Different Types Of Losses Research Articles

The process of dangerous event management taking into account economic, environmental and occupational losses

Aim of the research is in risk management process development of a dangerous event taking into account economic, environmental and professional losses.Materials and methods. To develop the process of risks management from various dangers through the integration of their losses (economic, environmental, life and health of employees), we take the most common model "bow tie", which allows to establish a cause and effect relationship between danger – a dangerous event and the severity of the consequences.Results. As a result of the research, it was found that each hazard must be considered based on three different types of damage. This makes it possible to implement another mechanism for identifying the most significant dangerous factors that lead to significant general economic losses. In the case of risk acceptability from each individual dangerous factor, there is an additional opportunity to analyze them based on the relationship between financial activity, economic and professional losses. The second consists in determining the limits of the acceptability of risks, which are formed not only based on the total acceptable economic losses, but also taking into account the stability of the enterprise's work. This implies the need to actively invest in new technologies based on short-term and long-term perspectives. The main types of dangers are defined in the risk register, which is developed by the organization to determine the integration of dangers consisting of natural, technogenic, environmental, occupational and economic groups of dangers and dangerous factors. The authors develop the model and algorithm of risk management based on the combination of different consequences of dangers in economic, environmental character, life loss and health.Scientific relevance. The article determines the relationship between the probability of a dangerous event and the severity of different types of consequences – economic, environmental and occupational dangers through the analysis of Euler-Venn diagrams.Practical relevance. The authors develop the basic principles of risk management of different types of losses: economic, environmental ones, loss of life and health of employees.

Increasing the Efficiency of the Value-Chain for Non-Manufacturing Processes: Analytical Approach

The implementation of lean manufacturing principles into both the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors makes it possible to achieve a high level of efficiency in many indicators. The presented article deals with the influence of lean production on the methodology of measuring the performance of enterprises in the non-production sphere. Part of the methodology is the analysis of key performance indicators, which serve to calculate the main quantities related to the efficiency of the operation and its optimization. In connection with the definition of different types of losses that have been identified and are successfully reviewed in the production sphere, the most common causes of losses and waste that can occur in the non-production sphere have been defined. Even though the principles of lean production were primarily developed for the production sphere, in the presented article it is possible to see the positive influence of lean principles in the non-production sphere. Customers expect a quick transformation of their requirements into products in the form of a product or service with a certain degree of personalization. Businesses focused on the non-manufacturing sector meet potential customers who are largely active and personalize products for which they are willing to pay. The path of implementing innovative solutions is one of those paths that contributes to positive change and creates prerequisites for moving towards the so-called smart business also in the non-production sphere.

Role of ‘Stage Theory of Bereavement,’ ‘Dual Process Model (DPM)’ and Spirituality in Dealing with Grief During Illness Experience in Cancer Patients

When individuals experience terminal illness based on their internalization of the illness, the construction of meaning and the adjustments made by the individual to accommodate changes that has occurred due to the illness, influences their cognitive and emotional representations based on the illness perception (Leventhal et al., 2001). The illness experience of some individuals leads them to experiences different types of losses and grief. According to Kubler Ross’ theory of loss and grief (2009), there are five stages of bereavement to cope with the grief experiences. Kubler Ross states that the individual goes through 5 stages of bereavement or grief while the Dual Process Model states the individual oscillates between the loss-oriented stressor and the restoration-oriented stressor. In addition, some researchers have found that spirituality is also a mechanism used to cope with loss and grief experiences. The aim of this paper is to examine an evaluate the theoretical frame works of The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement (DPM) (Stroebe & Schut, 1999) the 5 Stages of Bereavement by Kubler Ross (Martin & Privette,1989), along with trying to understand the role of religion or spirituality to deal with loss and grief experiences among terminally ill patients such as patients with cancer. Key words: illness experience, loss and grief, Stage theory, Dual Process Model, Spirituality

Performance review of the joints for the ITER poloidal field coils

For large scale magnets wound with cable-in-conduit conductors, the safe operation of the joints is of paramount importance to guarantee adequate reliability and stability margin of the whole magnet. For this reason, during the R&D activities undertaken for the development of the ITER magnet system, several experimental campaigns were launched to study the AC and DC performance of the joint and limit the risk of thermal runaways at the joints during the tokamak operation. The joint electrical resistance must be limited below specified values to avoid excessive heating generated by the transport current. Moreover, in presence of time-varying fields, different types of losses arise at the joints, which can be associated to their superconducting and resistive parts. The relative importance of these losses depends on the joint manufacturing solution. The aim of this investigation is to analyze the performance at different working conditions of the joints for the connection of the conductors of the poloidal field (PF) coils of the ITER magnet system. This work presents, for the first time, a wide review of the test campaign performed from 2016 to 2021 on the PF joint samples during the three manufacturing phases, namely pre-qualification, qualification and production. The values of electrical resistances and losses under sinusoidal field variations are reported in the paper at different operating conditions, thus building a useful database to assess the joint performances during the machine operation. The data here collected show the impact of the manufacturing techniques on the joint performances and, furthermore, represent a useful tool for the validation of numerical and analytical models of joints.

Optimal Linear-Quadratic Regulator for a Stochastic System under Mutually Inverse Time Preferences in the Cost

We investigate a long-run behavior of a linear stochastic system. It is assumed that the quadratic cost includes a time-varying function and its multiplicative inverse. Such a specification reflects the fact that time preferences used by agents to assess different types of losses evolve in opposite directions. We consider the case when priority is set for the losses associated with state deviations. The optimal control law is derived with respect to extended long-run average cost criteria. We provide conditions for the existence of an alternative control strategy, which is also optimal and is based on a solution of an algebraic Riccati equation.

Enhancing satellite‐to‐ground communication using quantum key distribution

AbstractClassical Cryptography has been in use for a long time. It has been the only way of securing people's communication. However, there are some flaws observed during the execution of classical cryptography. One of them being the staunch belief that the number composed of multiplication of two large prime numbers cannot be factorised easily, which is under a threat thanks to the computational power of the quantum computers. The next flaw is the non‐detection of the hacker, both of which can be eliminated by using quantum mechanical principles for encryption purposes, which is known as quantum cryptography. Quantum Key Distribution, which provides an information‐theoretically safe solution to the key exchange problem, is the most well‐known example of quantum cryptography. The benefit of quantum cryptography is that it makes it possible to perform a variety of cryptographic operations that have been demonstrated or are hypothesised to be impractical when using solely traditional (i.e., non‐quantum) communication. Free‐space quantum communication has been successfully demonstrated across 300 m by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in March 2021. With this, ISRO is trying to achieve the same using a satellite‐based communication mechanism, which would revolutionise the mode of modern communication. It is justified that the key generation rate depends on factors like the aperture diameter of the sender and receiver, distance between them, the quantum bit error rate, and many more. The results vary with the parameters in the discussion as explained in the upcoming sections. The avenue of different types of losses that occur while transmitting at large distances, such as Atmospheric Loss, Pointing Loss and Geometric Loss, is explored.

The Loss of a Child : Miscarriage

There are different types of losses that people can experience in life. Much has been written about the death of a child, some has been written about sudden infant death syndrome, but less has been written about the sorrow, grief and pain that accompanies a miscarriage. This paper will explore some of these issues and argues that a miscarriage is surely as devastating and traumatic as other types of early deaths

Bounding box regression with balance for harmonious object detection

Localization is an essential part of object detection, which is usually accomplished by bounding box regression guided by ℓn-norm-based or IoU-based loss functions, where IoU is known for its scale-invariant characteristics. However, introducing the scale-invariance into regression loss in traditional IoU-based methods may result in a bias in favor of smaller boxes and cause redundancy and unstable oscillations. To make up for these shortages of IoU-based losses, we propose a Scale-Balanced Factor (SF) that stabilizes the regression process via a simple adaptive factor. Furthermore, to compensate for the imbalance of different types of losses caused by SF and other IoU-based loss functions, regression losses are always multiplied by a hyperparameter, which is purely empirical and is hard to find an optimum. To address this issue, a Multi-Task Reinforced Equilibrium (MRE) is proposed to dynamically tweak the learning rate of each task based on reinforcement learning. The MRE can guarantee more balanced parameters and maximize the benefit of SF or other improvement methods for IoU. By incorporating the proposed SF and MRE into the classic detectors (RetinaNet, YOLO, and Faster R-CNN, etc.), we have achieved significant performance gains on MS COCO (0.8 AP∼1.9 AP) and PASCAL VOC (0.6 AP∼2.2 AP).

Comprehensive Investigation on the Influence of Magnetic Materials on the Weight and Performance of Onboard WPT Systems

In an inductive power transfer (IPT) system, the magnetic core is usually used to improve the coefficient between the primary and secondary coils. However, considering the iron losses on magnetic materials, the addition of magnetic core may affect the system efficiency and, at the same time, increase the weight of the IPT system significantly. Therefore, in this study, the aggregate influence of thickness, permeability, and iron losses of magnetic core on IPT system performance is comprehensively investigated. First, the equivalent circuit model of IPT system is established, and the formulas for different types of losses are analyzed. Then, the three-dimensional models of the IPT system with magnetic core in different shapes are established to simulate the aggregate influence of core thickness, permeability, and iron losses. The simulation results reveal that reducing the core thickness requires a larger saturation flux density of magnetic materials. In addition, only if the material losses below a certain value and an appropriate core shape are adopted, the addition of magnetic material can improve the system efficiency. Finally, experimental validation on a 3-kW IPT system is performed under the conditions of no magnetic core, using ferrite core in radial pattern and hollow square shapes, and using nanocrystalline core with the thickness of 22 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</i> m and 16 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</i> m in radial pattern and hollow square shapes, respectively. The results show that the high efficiency and lower overall weight of the IPT system can be achieved when nanocrystalline core with suitable permeability and shape is used.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AND COMPENSATION IN COMPULSORY LAND ACQUISITION: DOSE IT MATTERS ON SATISFACTION

Compensating for different types of losses are continuously experiencing in Sri Lanka due to types of disasters or compulsory land acquisition. The land Acquisition Act No. 09 of 1950 makes the provision to acquire the lands from private landowners for the public interest and to pay the monetary compensation to recover the losses. The National Involuntary Resettlement Policy (NIRP) was intended to address involuntary resettlement, integrating land acquisition and payment of compensation. However, there is a real distrust about satisfaction of the victims on the end results mainly based on many aspects. In fact, the findings vary from place to place. Therefore, this paper aims to critically analyze the factors representing of the social sustainabilityconcept in compensation procedure of compulsory land acquisition of Sri Lanka, expressly reviewing the reservoir development project of Yan Oya and its resettlement community. Fivepoint Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect data from thirty re-settlers selected from three locations on nine criteria. Further, six prominent community leaders were interviewed forfurther confirmation. The findings reveal those five factors representing social sustainability aspect were successful to some extent, while there were significant inconsistencies amongst assessed components within individual cases. Hence, the study reveals that pure monetary compensation process was unsuccessful since it represents the inadequacy to cover all losses ofvictims. Thus, for a coverage of total loss a resettling strategy is essential while with more concerns to the social sustainability aspects.&#x0D; Keywords: Compensation, Compulsory land acquisition, Resettlement strategy, Satisfaction,Social sustainability.

Water Footprint Inventory Construction of Cathode Copper Products in a Chinese Eco-Industry

Copper is an important strategic resource for the national economy and social security of China. Water use is a significant component of copper production. However, water shortages and water pollution are two global crises in water resource management. In this study, a copper production industry in China was studied from the perspective of water footprint (WF) and ecological industry (eco-industry). A WF inventory was built by accounting for the entire production and supply chain process, including mining, ore dressing, transportation, smelting, and electrolysis. An index system comprising target, criterion, and variable layers was established to evaluate the sustainable utilization of water resources. It was observed that the studied industry showed a good sustainability for water resource utilization. Only 65.67 tons of freshwater per ton of product was inputted in the entire process due to virtual water (VW) and the use of reclaimed water. However, the WF of each ton of cathode copper product was 162.58 t, and the imported VW of the eco-industry accounted for 92.45%. Increasing the VW import and reducing the VW export can alleviate water shortages. A detailed WF analysis showed that the effects of evaporation and different types of losses on the blue WF (BWF) were significant and should be considered. Upstream water consumption of electricity and other energy sources were also observed to be an important part of the BWF. Regardless of whether freshwater or recycled water was used, the WF can be reduced only by effectively reducing water consumption.

Compensation for Compulsory Land Acquisition; Does Social Sustainability Matters on Satisfaction

Payment of compensation for different types of losses are continuously experiencing in Sri Lanka. One of the typical aspects is the compulsory land acquisition. Government acquires the lands from private landowners for providing infrastructure in terms of public interest and proceeds to pay the monetary compensation recovering the losses while the National Involuntary Resettlement Policy (NIRP) intends to address involuntary resettlement because of land acquisition. However, distrusting is arising on satisfaction of the victims of this process and no evidence how far the social sustainability concept is addressed. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the determinants of satisfaction while focusing on the factors representing the social sustainability concept in compensation procedure of compulsory land acquisition of Sri Lanka. For acquiring data, questionnaire survey was conducted with 30 re-settlers who were the victims of government land acquisition for a reservoir project and an interview was carried out with prominent community leaders on 09 factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a content analysis. The findings reveal that social sustainability aspects of neighborhood environment, education, market availability, electricity, and public health services were successful to some extent, while there were significant inconsistencies amongst assessed components within individual cases. Hence, the study reveals that pure monetary compensation process was unsuccessful since it represents the inadequacy to cover all losses of victims. Thus, for a total loss a resettling strategy is essential along with high concentration on the social sustainability aspects. Keywords: Compulsory Land Acquisition, Involuntary Resettlement Policy, Payment of Compensation, Social Sustainability Concept, Satisfaction

Application of the Overall Equipment Effectiveness to a Service Company

Competitiveness has reached outstanding levels in every marketplace sector. The Overall Equipment Effectiveness ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OEE</i> ) framework has gained increasing interest in different contexts as a leading measure for improving production. The application of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OEE</i> as a driver of improvement is an extensively covered topic in scientific literature. However, the existing research mainly focuses on case studies showing the obtained results on specific applications, typically in the manufacturing domain. This paper proposes the adaptation of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OEE</i> framework for its application to service companies. The obtainable results and the involved possible errors in the use of the framework are addressed. We show the benefits of the proposed framework for allowing a meaningful comparison of employees performing different types of activities. Inefficiencies can be identified and classified by associating them with causes. Methods, procedures and territorial aspects are related in general to the company organization. The application of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OEE</i> transforms the measures from targets to drivers of improvements by identifying the areas of loss in the process. The proposed framework is demonstrated on a case study consisting in a service company operating in the telecommunication’s field. The evaluation has been done over a time-span of 12 months, addressing the behavior of 952 employees. The analysis allows producing results that are useful to assess the behavior of the company. In particular, we can distinguish the causes of losses either related to the employees and the ones related to the company. Different types of losses are quantified, and this information can be used to optimize the various aspects in details. The assessment of the losses enables the comparison of the performance among different areas and different employees.

Framing and insurance choices

AbstractThe presentation of objective information should not affect a rational decision‐maker; however, in practice, it often does. This paper studies the effect of the framing of contingencies on insurance choices. In several experiments, we presented participants with differently framed insurance tasks, where they had to choose deductibles against two different types of losses. The treatment group received a broad description of the risky situation and was asked to decide on the deductibles jointly, whereas the control group received a narrow description of the same task and was asked to decide on the deductibles separately. We discovered that the distribution of the insurance premium paid was identical in all groups, but the actual choices of the insurance plans were significantly diverse: On average, the treatment group preferred more similar deductibles than did the control group. These results indicate the importance of framing in insurance decision‐making.

Environmental compensation for biodiversity and ecosystem services: A flexible framework that addresses human wellbeing

Environmental compensation should address negative impacts from human activities on nature, including loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, successful compensation, achieving no net loss, requires broad quantitative information on different types of losses and gains. We find that the scope of compensatory schemes varies in what is considered compensable, which makes it challenging to apply a conceptual approach consistently across schemes with different needs. We propose a flexible yet structured framework for determining which values should be compensated and how. Our framework focuses specifically on habitat deterioration and is illustrated with a case study involving loss of eelgrass habitat. The framework helps identify compensation needs and selects among suitable compensation options, merging science-based information with normative issues and local concerns. By integrating the ecosystem services cascade model, it encompasses aspects from biodiversity structure to human wellbeing. The framework prefers in-kind compensation because this targets the structure level and thus meets compensation needs in all subsequent levels of the cascade model; further, it is more likely to capture non-instrumental values (i.e. in nature) and reduce exposure to uncertainty. We highlight the importance of spatial aspects of ecosystem functions, services and their subsequent impacts on wellbeing. Although our selection hierarchy assumes a “similar and nearby” principle for habitat restoration (preference for in-kind/on-site), this criterion is not universal. We underscore the hierarchy’s implicit normative assumptions and suggest that apparent disagreement about who should benefit may be traced to an unresolved conflict between egalitarianism and utilitarianism.

The Concept of Lean Manufacturing as a Tool for Improving the Process of Education

Aim. The presented study aims to examine approaches to organizing the educational process in the system of general education in accordance with the basic principles of lean philosophy, better known in Russia as “lean manufacturing philosophy”, which has proven to be an effective tool for building business processes in industrial enterprises.Tasks. The authors determine the value created by applying the principles of lean education in the general education system, describing the value creation flow and its customer; examine the classification of losses in the value stream and identify losses in the educational process based on national standards for lean manufacturing and quality management systems; apply the described system to the educational process of Gorchakov MGIMO Lyceum.Methods. This study uses empirical (observation, measurement) and theoretical (abstraction, formalization, and modeling) research methods, as well as methods of grouping, comparative, structural, and functional analysis.Results. The study substantiates the authors’ hypothesis that the analysis of the educational process through the definition of value for the consumer/customer and the identification of different types of losses transforms the value creation flow into the “lean education” flow, which perfectly meets the needs of stakeholders. The maps of the current and future state of the value creation flow of the educational process of Gorchakov MGIMO Lyceum are modeled. A comparative classification of the types of losses in the manufacturing and educational processes is created. The results of testing the hypothesis in the educational process of the specified lyceum are presented.Conclusions. Application of lean philosophy (the concept of lean manufacturing) can improve various activities, including education. The study provides evidence for this by defining and constructing the value creation flow in accordance with the requests of all stakeholders in the educational process and also by identifying losses in the methods and processes of information transfer and further evaluation of the knowledge and skills of students.

Wireless Loss Detection over Fairly Shared Heterogeneous Long Fat Networks

The quality of inter-network communication is often detrimentally affected by the large deployment of heterogeneous networks, including Long Fat Networks, as a result of wireless media introduction. Legacy transport protocols assume an independent wired connection to the network. When a loss occurs, the protocol considers it as a congestion loss, decreasing its throughput in order to reduce the network congestion without evaluating a possible channel failure. Distinct wireless transport protocols and their reference metrics are analyzed in order to design a mechanism that improves the Aggressive and Adaptative Transport Protocol (AATP) performance over Heterogeneous Long Fat Networks (HLFNs). In this paper, we present the Enhanced-AATP, which introduces the designed Loss Threshold Decision maker mechanism for the detection of different types of losses in the AATP operation. The degree to which the protocol can maintain throughput levels during channel losses or decrease production while congestion losses occur depends on the evolution of the smooth Jitter Ratio metric value. Moreover, the defined Weighted Fairness index enables the modification of protocol behavior and hence the prioritized fair use of the node’s resources. Different experiments are simulated over a network simulator to demonstrate the operation and performance improvement of the Enhanced-AATP. To conclude, the Enhanced-AATP performance is compared with other modern protocols.

Simulation and analysis of ultra-low material loss of single-mode photonic crystal fiber in terahertz (THz) spectrum for communication applications

Abstract This analysis represents a circular shape based cladding with two elliptical shape cores in photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for the terahertz (THz) range. Here, we present a single-mode photonic crystal fiber (SM-PCF) with five layers of circular shape of air holes (CAH) structure along with two layers of elliptical shape of air holes (EAH) core configuration in the center to decrease the different types of losses. For broad-band communications, our proposed SM-PCF is highly useful due to the obtaining of ultra-low effective material loss (UML) in the terahertz regime. Perfectly matched layers (PMLs) and finite element method (FEM) established on COMSOL Multiphysics software has been used to design this PCF fiber. Simulated outcomes show a particularly an UML deficit of 0.014 cm−1, power fraction in the core area (CA) and large effective area (EA) of 72%, and 5.90 × 10−8 m2 respectively at 1 terahertz (THz) frequency. Also, other aspects of optical fiber for THz signal banquet with confinement loss (CL), scattering loss (SL) and V-parameter have been calculated here. Moreover, our proposed SM-PCF shows single-mode propagation by V-parameter pointer over 0.80–3 THz frequency. So, we can say that our designed PCF fiber will be suitable for various effective communication areas at the terahertz (THz) spectrum.

Dark-state and loss-induced phenomena in the quantum-optical regime of Λ -type three-level systems

The interaction of matter with quantum light leads to phenomena which cannot be explained by semiclassical approaches. Of particular interest are states with broad photon number distributions which allow processes with high-order Fock states. Here, we analyze a Jaynes-Cummings-type model with three electronic levels which is excited by quantum light. As quantum light we consider coherent and squeezed states. In our simulations we include several loss mechanisms, namely, dephasing, cavity, and radiative losses which are relevant in real systems. We demonstrate that losses allow one to control the population of electronic levels and may induce coherent population trapping, as well as lead to a redistribution of the photon statistics among the quantum fields and even to a transfer of the photon statistics from one field to another. Moreover, we introduce and analyze a novel quantity, the quantum polarization, and demonstrate its fundamental difference compared to the classical polarization. Using the quantum polarization and the third level population, we investigate electromagnetically induced transparency in the presence of quantum light and show its special features for the case of squeezed light. Finally, quantum correlations between fields are studied and analyzed in the presence of different types of losses.

Proximity and Expectancy Modulate Response Vigor After Reward Omission

Both humans and some non-human animals tend to respond more vigorously after failing to obtain rewards. Such response invigoration becomes more pronounced when individuals have increased expectations of obtaining rewards during reward pursuit (expectancy), and when they perceive the eventual loss to be proximal to reward receipt (proximity). However, it was unclear whether proximity and expectancy may have distinct influences on response vigor. To investigate this question, we developed a computerized ’scratch card’ task, in which participants turned three cards one by one and won points when all three cards matched (AAA). After each game, they pressed keys to confirm the outcome and start a new game. We included three types of losses: AAB, where participants had increased expectancy of winning as the game evolved, and the final outcome was proximal to winning; ABB and ABA, with reduced expectancy, but high proximity to winning; and ABC, with reduced expectancy and low proximity to winning. In three online studies, we consistently observed that participants confirmed losses more quickly than wins. Importantly, detailed analyses of the different types of losses revealed that proximity reduced vigor, whereas expectancy increased it. Together, these findings are in line with general appraisal theories: the adjustments of response vigor may be triggered by the appraised discrepancy between the current state and a reference state (e.g., attaining one’s goal), and serve to close the gap and facilitate goal pursuit. These findings may also have implications for the effect of ‘near miss’ on gambling persistence. Further exploring how reward omission impacts response vigor may help us better understand the goal pursuit process, and how it becomes maladaptive under certain circumstances.