Different Types Of Land Research Articles

ПРАВО ПОСТІЙНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИМИ ДІЛЯНКАМИ В УКРАЇНІ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТА ПРАКТИКИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

The right to permanent use of land plots in Ukraine is characterized as one of the main legal forms of land use. It is emphasized that the legislative consolidation of modern, market rights to land did not lead to a complete rejection of all Soviet forms of land use, including the right to permanent use of land plots. The genesis of legal regulation of the land plots use on the ground of the right to permanent use in the Ukrainian land legislation is clarified, on the basis of what a conclusion concerning the tendency to abolishment of the institution of the right to permanent land use in the current land legislation is made. The main advantages and disadvantages of the right to permanent use of land plots as a legal form of land use in Ukraine are determined. It is established that its advantages over other legal forms of land use such as perpetuity, free acquisition and some others, determine its long-term «survival» in the land legislation of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the most significant shortcoming of the right to permanent use of land plots is the inability of the disposal of land plots by the subjects of this right. The current Land Code of Ukraine significantly limited the scope of application and the range of subjects of the right to permanent use of land plots. At the same time, persons who had received this right earlier, but did not own it in accordance with the Land Code, had to reregistrate it to the right of ownership or to the right of lease. However, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized this obligation as unconstitutional. Different types of land disputes that arise in the field of implementation of the right to permanent use of land are analyzed. The issue of the transfer of the right to permanent use of land plots in the order of legal succession is the most complicated hereby. It is emphasized that the right to permanent use of land plots should be transferred to legal successors in the process of their reorganization. It is defined that in practice there are numerous cases of abuse of the right to permanent use of land plots granted to state enterprises and research institutions. Most often, in such cases, the agreements on joint cultivation of land or on joint activity are concluded between permanent users and persons interested in the use of their land. The conclusion of such contracts is nothing more than attempts to circumvent the requirements of the law and a hidden lease. The conclusion of such contracts, the constant expansion of the range of subjects of the right of permanent use, the free transfer of land for permanent use indicate to serious problems in the field of application of the right to permanent use of land plots. The proposal to abolish the institution of the right to permanent use of land plots, replacing it with the right of operative management or economic management, is substantiated. The draft law on the abolition of the institute of the right of permanent land use is analyzed, its main content, positive and negative aspects are determined. It is concluded that replacing the right to permanent use of land plots with other land use titles will make it possible to use land more efficiently by economic entities, to solve other problems in the field of land use with the right to their permanent use.

Multi-Agent-Based Model for the Urban Macro-Level Impact Factors of Building Energy Consumption on Different Types of Land

Urban researchers pay more and more attention to building energy consumption from different perspectives to obtain the results of urban overall energy conservation. The research at the micro level has yielded abundant accomplishments, but the macro-level research that can support urban planning decision making is still in the exploration stage. In this study, a multi-agent-based model, including the main panel, building agent, resident agent, and household appliance agent, is established by using Anylogic software. The model integrates Harbin urban macro-level impact factors of building energy consumption by designing and linking three sub-models: an urban morphology sub-model, climate sub-model, and energy use behavior sub-model. In the end, this study explored the building energy-saving potential of different types of land under the impact of variable factors through urban morphology and climate simulation scenarios and discussed the related energy-saving strategies. Findings and suggestions include: (1) The impact of urban morphology on overall urban building energy consumption is mainly reflected in residential and commercial land. The land development intensity (building density, floor area ratio, and building height) control and the coordination of land type layout and configuration can help to reduce the building energy consumption. (2) The energy-saving potential of residential land is more evident under climate impact, and ecological means should be used to adjust the climate to reduce the building energy consumption on different lands. (3) From the methodology perspective, this model can well realize the integration of multiple impact factors at the macro-level of the city and the dynamic simulation of energy consumption. The research results are expected to provide quantitative support for creating a sustainable built environment for the city.

KUMBANG CERAMBYCID (COLEOPTERA) PADA TIPE LAHAN BERBEDA DI KABUPATEN SIAK PROVINSI RIAU, INDONESIA

Siak Regency, Riau Province has a high heterogeneity of vegetation with different types of land. This study aims to determine the types of cerambycid on different types of land in Siak Riau, Indonesia. The method used was Artocarpus trap with collection days consisting of days 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 after the traps were set up. The collection was carried out on 3 different lands, namely oil palm plantations, rubber and settlements in Buantan Lestari Village, Bungaraya District, Siak Regency, Riau Province. The beetles obtained were then made into an insectarium and identified by looking at the characters on the head, thorax, and abdomen. The results obtained as many as 11 types of cerambycid from 3 subfamilies. The most common types of beetles came from the genus Pterolophia from the Lamiinae subfamily on rubber plantations. Differences in vegetation and habitat conditions affect the number of species and individuals of Cerambycid located on different lands in Siak Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia.
 Keywords: Land use, longhorns beetle, Cerambycidae, Riau Province, Artocarpus trap

Lake ecological evaluation and land use planning in lakeside area from the perspective of two-way interaction

The healthy development of the lakeside area needs a detailed assessment of lake ecology and land use, and to adopt a targeted dynamic maintenance strategy. This paper is based on the micro perspective. On the one hand, through the subdivision of land use types in lakeside area, the paper discusses the impact of non-point source (NPS) pollution from different types of land on lake ecology. On the other hand, the paper studies the impact of water environmental capacity and water ecological health assessment on lakeside area construction. From a two-way perspective, we can unify the two as a whole, and jointly promote the healthy development of the lakeside area. Studies have shown that the construction of lakeside area needs to control scale and land use types to meet the needs of water ecological protection. The 2-levels, 5-categories, and 17-subcategories of the lake ecological health assessment index can provide effective support for dynamic monitoring and optimization and adjustment of planning strategies. Lakeside area developing is a dynamic and gradual process. The paper provides a feasible method to realize lake ecological protection and urban development.

STUDY OF SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN EX-GOLD MINING LAND, OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) PLANTATION, AND FORESTS ON ULTISOL

The soil physical properties are one of the components of soil fertility that function as a place for roots to penetrate. Different types of land uses affect the soil physical properties, especially on the availability of water and soil aeration which indirectly affects the availability of nutrients in the soil. Research on the soil physical properties of ex-gold mining, oil palm plantations and forests was carried out on Ultisol located in Tebing Tinggi Village, Dharmasraya Regency from April until October 2021. The objective of this study was to obtain the comparison of soil physics properties in ex-gold mining land with oil palm and forest land on Ultisol. The method on this study was a survey with purposive sampling on three different land uses (ex- gold mining land, oil palm land and forest) at a depth of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm and it was replicated 3 times. The observed parameters were soil texture, organic matter, volume weight, soil pore space, soil water content, permeability, and soil aggregate stability. Based on soil analysis in the laboratory, it was obtained that the physical conditions of the soil in three different land uses, i.e the physical condition of the oil palm land and forest were better than the ex-gold mining land. The soil texture on ex-gold mining land was classified on sandy clay loam and sandy loam with a very low organic matter content (0,20-1,72 %) if compared with oil palm and forest land. The volume weight in each land use was relatively high with the total soil pore space was low except in oil palm land depths of 0-20 cm, which is 69,93 % vol (moderate). Permeability was slow to moderate with the soil aggregate stability classified as unstable to steady. Soil water content was relatively low except in forest land depths of 20-40 cm which very high criteria (33,93 %).

Vertisols infiltration rate and model performance evaluation of various land-use conditions during Southern Ethiopia's dry season

The research was conducted on the field and models of vertisol soil types under varied land in southern Ethiopia's semi-arid Arba Minch university research centre site to measure infiltration and determine infiltration rates. The infiltration rate and model performance evaluation of the specific land use conditions affect the design and evaluation of surface and sub-surface irrigation methods. The infiltration rate is investigated on two different types of land (vegetable-covered land and bare land) and two different types of models (Horton and Kostiakov models). The experimental infiltration depth of the above soil conditions is measured using a double-ring infiltrometer. The research aims to figure out the field-measured infiltration rate, model infiltration rates, and basic infiltration rate, identify the impact of infiltration factors on infiltration rate, and find the best-fitted infiltration model. The findings from multiple infiltration models were compared with actual field data. The graphs of infiltration were generated to find the best fitting model for a certain vertisol soil type and two lands. The determination, correlation coefficient, bias, root mean square error (RMSE), model efficiency, determination coefficient (R2), slope, correlation coefficient (r), average percentage error, and the gradient were the performance indicators examined for the optimum fitting of the model. The Kostiakov model's results are the best fit to observe field data for estimating infiltration rates at any given period in the research region by taking into account the infiltration numerical software performance indicators. The vegetable cover land infiltration rate is higher than un-disturbed bare land.

Evaluation of Land-Use Layout of the Rail Station Area Based on the Difference in Noise Sensitivity to Rail Transit, Taking a Suburb of Tokyo as an Example

Rail transit has been deemed a sustainable means of transportation, but its agglomeration effect and the noise therefrom create conflict. Generally, such conflict can be solved by designing the architecture and facilities of rail transit using noise-reduction methods. However, relevant studies have pointed out the limitations of such methods from the perspective of enforceability and social justice. Specifically, extensive monitoring of noise is difficult, and the cost of noise reduction is mostly borne by the surrounding residents. Thus, another question has been raised: Can we apply a land-use layout that takes into account the difference in sensitivity to rail noise of different types of land so as to weaken the negative impact of rail noise? In this paper, we adopted various methods of the characteristic price method, progressive multivariate regression analysis method and noise simulation method, and adopted the suburban rail transit system in Japan as the research object to analyze the impact of rail noise on the price of residential land within 200 m of the rail line. Additionally, we investigated the impact of the accessibility to the station site on the price of commercial and residential land within 800 m of the rail line. We also established the evaluation model on this basis. Lastly, we conducted a further discussion on the evaluation model by studying the re-development project of Tokyo’s Futako Tamagawa Station. The major conclusions in this paper are the following: rail noise is negatively related to the price of residential land within 200 m of the rail line; the price of commercial land within 800 m of the station site is negatively related to the station’s accessibility; and the price of residential land is unrelated to the station’s accessibility. According to the results of the analysis of Tokyo’s Futako Tamagawa Station, designing and arranging commercial land that is insensitive to rail noise in the area surrounding the rail line and using commercial buildings as a shield for the residential land behind them will be beneficial for weakening the negative impact of noise and maximizing the use of the commercial value generated by the station’s accessibility.

Projected Losses of Ecosystem Services Incurred by Reserve Resources of Cultivated Land Development and Development Priority: A Case Study of Linzhou City in Henan Province, China.

The development of reserve resources of cultivated land (RRCL) is a vital way of supplementing cultivated land, and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. However, if we blindly pursue the quantity of development while ignoring the conservation of the ecosystem, we are likely to waste land resources and destroy the ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to address the urgent issue of preventing ecological risks resulting from the development of RRCL and to enhance the actual effect of supplementing cultivated land. Taking Linzhou City in Henan Province as an example, this paper first assessed the tillability of RRCL and estimated the functionality of ecosystem services. Then it projected the losses of ecosystem services incurred by RRCL development, based on which it determined the development priority. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) The total area of RRCL in Linzhou City amounts to 8845 hectares. (2) According to the research forecast, the total annual losses of ecosystem services incurred by RRCL development in Linzhou City include: water conservation of 776,200 m3, soil retention of 340.84 t, and carbon sequestration and oxygen release of 2311.12 t. Moreover, the total value of losses amounts to RMB 15.7754 million. (3) The ecological losses incurred by RRCL development vary with the different types of land. Overall, the ecological loss derived from reclaimable land is inferior to that of cultivable land, with the average value of ecological loss amounting to RMB 600 and RMB 5300 per hectare, respectively. The ecological loss from the development of class II land is: pond < garden land < artificial grassland < artificial forest land < natural grassland < bare land. Moreover, land development should be postponed when the quantity of ecological losses reaches level III or higher. (4) Corrections are made based on the ecological coefficient of the economic potential of RRCL development so as to determine the priority of development. The research findings indicate that the priority of development of eastern towns is higher than that of central and western towns in Linzhou City, with Donggang and Hengshui topping the priority list and Shibanyan, Lingyang, and Chengguan having the lowest priority.

Mapping volumetric soil moisture in the Vietnamese Red River Delta using Landsat 8 images

ABSTRACT This study estimates the surface soil moisture content in a case study situated in the Vietnamese Red River Delta, using the Landsat 8 satellite images. The trapezoidal relationship between land surface temperature and vegetation index was used to obtain soil wetness indexes. A split-window algorithm was developed to overcome the missing of atmospheric data. The method was validated with ground truth across different land covers. The RMSE between the calculated and measured SMC ranges between 0.556 and 0.971 and varies across different types of land covers. The method is important to monitor SMC across large areas with limited surveyed data.

Pressures on Boreal Riparian Vegetation: A Literature Review

Riparian zones are species-rich and functionally important ecotones that sustain physical, chemical and ecological balance of ecosystems. While scientific, governmental and public attention for riparian zones has increased over the past decades, knowledge on the effects of the majority of anthropogenic disturbances is still lacking. Given the increasing expansion and intensity of these disturbances, the need to understand simultaneously occurring pressures grows. We have conducted a literature review on the potential effects of anthropogenic pressures on boreal riparian zones and the main processes that shape their vegetation composition. We visualised the observed and potential consequences of flow regulation for hydropower generation, flow regulation through channelisation, the climate crisis, forestry, land use change and non-native species in a conceptual model. The model shows how these pressures change different aspects of the flow regime and plant habitats, and we describe how these changes affect the extent of the riparian zone and dispersal, germination, growth and competition of plants. Main consequences of the pressures we studied are the decrease of the extent of the riparian zone and a poorer state of the area that remains. This already results in a loss of riparian plant species and riparian functionality, and thus also threatens aquatic systems and the organisms that depend on them. We also found that the impact of a pressure does not linearly reflect its degree of ubiquity and the scale on which it operates. Hydropower and the climate crisis stand out as major threats to boreal riparian zones and will continue to be so if no appropriate measures are taken. Other pressures, such as forestry and different types of land uses, can have severe effects but have more local and regional consequences. Many pressures, such as non-native species and the climate crisis, interact with each other and can limit or, more often, amplify each other’s effects. However, we found that there are very few studies that describe the effects of simultaneously occurring and, thus, potentially interacting pressures. While our model shows where they may interact, the extent of the interactions thus remains largely unknown.

Evolution of Urban Construction Land Structure Based on Information Entropy and Shift-Share Model: An Empirical Study on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration in China

Urban agglomerations are important carriers of the current world economic development and economic center of gravity shift, while urban construction land structure reflects and influences the functions and development directions of urban agglomerations and cities within them. It is significant to study the characteristics of urban construction land structure in urban agglomerations. Based on information entropy model and shift-share model, this study discusses and analyzes the evolution characteristics and spatial allocation differences of urban construction land structure in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, and simulates the spatial allocation differences with the help of GIS technology. The empirical research results show that from, 2006 to 2017, the overall structure of urban construction land in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration changes alternately between “orderly” and “disorderly”, and finally the overall development was slightly disordered. Furthermore, there are significant differences in the competitiveness of different types of land in different cities. Among them, green land, public facilities land, and road traffic land show obvious replenishment effect, which are mainly distributed in Handan-Zhangjiakou northwestern Hebei, Tianjin-Cangzhou in the eastern coast, Baoding-Xingtai in central and southern Hebei, while industrial land and storage land, which are mainly distributed in Beijing-Tangshan-Langfang around the capital and Shijiazhuang-Handan-Hengshui in central and southern Hebei, show obvious crowding-out effect. In addition, the temporal changes and spatial allocation differences of urban construction land structure are influenced by many factors, such as economic development, industrial structure, population size, etc. Therefore, it is suggested that the coordinated development of urban agglomerations should adhere to the principle of “differentiated development before coordinated development, local coordinated development before overall coordinated development”.

MAPPING CARBON STOCKS IN THE DIMAKO COMMUNAL FOREST, EAST-CAMEROON

In the global context of global warming, Cameroon's forests have a major role to play in mitigating climate change. The objectives of this study were to assess and spatialize carbon stocks in different types of land use/land cover types. To achieve these objectives, an approach based on the diachronic analysis of satellite images and the inventory of woody plants with a diameter greater than or equal to 10 cm in plots of 250 m x 20 m were carried out. The results show a 22.94% decrease in the area of mature forests and an 8.39% increase in the area of young forests in 2015. Results from field surveys show that carbon stocks vary from stratum to stratum and pool to pool. Stored carbon is higher in mature forests (133.52 tC/ha) and low in swamps (6.71 tC/ha). The aboveground compartment stores more carbon (224, 88 tC/ ha) followed by the belowground compartment (42.88 tC/ ha) and finally dead standing wood (2.59 tC/ ha). The mapping provided more account for the spatial variability of carbon stocks between land use/land cover types, providing arguments for fully meeting REDD+ targets.

Assessing the status of changing regimes of water bodies in Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Water bodies play a very important role in maintaining and restoring the ecological balance, but they are one of the most threatened habitats in the world. Anthropogenic intervention is changing the regimes of wetlands almost everywhere particularly in the developing countries. Gorakhpur District is dotted with many big and small flood plain-related water bodies like rivers, streams, tanks, dead arms, oxbow lakes, etc. Some of these water bodies are worst affected and are degraded by encroachment for agriculture and other economic and developmental activities. Channel migration, aggravated by human intervention, on alluvial plain is also very frequent, which has direct impact on the nature of water bodies and land use transformations of the region. In this paper, the authors have made an attempt to (a) bring current geographical and historical background of water bodies/wetlands for the district. It aims to assess long-term (1917-2018) and short-term (pre- and post-monsoon) changes in the water bodies of Gorakhpur District; (b) provide changes in the regime of water bodies/wetlands and their conversion to different types of land use/land cover classes due to human intervention and due to annual rainy season, which inundates a large extent of the area every year; (C) assess the channel characteristics and morphometric analysis of main rivers of the region during the last hundred years. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) have been used to prepare the inventory and to perform change detection, using land use/land cover maps. The floodplain areas of water bodies have almost changed their morphological characters due to encroachment by the nearby areas. Canals, drainage channels, and lakes are the most affected water bodies in the region, which have recorded - 65.38% and 43.37% loss in their area. Even permanent rivers have recorded a decrease of - 16.96% in the area. As per the seasonal change, agriculture land suffered the greatest conversion (18.33%) due to floodwater inundation. The study provides a platform to planners to chalk out their policies and also for monitoring the water bodies. Furthermore, analysis on channel migration will help predict the future course of the main rivers.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE LAND USE STRUCTURE OF THE POLTVA RIVER BASIN

Ensuring the ecological sustainability of the territory is possible in the case of the optimal ratio of different types of lands. In particular, it is important to have sufficient areas of eco-stabilizing lands (forests, meadows, protected areas, etc.). Of great importance are the features of land use in coastal areas, areas with high steep slopes and areas with soils susceptible to degradation. Ecologically sustainable land use can reduce the risk of soil degradation processes, provide an optimal microclimate, good hydrological conditions and promote the protection of small rivers.&#x0D; To provide recommendations for improving the structure of land use in the Poltva river basin, a map of optimization of the structure of land use using the ArсGIS 10.0 program was drawn up. For this purpose, a map of slope steepness was constructed, an interpretation of space images was made to compile a map of land use structure and a map of the soil cover was digitized. As a result of the analysis of the map of land use structure the peculiarities of the ratio of types of lands in different parts of the studied territory by integral indicators are determined. The coefficients of anthropogenic load, ecological stability of land use, ecological stability of landscapes, ecological balance and others are calculated. Areas with different degrees of anthropogenic transformation of lands are identified. The relationship between the peculiarities of natural conditions (geological structure, relief, soil cover) and land use of the territory is analyzed.&#x0D; As a result of overlapping maps of slope steepness, soil cover and land use, areas with different risk of soil degradation processes and plowed coastal areas were identified. The map of land use structure optimization is compiled according to the method of allocation of ecological and technological groups of lands. According to this technique, lands are differentiated by the steepness of the slopes.&#x0D; The proposed optimization of land use involves the use of phytomeliorative and agrotechnical measures: plowing across the slope, soil-protective crop rotations, the creation of forest belts, land conservation, etc. Recommended optimization measures include the withdrawal from agricultural cultivation of peatlands, steep slopes, floodplains, hollows, coastal protection zones of rivers and streams. The implementation of the proposed optimization measures will reduce plowing, increase the share of eco-stabilizing lands and improve the integral indicators characterizing the ratio of different types of lands. A compiled map of land use structure optimization can be used for land management and environmental activities.&#x0D; Key words: anthropogenic load, land use, ecological and technological groups of lands, river basin, optimization, Bug river.

A GIS-Cellular Automata-Based Model for Coupling Urban Sprawl and Flood Susceptibility Assessment

In Urban Planning (UP), it is necessary to take under serious consideration the inhibitors of the spread of a settlement in a specific direction. This means that all those parameters for which serious problems may arise in the future should be considered. Among these parameters are geo-hazards, such as floods, landslides, mud movement, etc. This study deals with UP taking into account the possibility of widespread flooding in settlement expansion areas. There is a large flooding history in Greece, which is accompanied by a significant number of disasters in different types of land use/land cover, with a large financial cost of compensation and/or rehabilitation. The study area is the drainage basin of Erasinos River in the Attica Region, where many and frequent flood events have been recorded. The main goal of this study is to determine the flood susceptibility of the study area, taking into account possible factors that are decisive in flood occurrence. Furthermore, the flood susceptibility is also determined, taking into account the scenarios of precipitation and the urban sprawl scenario in the area of reference. The study of flood events uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and the urban sprawl model SLEUTH, which calibrates historical urban growth, using open and cost-free data and software. Eventually, flood susceptibility maps were overlaid with future urban areas to find the vulnerable areas. Following, three scenarios of flood susceptibility with the corresponding susceptibility maps and vulnerability maps, which measure the flood susceptibility of the current and future urban space of the study area, are presented. The results have shown significant peaks in the moderate class of flood susceptibility, while, in the third scenario, high values of flood susceptibility seem to appear. The proposed methodology and specifically the output maps can serve as a decision support tool to assist urban planners and hazard managers in making informed decisions towards sustainable urban planning.

A Tale of Two Land - The True Economic Costs of Land Use Projects

Land use is an important part of the human-land system, which can provide huge ecosystem services. Land use changes also lead to changes in the value of ecosystem services. Considering primary production, maintaining carbon dioxide and oxygen balance, nutrient cycling, water conservation, soil erosion and other main services functions, this study establishes a land use ecosystem services value (ESV) estimation method based on the terrestrial ecosystem simulator (TESim) implemented for regional scales (TESim-R model) coupled with the Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) model (the TES-LUC model). This ESV estimation model facilitates understanding the true economic costs of land use projects as it considers ecosystem services. This model can be utilized to calculate the ecosystem data of different types of land use by substituting in data of meteorology, vegetation, soil, and control attribute, and then evaluate the ESVs of land use according to different ecosystems. Following Constanza et al. (2007), this study classifies the ESV of an area into five categories: primary production, climate regulation, nutrient cycling, water conservation, and erosion control. Using the net primary productivity (NPP) output value simulated by the TES-LUC model as the basis, the ESVs of five categories can be calculated, respectively. The sum of the five ESVs yields the total ESV. This study introduces the model through the example of China. To test the model, two cost benefit analysis, one on a land use development project of a small community, and the other one on a large national project, are conducted. The effectiveness of the model is evaluated for both projects. This study first investigates the “Grain-for-Green” Project in Long County, Sha’anxi Province, China based on the remote sensing image of the county and the data published by the local bureau of statistics from 2000 to 2015. Using the model, this study calculates and analyzes the change of ESV in Long County during the study period. The results demonstrate that the area of woodland, construction land, and grassland increased in different proportion, among which the area of grassland increased the most at 15.15%. The increase in land area mainly came from the decrease in farmland, the reduced area of which is up to 6,055.40hm2. During the study period, the total ESV increased by 1.670×107 yuan, an increase of 0.52%. This is mainly attributed to the increase in the ESV of woodland and grassland. However, due to the sharp decrease in the area of farmland and water body, the NPP and the nutrient cycling function of Long County were affected, exhibiting decreasing ESVs during the period. Therefore, based on the model and results, this study puts forward policy implications for land use projects from perspectives of water resources. The model is further tested by evaluating the environmental costs of a large national land use project, the “Rapid Urbanization” Project of Yangtze River Delta, which is in the Outline of China’s National Land Planning. Using data of land use gathered from six terms of remote sensing image interpretation data of Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1990 to 2015, the results derived from the model find that rapid urbanization leaded to unbalanced transition among different types of land, which caused a significant loss of ESV. From 1990 to 2015, the ESV of Yangtze River Delta decreased from 171.701 billion yuan to 168.267 billion yuan. Moreover,among five E5V components, the loss in the ESV of soil erosion was the highest, which decreased by 1.518 billion yuan due to the violent transformation between farmland and construction land. As a concluding remark, this study proposes a series of implications for large land use projects from the perspective of planning, implementation, and management.

Revisiting albedo from a fuzzy perspective

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to revisit the albedo for uncertainty. The albedo is considered as a fuzzy value due to some realistic reasons which they will be discussed in details. After defining an appropriate uncertain albedo by using fuzzy set theory, the related energy balance model is also redefined as a fuzzy differential equation by using the concept of fuzzy derivative.Design/methodology/approachThe well-known Earth energy balance model is redefined as a fuzzy differential equation by using the concept of fuzzy derivative. Thus, instead of an ordinary differential equation, a fuzzy differential equation arises which it's solution procedure will be discussed in details.FindingsResults indicate that the fuzzy uncertainty for albedo causes more real results after solving the fuzzy energy balance equation. Considering albedo as a fuzzy number is more realistic than considering a single certain number for albedo of a surface. This is due to this fact that the Earth's surface coverage is not crisp and the boundaries of different types of lands are not consistent. The proposed approach of this paper can help us to provide more realistic climate models and construct dynamical models which can model the albedo based on its variability.Originality/valueIn this paper, we defined fuzzy energy balance model as a fuzzy differential equation for the first time. We also, considered albedo as a fuzzy number which is another novel approach.

Changes in soil mesofauna structure due to different land use systems in south Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Essential to the provision of important ecosystems services, i.e., food production, soil is suffering great pressure. The degradation of natural areas in order to turn them into croplands has been causing severe effects to the soil quality, including the maintenance of their biodiversity. Soil physical disruption reduce the soil biodiversity and, consequently, may cause negative effects to the supporting services, i.e., organic matter degradation and nutrient cycling, which will directly or indirectly impact agroecosystems. In this study, the influence of three different types of land uses (native forest (NF), conventional agriculture (CA), and organic agriculture (OA)) to the soil mesofauna (emphasizing collembolan and mites) were assessed under real scenarios in the southeast part of Brazil. Both conventional and organic fields were of strawberries, and the greatest difference in their processes was the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, performed at CA. Soil fauna organisms were collected and identified to main groups, except the collembolan species which were further separated into four main groups/family. Results showed that not only the physical changes due to soil tillage caused negative effects to soil fauna. In the field where the use of agricultural products was allowed, organisms were much more severely affected. Hence, the conversion of natural forested areas to agricultural lands may harm soil fauna communities through biodiversity loss. This study not only adds significant information to the knowledge regarding the relation between biodiversity loss and agricultural practices worldwide, but it also helps to improve Brazilian knowledge of the edaphic fauna in agroecosystems.

Parcel‐level evaluation of urban land use efficiency based on multisource spatiotemporal data: A case study of Ningbo City, China

AbstractParcel‐level evaluation of urban land use efficiency is necessary for city administrations to understand land use status and problems, and to further optimize land use pattern and policy. However, existing research on urban land use efficiency is mainly carried out at city level or block level, and it is difficult to meet the demand for rapid access to fine‐grained land use efficiency across the entire city. In view of this problem, this article proposes a parcel‐level evaluation method of urban land use efficiency based on multisource spatiotemporal data, including an evaluation index system for parcel‐level land use efficiency, quantitative representation of evaluation indexes based on multisource spatiotemporal data, and a land use efficiency calculation model. The proposed method is then applied to China's Ningbo City, and the evaluation accuracy is 78% compared with the officially reported data and on‐site investigation. Experimental results also show that urban land use efficiency is strongly spatially autocorrelated in Ningbo City, and reveal the impact patterns of factors such as planning policy, facilities, traffic conditions and environmental conditions on the utilization efficiency of different types of land. This research has proved able to accurately evaluate the utilization efficiency of all land parcels across a city in a rapid manner, and to obtain their distribution characteristics and correlation factors. It can further provide data and technical support for formulating targeted urban planning policies and implementing scientific land development.

Rotary Plow Modification of Four-Wheel Tractor Type Iseki 504 for Making Beds

This research aimed to modify the rotary plow into a bed-making tool. The performance test of the bed-making tool was carried out on sandy and loamy land by experimental method. The dimensions of the bed including the length, width, and height of the bed as well as the time are also measured in the tool performance test. The bed-making tool has a total length of 182 cm, the length of the right and left sides of each was 51 cm, the width was 25 cm and the height was 30 cm. The test of the bed-making tool by a four-wheel tractor was carried out on sandy land at a distance of 10 m and a loamy land at a distance of 25 m, bed making was performed 5 times. Experimental results on sandy land showed that the average bed height was 23.6 cm; the bottom width was 80 cm, and the top width bed was 56.4 cm with a processing time of 2.12 minutes. Loamy land testing showed that the average bed height was 21.2 cm; the bottom width was 80 cm, the top width was 58.8 cm with a processing time of 4.27 minutes. Based on the test results on two different types of land, it can be seen that the tool works more effectively and efficiently on sandy land than loamy land.