Different Types Of Lung Cancer Research Articles

Pathology of lung tumours

Lung cancer is the most common fatal malignancy in the world and smoking is the main risk factor. The carcinogens in tobacco smoke induce complex genetic interactions within the entire bronchial tree, leading to field carcinogenesis and tumour development. There are many different types of lung cancer and classification is important because it guides management. Morphology and immunohistochemical techniques are used to type a tumour biopsy and subsequent treatment, including surgery in some cases, is initiated. Postoperatively, staging and definitive classification of the tumour is used to predict prognosis.

Effects and mechanisms of fibronectin on adhesion and migration of different types of lung cancer cell lines

To observe and explore the effects and mechanisms of fibronectin (FN) on invasion of different types of lung cancers. Using tumor invasion models in vitro of plates coated with FN and Boyden chambers with FN filter, differences of adhesion and migration between small cell lung cancer cell line (054A) and adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) were investigated, and proliferative effects of FN on cells were examined. In the meantime the invasive capability changes were observed after cell suspensions were preincubated with anti-α5, anti-α3 and anti-β1 integrin antibodies, respectively. FN could improve the adhesion, migration and proliferation of A549 more markedly than that of 054A. The number of adhesive cells in A549 cell line changed from 34.7± 5.1 to 189.4±12.3 with time from 2h to 12h compared with that from 19.8±7.9 to 159.2±11.9 in 054A cell line (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). A549 cell line had 142.7±5.9 migration cells while 054A cell line had 89.4±4.7 (P < 0.01). FN could improved the proliferation in A549 cell line from 0.250±0.019 to 0.754±0.025 (P < 0.01) in concentration-dependent way, but in 054A from 0.205±0.026 to 0.286±0.029. And these effects were mediated mainly by α3β1 and α5β1 receptors in A549, but α3β1 in 054A. Lung cancers with different origins express so different types and extents of integrin receptors that effects of FN on tumors are various, which is one of important reasons of different invasive capability of lung cancers.

The Prevalence of Clubbing in Different Types of Lung Cancer

The aim of the study was to determine the relative frequency of digital clubbing in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to find out whether there is a gender predominance in the frequency of clubbing. The study was a single center prospective study conducted at the Pulmonary Medicine Department in a university hospital. Between January 1988 and December 1998, 738 patients with histopathologic diagnoses of SCLC or NSCLC were enrolled. Twenty-six patients with a diagnosis of in differentiated lung cancer were excluded. Clubbing was present in 128 (17.3%) of the 738 patients and was detected in 17.5% of patients with NSCLC vs. 16.7% of patients with SCLC (chi(2) test, P>0.05), and it was more common in males (18.6%) than in females (4.4%, Fisher's exact test, chi(2)=8.74, P<0.01). The incidence of clubbing was similar in both SCLC and NSCLC patients, which is inconsistent with classical knowledge in the literature, and digital clubbing was significantly more common in males than in females with lung cancer.

Immunologic parameters as significant prognostic factors in lung cancer

Immunologic prognostic factors in lung cancer have not been fully clarified. We report the results of a prospective study undertaken to clarify the correlation between various cellular immunologic parameters and the survival of lung cancer patients. A total of 287 lung cancer patients were enrolled in this study. Representative in vitro cellular immune activities including lymphoblastogenesis and natural killer cell activities, in addition to the percentage of main lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, HLA-DR, and FcγR III on T cells) in the peripheral blood were evaluated before the initiation of therapy. The immune factors that influence the prognosis were analyzed by the log rank test and a multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model. Univariate analysis of the survival curves revealed a significant difference with regard to disease stage ( P<0.0001), age ( P=0.007), gender ( P=0.0037), and HLA-DR (%) ( P=0.048), when all the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients ( n=257) were analyzed together. This analysis, based on the histologic type, revealed that HLA-DR (%) was a significant predictor of survival in squamous cell carcinoma ( P=0.0013) and small cell carcinoma ( P=0.0025). A decreased CD4/CD8 ratio in small cell carcinoma ( P=0.0062) and male gender in adenocarcinoma ( P=0.0086) were factors associated with a worse prognosis. Multivariate analysis identified a significant correlation between survival and disease stage ( P<0.0001) and gender ( P=0.0243) in adenocarcinoma, disease stage ( P<0.0001), age ( P=0.0436) and HLA-DR (%) ( P=0.0142) in squamous cell carcinoma, and HLA-DR (%) ( P=0.0212) and CD4/CD8 ( P=0.0112) in small cell carcinoma, suggesting independent prognostic significance. A variety of immunologic indices have prognostic significance for the different types of lung cancer. Among these, the HLA-DR (%) in the peripheral blood is the most reliable factor for squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma.

A database of protein expression in lung cancer.

We have developed a comprehensive approach to identifying molecular changes in lung cancer that includes both genomic and proteomic analyses. The related effort has produced a large amount of data pertaining to gene expression at the RNA and protein levels. As a result, we have constructed a database that contains protein expression data on lung cancer as well as other relevant data including DNA microarray derived data. A large number of proteins that are expressed in different types of lung cancer have been identified and have been correlated with the expression measures for their corresponding genes at the RNA level. The database is intended to facilitate our effort at developing novel classification schemes for lung cancer and the identification of novel markers for early diagnosis.

Glutathione S-Transferase M1 and T1 Gene Polymorphism in Patients with Lung Cancer Among Turkish Population

ABSTRACTSeveral polymorphic genes including those encoding for glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been reported to be associated with development of specific cancers. Individual variations in the expression of these enzymes have been extensively studied. In this study, the implication of two GST genes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) in the development of different types of lung cancer was investigated in Turkish patients (N=44). Our results show a 72.3% allele frequency for null GSTM1 gene among lung cancer patients and for healthy individuals (N=100) it was found to be 34%. The GSTM1 null genotype is slightly over represented in lung cancer patients (OR=0.73; CI=0.33–1.59) but did not reach a statistical importance. The frequency of deleted GSTT1 allele was 19% in normal controls that is consistent with the previous results for Caucasians. GSTT1 null genotype frequency among lung cancer patients (20.5%) was very Close to the control group (OR=0.91, CI=0.38–2.21). In all lung cancer cases 13.6 % of the patients showed homozygous deletion of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene and in control group 10% of the individuals had both deletion (p=0.08) suggesting that null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes do not interact to potentiate the risk of lung cancers in Turkish patients.

Lung cancer: occurrence and new possibilities for detection

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Physical and chemical agents such as tobacco smoke are the leading cause of various lung cancers. The intrinsic heterogeneity of normal lung tissue may be affected in different ways, giving rise to different types of lung cancers classified as either small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Adenocarcinoma, a NSCLC, accounts for 40 percent of all lung cancer cases and the incidence is increasing worldwide, especially among women. The survival rate and prognosis is poorest for adenocarcinoma. Therefore, diagnosis at the earliest stage (Stage I, localized) is critical for increasing survival rates of those suffering from lung cancer. However, many factors affect early diagnosis including the variable natural growth of tumors plus technological and human factors associated with manipulation of tissue samples and interpretation of results. This article reviews potential problems associated with diagnosing lung cancer and considers future directions of diagnostic technology.

Effectiveness of leukocyte filters in reducing tumor cell contamination after intraoperative blood salvage in lung cancer patients.

In an effort to reduce allogeneic blood transfusions in patients undergoing elective surgery for lung cancer, we investigated the effectiveness of a method of processing shed blood with an automated device for intra operative blood salvage (IOBS) and filtration with a 3rd-generation polyester filter to remove tumor cells. Sixteen patients were operated on for different types of lung cancer. We searched for malignant cells in pre- and postprocessed shed blood employing density gradient centrifugation, staining of cytospins with hematoxylin-eosin, and antibodies to human cytokeratins. In 9 out of 16 cases (56%), neoplastic cells were detected in prefiltration samples, but none were found in postfiltration cytospins. IOBS combined with appropriate filtration could be a very useful and safe tool in reducing allogeneic blood transfusion in cancer patients.

Effectiveness of Leukocyte Filters in Reducing Tumor Cell Contamination after Intraoperative Blood Salvage in Lung Cancer Patients

Objectives: In an effort to reduce allogeneic blood transfusions in patients undergoing elective surgery for lung cancer, we investigated the effectiveness of a method of processing shed blood with an automated device for intra operative blood salvage (IOBS) and filtration with a 3rd-generation polyester filter to remove tumor cells. Methods: Sixteen patients were operated on for different types of lung cancer. We searched for malignant cells in pre- and postprocessed shed blood employing density gradient centrifugation, staining of cytospins with hematoxylin-eosin, and antibodies to human cytokeratins. Results: In 9 out of 16 cases (56%), neoplastic cells were detected in prefiltration samples, but none were found in postfiltration cytospins. Conclusion: IOBS combined with appropriate filtration could be a very useful and safe tool in reducing allogeneic blood transfusion in cancer patients.

55 P - Intraoperative imprint cytology in the diagnosis of lung tumours

This study evaluated the usefulness of Intraoperative imprint cytology for establishing the nature of lung tumours otherwise undiagnosed. From 1994 to 1995, 185 patients (127 men, 58 women) treated with surgery for lung tumours, were examined by imprint cytology of the resected tumour tissue at the time of thoracotomy. Cytologic smears were fixed with the use of spray fixative, then sent immediately for hematoxylin-eosin staining and microscopic evaluation. The results were compared with the histological findings from paraffin sections of the surgical specimens. Of the 185 patients, 88% were correctly diagnosed. There were 95 true positive results (51.3%), 68 true negative (36.8%), and 18 false negative (9,7%). Four results (2,2%) were false positive for malignancy on cytologic criteria. The sensitivity of the procedure was 84%, the specificity 94.4%, and the diagnostic accuracy 88.1%. Although cytologically the distinction between different types of lung cancer was sometimes difficult, the authors conclude that intraoperative imprint cytology can be used as a quick, non-invasive and low cost method of diagnosis.

Do Gamma Rays and Alpha Particles Cause Different Types of Lung Cancer? A Comparison Between Atomic Bomb Survivors and Uranium Miners

Do Gamma Rays and Alpha Particles Cause Different Types of Lung Cancer? A Comparison Between Atomic Bomb Survivors and Uranium Miners

Constitutional frequencies of c-Ha-ras alleles in patients with different types of lung cancer

Constitutional frequencies of c-Ha- ras alleles in patients with different types of lung cancer

A deletion at the short arm of chromosome 3 is common to all major types of lung cancer

Abstract Occurrence of short arm deletions of chromosome 3 as a consistent abnormality of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been a matter of some dispute. A cytogenetic analysis of cell lines derived from SCLC tumours from different patients delimited the common deletion to 3p21-22. The DNA clone defining D1S1 contains a repetitive element present on chromosome 1, but has been shown to originate from chromosome 3. We localized the clone by in situ hybridization of some of its single copy sequences at 3p21. One subclone, pH3H2, detects a DNA polymorphism with a frequency of heterozygotes close to the maximum of 0.5. The distribution of alleles among lung cancer patients appeared to be similar to that in the general population. By applying pH3H2 in a Southern analysis of both constitutive and tumor DNA from the same lung cancer patients the possible occurrence of 3p21 deletions in SCLC and other types of lung cancer was investigated. All informative cases of SCLC, squamous carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma studied did show loss of an allele at the 3p21 locus DNF15S2 identified by pH3H2. Therefore, some recessive tumor suppressor gene at 3p21 may be involved in the development of lung cancer in general. This agrees with the concept that the different types of lung cancer originate from one common malignantly transformed stem cell population in which different histological characteristics reflect preferentially expressed differentiation pathways.

Histological types of lung cancer among smelter workers exposed to arsenic.

The histological distribution of lung cancer was investigated in 93 men who had worked at a Swedish smelter with high levels of arsenic. A comparison was made with a group of 136 patients with lung cancer from the county where the smelter was located. Company records provided information on occupational exposure and data on smoking habits were obtained from a next of kin of each subject. No pronounced differences in the histological types of lung carcinomas between smelter workers and the reference group could be seen for smokers. Some analyses indicated an increased proportion of adenocarcinomas among the smelter workers, which confirmed earlier data, but these findings were difficult to interpret. Cases among smelter workers who had never smoked showed a histological distribution resembling that in smokers, indicating that the work environment at the smelter and smoking had a similar influence on the risk for different types of lung cancer.

Collaborative study for the evaluation of multiple simultaneous markers in lung cancer.

The search for tumor markers suitable for use in diagnosis and management of patients with lung cancer has met with limited success because each available marker lacks sufficient sensitivity and specificity. We have begun a collaborative study to evaluate multiple simultaneous serum markers to determine whether there is a combination that will increase both sensitivity and specificity to the degree that noninvasive serologic tests might provide a means for managing patients with lung cancer. The National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, has established a Serum Bank which can supply identical aliquots of the same serum sample to several different laboratories to perform quantitative assays for a number of markers. The results of these assays will serve as a data base to be analyzed for selection of the optimal grouping of markers for the different types of lung cancer and for evaluation of different biostatistical techniques to maximize the benefit derived by multiple marker determination. The evaluation of multiple markers will be carried out in several separate steps: (a) determination of a combination of markers that discriminate advanced lung cancer from benign lung disease; (b) demonstration of the ability of that combination to define early or localized lung cancer; (c) selection of a combination that best separates lung cancer from cancer of other sites; (d) testing of combined markers for the ability to predict response to therapy, including detection of early recurrence before clinical signs appear; and (e) evaluation of the combination(s) for effectiveness in detecting lung cancer in asymptomatic individuals. The experimental design and selection of markers will be presented and discussed.

The cellular basis of metastatic bone disease in patients with lung cancer.

Histologic patterns of tumor-bone interaction were systematically evaluated in 80 cases of metastatic lung cancer involving bone. Patterns of tumor-bone interaction varied with the histologic type of lung cancer, reflecting the biochemical and biologic differences among the different types of lung cancer. Evidence presented here suggests that destruction of bone by metastatic lung cancer is mediated neither by direct contact of tumor cells with bone matrix nor by release of diffusible substances that lyse bone matrix. Among indirect mechanisms, the most prevalent and important was the activation of bone-lining cells by metastatic tumor. Epidermoid carcinomas in particular were associated with histologic patterns of classical bone remodelling, including osteoblastic, osteoclastic, and osteocytic activity. Adenocarcinomas showed a particularly high association with microfractures and manifested a stromal pattern consistent with release of prostaglandins. Ischemic necrosis of bone due to compression of vessels by expanding tumor mass is also a common and important mechanism. Correlation of histologic patterns with reported data on the frequency of metastases and syndromes of ectopic hormone production provides insight into the mechanism(s) of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia in patients with lung cancer.

PROGRESS OF CHEMOTHERAPY IN LUNG CANCER

Lung cancer is the most commonly lethal type of cancer in the U. S. A. 75, 000 patients are expected to die this year of lung cancer in the U. S. A. This amounts to one of every five cancer deaths for both sexes or one of every three cancer deaths for males.The five year survival remains between 8 and 10% of all patients. 50% of the patients have recognized, extrapulmonary metastases at the time of diagnosis, an additional 30% have regional disease and only 20 % are surgically resectable (1). Hence, chemotherapy is poten tially indicated in 50% of the patients at the time of diagnosis and in almost 90% of all patients at some time of their disease. What, then. is the current status of chemotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer, which are the limitations and where are the major gaps of knowledge?There are published data on approximately 18, 000 patients included into chemotherapeu tic trials (including untreated controls) (2). For purposes of this review, we will focus on controlled and uncontrolled trials for mono chemotherapy, the use of single drugs as basis for polychemotherapy and for multidisciplinary chemotherapy. For polychemotherapy and multidisciplinary treatment, we will limit the discussion to prospective, controlled clinical trials.Where possible, data are presented by cell type, using the classification of the World Health Organization (3), because of the marked differences of natural history, spread of disease and response by cell type for different types of lung cancer (1-2).It will be assumed, that the reader is familiar with basic aspects of chemotherapy. Details on drug dose, schedule and toxicity are, therefore, omitted, except for instances where drugs were used in an unusual way.