounding pipes.

Cross-layer QoS Support for Multimedia Delivery over Wireless Internet

Delivering multimedia over wireless Internet is a very challenging task. Multimedia delivery inherently has strict quality of service (QoS) requirement on bandwidth, delay, and delay jitter. However, the current Internet can only support best-effort service, which imposes varying network conditions during multimedia delivery. The advent of wireless networks further exacerbates the variance of network conditions and brings greater challenges for multimedia delivery. To improve perceived media quality by end users over wireless Internet, QoS supports can be addressed in different layers, including application layer, transport layer, link layer, and so forth. This paper presents a framework, which provides QoS support, for multimedia delivery over wireless Internet, across different layers. To provide efficient QoS support for different types of media over the best-effort networks, we first propose a cross-layer architecture, which combines the application-level, transport-layer, as well as link-layer controls, and then review recent advances in each individual component. Specifically, dynamic estimation of varying channel and network, adaptive and energy-efficient application and link-level error control, efficient congestion control, header compression, adaptive automatic repeat request (ARQ) and priority-based scheduling, as well as QoS-adaptive proxy caching technologies are explicitly reviewed in this paper.

The Fading of Dye Based Inkjet Images – Colorimetric Issues

The fading of inkjet imagery has been the subject of many studies. This study follows on from one presented at the previous Archiving conference, expanding on the investigation of colorimetric changes during fading processes.The aim of this study is to illustrate the important issues to consider in the restoration of dye based inkjet images. As such images make their way into museum collections these issues become important when preserving the cultural heritage. This study will also identify where inkjet media and ink technology is not yet up to the task and illustrate the archival properties and colour science of such imagery.The influence of media type, printed colour and ink load are the primary variables explored. The correlation of the fading characteristics with ink coverage and penetration are also included.Whilst this study picks on a single ink set as an example, two very different types of media have been studied in order to illustrate the wide range of results that can be achieved. This will emphasise the importance of the inkjet media in both the fading process and in any restoration envisaged.The characteristics of the cyan, magenta and yellow in this ink set will be shown to be very different. The implications of these differences in the fading of these images will be explored. In addition to pure CMY colours, the effects on RGB combinations will also be considered.Whilst this study concentrates on the light fading of a dye based ink set the results are compared and contrasted with gas fading and light fading of pigmented inks.

Routine Reliance Revisited: Exploring Media Importance for German Political Journalists

Although routine reliance on other media is regarded as a major factor in journalists' news decisions, it gets little scholarly attention. This study investigates the importance of media use for journalistic work. Taking German political journalists as an example, the study shows that media use is a major part of everyday journalistic work, as indicated by the amount of time journalists spend using other media and by the importance they assign to other media for different stages of news production. However, the importance of other media differs among journalists working for different types of media and among journalists of different ages and political views.

Method for quantitative sampling of fungus gnat larvae in soilless growing media.

A simple method is described for separating fungus gnat larvae from soilless growing media. Samples are first fractionated by water flotation with an inverted flask procedure and then the sediment is degassed under reduced air pressure and fractionated in magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) solution (density of 1.12 g cm(-3)). Fungus gnat larvae with only a small amount of contaminating debris are recovered from the surface of the MgSO4 solution for immediate counting or for preservation in alcohol. In evaluations of different commercial soilless growing media with a range of components, two repetitions of the water flotation step eliminated 20-40% of the dry weight of samples and virtually all of the perlite from further processing. Repeating both the water and MgSO4 flotations a third time only marginally improved the recovery of larval fungus gnats, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila, added to pasteurized media. Extraction efficiency differed between instars and, to a lesser extent, between different types of media. Across three commercial soilless media tested, recovery was 24-33% for first, 68-85% for second, 85-95% for third, and 98-100% for fourth instars. Within combinations of media and instar, recovery was consistent. With this method, a 400-cm3 sample can be processed and be ready for counting in 1-1.5 h; samples can also be processed in batches or in assembly-line manner to process many samples per day. The method may also prove useful for quantitative recovery of shore fly larvae, thrips pupae, and other arthropods from soilless growing media.

Effect of Media Types on Organics and Nitrogen Removal and Microbial Populations in a Fixed Biofilm Reactor System

The effect of media types on organics and nitrogen removal and microbial populations in a fixed biofilm an anaerobic-, anoxic-, and aerobic reactor system (AAO process) were studied at two different HRTs. The reactors in the AAO process were packed with two different types of media: a net cross-linked type SARAN media and the other granular type Synthetic Activated Ceramic (SAC) media. The process was applied to treat a wastewater taken from an influent line of ‘Janglim’ wastewater treatment plant in Korea. At two different HRT of 8.0 hr and 5.2 hr, the AAO process with SARAN media showed 80.2% and 79.8% of COD removal and 70.2% and 72.3% of ammonia nitrogen removal, while the process with SAC media showed 79.8% and 78.1% of COD removal and 90.5% and 85.4% of ammonia nitrogen removal. The microbial population in biofilm formed on SAC media (1.78 ×1012 cells/cm2) was two orders of magnitude greater in cell number than that of SARAN media (7.80 × 1010 cell/cm2) . The population ratios of heterotrophs and autotrophs in biofilm on the SARAN media were 0.87-0.88 and 0.12-0.13, respectively, but the ratios on the SAC media were 0.64-0.76 for heterotrophs and 0.24-0.36 for autotrophs. Consequently, the AAO process with SAC media could contain higher biomass concentration and autotrophs/heterotrophs fraction than the process with the SARAN media. The results showed that biological nutrient removal efficiency in a fixed biofilm reactor is deeply influenced by not only operation conditions but also media characteristics and microbial populations in biofilms on the media.