Different Types Of Interdependencies Research Articles

The future of hybrid work in Italy: A survey-based Socio-Technical-System analysis

The urgent lockdowns introduced by many countries at the beginning of 2020 to contain the rapid diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic overturned many paradigms, significantly affecting workers’ daily routines. Since regulations, policies, habits, and practices have changed, it is legitimate to wonder what will happen, in the long run, to the high percentage of employees who used to work remotely. We analyzed flexibility in time, place, and contract, to examine the complex constellation of hybrid work arrangements through its essential and commonly understood elements (flexibility types) and their interconnections, distinguishing between workers usually based in the office and those based off-site. Adopting the Socio-Technical-System (STS) framework, the paper investigates whether and to what extent companies have changed their structures by designing new functions, roles, and services, such as a head of agile work, work-life balance policies, and psychological support services. We empirically analyze the hybrid work phenomenon through a micro-survey of indirect questions involving approximately 600 Italian respondents. Italy is an interesting analysis domain because radical changes have been introduced because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper presents three main theoretical advancements. First, the study advances the research on flexibility in terms of space, time, and contracts, finding different types of interdependencies with on-site and off-site working. Second, the study extends the theories on the STS framework to flexible work, identifying whether and to what extent interdependencies occur among its main components: the social structure, people, technology, and tasks of hybrid work. The STS framework has also been used to explain the evolution of organizational priorities during the pandemic phases, revealing a relationship between the new role of “head of remote/hybrid workforce” and place flexibility. Third, the paper proves micro-surveys effectiveness with indirect questions in investigating socioeconomic and organizational phenomena. From a practical point of view, the collected data show that Italian organizations need to prepare to deal with the new work scenario because new recommendations should be given to human resource departments about managing hybrid work.

Interdependencies between Urban Transport, Water, and Solid Waste Infrastructure Systems

Developing integrated, sustainable, and resilient urban systems requires consideration of the different types of interdependencies between their infrastructure systems. The degree and nature of interdependencies among infrastructure systems vary widely. This article identifies and analyzes the interdependencies between urban transport, water, and solid waste. A comprehensive review is conducted, an interdependency matrix for the three systems is developed, and the interdependencies are analyzed qualitatively. The analysis shows that the three systems are highly interdependent, indicating that an integrated approach that considers the mutual impacts, conflicts, and interactions among them at all stages of their life cycles is necessary to promote sustainability and resilience. This article also identifies opportunities for developing new integrated planning and design approaches and emphasizes the need for further research in this area to quantify infrastructure interdependencies. This is particularly important in the context of rapid urbanization and the pressure on cities to adapt to climate change.

Gaining Influence within Ecosystems and Platforms

Research on organizational ecosystems and multi-sided platforms has recently attracted a lot of scholarly interest. The structure of technological interdependencies varies across ecosystems, resulting in different governance and market structures. In this symposium we will not present a dichotomy between “decentralised” ecosystems and “centralised” platforms. Instead, we bring together ecosystems and platforms research by highlighting different types of interdependencies and by examining how organizations gain influence within these different ecosystem structures. Decentralized Innovation Platforms Presenter: Aija Elina Leiponen; Cornell U. Presenter: Llewellyn D W Thomas; IESE Business School Presenter: Qian Wang; Cornell SC Johnson College of Business Dominant Complementors: The Problem and a Solution Presenter: Natalie Jane Burford; INSEAD The Impact of Aggregators on the Performance of Companies Inside a Platform Presenter: Eduardo Boada; IE Business School Presenter: Juan Santalo; IE Business School Technology Disclosure Restrictions, Structural Holes, and Firms' Influence in Innovation Ecosystems Presenter: Qingqing Chen; The Wharton School, U. of Pennsylvania

Improved high throughput protocol for targeting eukaryotic symbionts in metazoan and eDNA samples.

Eukaryote symbionts of animals are major drivers of ecosystems not only because of their diversity and host interactions from variable pathogenicity but also through different key roles such as commensalism and to different types of interdependence. However, molecular investigations of metazoan eukaryomes require minimising coamplification of homologous host genes. In this study we (1) identified a previously published “antimetazoan” reverse primer to theoretically enable amplification of a wider range of microeukaryotic symbionts, including more evolutionarily divergent sequence types, (2) evaluated in silico several antimetazoan primer combinations, and (3) optimised the application of the best performing primer pair for high throughput sequencing (HTS) by comparing one‐step and two‐step PCR amplification approaches, testing different annealing temperatures and evaluating the taxonomic profiles produced by HTS and data analysis. The primer combination 574*F – UNonMet_DB tested in silico showed the largest diversity of nonmetazoan sequence types in the SILVA database and was also the shortest available primer combination for broadly‐targeting antimetazoan amplification across the 18S rRNA gene V4 region. We demonstrate that the one‐step PCR approach used for library preparation produces significantly lower proportions of metazoan reads, and a more comprehensive coverage of host‐associated microeukaryote reads than the two‐step approach. Using higher PCR annealing temperatures further increased the proportion of nonmetazoan reads in all sample types tested. The resulting V4 region amplicons were taxonomically informative even when only the forward read is analysed. This region also revealed a diversity of known and putatively parasitic lineages and a wider diversity of host‐associated eukaryotes.

Should I Show My Competence? The Influence of Newcomers’ Self-promotion on Coworkers after Entering

When entering a new organization, newcomers need to make good impressions to gain coworkers’ support and acceptance. Whether self-promotion, as a widely used impression management strategy, is effective for newcomers when they interacting with coworkers is still unknown. Drawing on social interdependence theory and social influence theory, in this study we examine how newcomers’ self-promotion behavior can lead to different reactions (positive or negative) from coworkers when considering the complex interdependent relationships (cooperative and competition) with coworkers. Furthermore, we propose task interdependence to moderate the relationships between newcomers’ self-promotion and coworkers’ reactions by determining the salience of different types of interdependence between newcomers and coworkers. Results from data of 414 newcomers show that newcomers’ self-promotion is positively related to coworkers’ admiration and then lead to coworkers’ social support. Besides, newcomers’ self-promotion is also positively related to coworkers’ envy and then lead to social undermining. The positive relationship between self-promotion and coworkers’ admiration is stronger when task interdependence is high and the positive relationship between self-promotion and coworkers’ envy is stronger when task interdependence is low. These findings illustrate that in different conditions, the effectiveness of newcomer’s self-promotion is different, which extends the literature on both organizational socialization and impression management.

Multi-system intervention optimization for interdependent infrastructure

The wellbeing of modern societies is dependent upon the functioning of their infrastructure networks. This paper introduces the 3C concept, an integrative multi-system and multi-stakeholder optimization approach for managing infrastructure interventions (e.g., maintenance, renovation, etc.). The proposed approach takes advantage of the benefits achieved by grouping (i.e., optimizing) intervention activities. Intervention optimization leads to substantial savings on both direct intervention costs (operator) and indirect unavailability costs (society) by reducing the number of system interruptions. The proposed optimization approach is formalized into a structured mathematical model that can account for the interactions between multiple infrastructure networks and the impact on multiple stakeholders (e.g., society and infrastructure operators), and it can accommodate different types of intervention, such as maintenance, removal, and upgrading. The different types of interdependencies, within and across infrastructures, are modeled using a proposed interaction matrix (IM). The IM allows integrating the interventions of different infrastructure networks whose interventions are normally planned independently. Moreover, the introduced 3C concept accounts for central interventions, which are those that must occur at a pre-established time moment, where neither delay nor advance is permitted. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach, an illustrative example of a multi-system and multi-actor intervention planning is introduced. Results show a substantial reduction in the operator and societal costs. In addition, the optimal intervention program obtained in the analysis shows no predictable patterns, which indicates it is a useful managerial decision support tool.

Policy-based disaster recovery planning model for interdependent infrastructure systems under uncertainty

Due to continuous population expansion and the threat of climate change, the past century has witnessed increasing occurrences of natural hazards, leading to significant global losses and requiring substantial restoration efforts. This issue challenges decision makers to act in a timely and effective manner to protect infrastructure systems from future natural hazards. This study presents a policy-based decision model for restoration planning, as part of the PRAISys platform, to support informed disaster mitigation of interdependent infrastructure systems under uncertainty. Following the concept of disaster recovery priority used in practice, this model determines the priority rank of each recovery task from pre-defined policies and simulates the restoration accordingly. This model captures different types of interdependencies with rigorous models at the component and system levels and predicts possible system recoveries under a given damage scenario in a probabilistic manner. This model can quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of decision strategies on system recovery and resilience under different disaster recovery policies. As a demonstration example, this study applies the proposed model to the post-earthquake recovery simulation of three interdependent infrastructure systems (i.e., power, communication, and transportation) in the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, USA. A total of sixteen cases were considered to represent different restoration strategies. For every case, the uncertainties in the recovery steps are captured by probabilistic simulation, and system resilience is calculated for every recovery sample. Simulation results from different strategies are compared to evaluate the effectiveness of non-intuitive strategies on system recovery and resilience. The proposed model uses a simple and straightforward concept to mimic practical disaster recovery plans. It is easy to understand and implement for modelers, and it is also useful to compare outcomes from different recovery criteria and decision strategies for practitioners.

The impact of interdependence on behavioral engagement in online communities

PurposeOnline communities are increasingly important for organizations and marketers. However, the issue of how structural features of online communities affect consumers' behavioral engagement remains relatively unexplored. The purpose of this study is to examine how and why different types of interdependence within online communities (i.e. task/outcome interdependence) influence individual engagement in group activities, thereby providing insights regarding online community design.Design/methodology/approachTwo surveys were conducted with two online groups in China. One is a task-interdependent group from Douban Forum, and the other is an outcome-interdependent group from Sina Forum. A total of 159 valid responses from the task-interdependent group and 162 valid responses from the outcome-interdependent group were received. We analyzed the data using multivariate regression with Smart PLS and SPSS.FindingsThe results reveal that both task and outcome interdependence are positively related to individual behavioral engagement in online group behavior, and collective efficacy mediates the aforementioned effects. In addition, task complexity moderates the relationship between task interdependence and individual behavioral engagement; communication within group moderates the relationship between outcome interdependence and behavioral engagement, and the effect is mediated by collective efficacy.Originality/valueThis study is the first to investigate the role of an important factor of group structure, namely, interdependence, in fueling individual behavioral engagement in online communities. The results shed light on companies' design strategies to develop and retain online community members and also provide important insights for researchers interested in social network marketing.

A conceptual framework for the governance of multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes

While the concept of ecosystem services (ES) is well established in the scientific and policy arenas, its operationalization faces many challenges. Indeed, ES supply, demand and flow are related to ecological and social processes at multiple space and time scales, leading to complex interactions in the provision of multiple ES. To develop a conceptual framework (CF) to facilitate the study and governance of multiple ES in agricultural social-ecological landscapes. We examined the ecological and social literatures to identify how approaches at the landscape level contribute to a better understanding of ES supply, demand and flow in agricultural systems. After detailing our CF, we use a case study to illustrate how methods from different disciplines can be combined to operationalize our CF. The literature suggests that the landscape level is likely to be the level of organization that will make it possible to (i) integrate different components of ES co-production, i.e. ecological processes, agricultural practices and social structures, (ii) understand interactions between stakeholders, including ES co-producers and beneficiaries, (iii) explicit ES trade-offs, i.e. social choices between ES. The production of multiple ES at the landscape level involves different types of interdependencies among ES co-producers and beneficiaries. These need to be addressed in concerted and integrated ways to achieve sustainable and equitable governance of agricultural landscapes.

Human-centered modeling framework of multiple interdependency in urban systems for simulation of post-disaster recovery processes

This paper presents a human-centered modeling framework of urban systems to capture various types of interdependency underlying urban sociotechnical and socioeconomic systems. The proposed framework consists of three major subsystems: civil life, manufacturing/service industry, and lifeline infrastructure. This framework classifies nine different types of interdependencies existing within and between these three subsystems. This paper also presents a computer simulation of the post-disaster recovery process of urban systems considering various interdependencies captured by the modeling framework. We adopt an agent-based model incorporating a network model for implementing the three subsystems as well as the various types of interdependencies. A sensitivity analysis was conducted based on the R4 framework of disaster resilience to verify and validate the simulation model. The simulation results were generally consistent with the predictions made by the R4 framework, suggesting that the model was implemented properly and can capture the multiple interdependencies behind the urban systems.

Modeling and impact analysis of interdependent characteristics on cascading failures in smart grids

Smart grids are increasingly interactive with communication networks and have even become interdependent networks. The majority of previous research has assumed that a minor failure might evolve into cascading failures through interactive interdependency. However, in the interdependent power grids and communication networks, the point-to-point interdependency is embedded based on certain topological characteristics rather than at random. This paper aims to analyze the impacts of different interdependencies and structure characteristics of communication networks on cascading failures in power grids. An interactive cascading model for power grids and coupled communications systems is proposed based on the redistribution of DC power flow and the routing of the open shortest path first (OSPF) strategy with consideration of the abnormal transmission, and the interdependency is analyzed numerically. Quantification of the different types of interdependencies illustrates that greater interdependency leads to a lower probability of a large blackout. Furthermore, a threshold value for the transmission inefficiency of communication networks is shown in the cascading process. The most of the power system can be functional when the transmission inefficiency is under the threshold value. Comparison of the threshold values in the double-star and the mesh communication networks illustrates that the heterogeneous characteristics of the double-star structure provide better control to mitigate cascading failures.

Rapid Integrated Interdependent Fleet-Level Environmental Model

The reduction of fleetwide environmental impacts through vehicle technologies and concepts is a global imperative. Fleet-level environmental impact modeling is governed by computational resource limitations and the tradeoff between breadth and depth. Unlike screening fidelity models, detailed models typically cannot support probabilistic analysis of forecast parameters (i.e., operations, fleet mix, technology-aircraft market penetration, etc.) due to their high run time. Moreover, both levels of fidelity currently rely on the selection of a small set of point-design technology aircraft, disabling the ability to assess technology-aircraft environmental performance and forecast parameters simultaneously. In this paper, a rapid, integrated, and interdependent fleet-level environmental modeling framework that addresses these shortcomings is presented. The model consists of several screening fidelity modeling enablers developed in prior work, combined with parameterized joint probability distributions to bridge the gap between aircraft and fleet-level probabilistic assessment. Copulas are used to enforce a prescribed dependence between two probability distributions and facilitate the characterization of complex and uncertain interactions in fleet-level assessment. This paper explains the building blocks of the framework in detail, followed by their conceptual structuring. Finally, notional simplified use cases of the model are presented to demonstrate the different types of interdependencies that can be assessed probabilistically.

Resiliency in Education: The Case of Foreign Language Teachers

The article covers the basics of resilience and the factors promoting sustainability within the field of education. With escalating demands on teachers in terms of increasing social pressures and expectations regarding quality of pedagogical provision, ’resilience’ is a topical area of research. The main objectives of the study include ascertaining how prone to professional stress are educators compared to other professionals, pointing out the areas where the major mismatches lie, and revealing the factors influencing professional adjustment in the sphere of foreign language teaching. The correlation and interdependence of resilience, emotional intelligence, social support and other individual factors have been studied using a valid sample of specialists in language teaching: resilience was considered one of the central, individual protective factors, as well as a serious prerequisite for a successful and fulfilling life. The sample of the study comprised three groups: first, senior students (future teachers); second, university academics (senior professors) and thirdly, university junior specialists. To analyze the results, statistical and correlation methods were used: different types of interdependence were indicated through regression analysis, the Kruskal–Wallis test, violin plot, and others.

Risk Matrix-Based Method for Critical Infrastructure Safety Assessment Taking into Account Interdependencies

This paper is devoted to development of method for critical infrastructure (CI) safety assessment taking into account the different types of interdependencies: logical, physical, geographical, etc. There are many existing approaches for CI safety assessment. But the limited number of them consider the interdependencies focused on safety. Only few of them focus on interdependencies formalization. The suggested approach is based on application of risk matrixes built for each CI systems. Criticality of state is considered as safety value. The risk matrixes are developed for each CI life stage. The initial risk matrix is developed during CI design stage. All operational risk matrixes are built based on fuzzy logic and system field data.

Evolutionary games on multilayer networks: a colloquium

Networks form the backbone of many complex systems, ranging from the Internet to human societies. Accordingly, not only is the range of our interactions limited and thus best described and modeled by networks, it is also a fact that the networks that are an integral part of such models are often interdependent or even interconnected. Networks of networks or multilayer networks are therefore a more apt description of social systems. This colloquium is devoted to evolutionary games on multilayer networks, and in particular to the evolution of cooperation as one of the main pillars of modern human societies. We first give an overview of the most significant conceptual differences between single-layer and multilayer networks, and we provide basic definitions and a classification of the most commonly used terms. Subsequently, we review fascinating and counterintuitive evolutionary outcomes that emerge due to different types of interdependencies between otherwise independent populations. The focus is on coupling through the utilities of players, through the flow of information, as well as through the popularity of different strategies on different network layers. The colloquium highlights the importance of pattern formation and collective behavior for the promotion of cooperation under adverse conditions, as well as the synergies between network science and evolutionary game theory.

Independence in Information Spaces

Three different types of interdependence between pieces of information, or "secrets", are discussed and compared. Two of them, functional dependence and nondeducibility, have been studied and axiomatized before. This article introduces a third type of interdependence and provides a complete and decidable axiomatization of this new relation.

Managing transaction risks in interdependent supply chains: an extended transaction cost economics perspective

Abstract The present study examines the management of transaction risks in supply chains. Risk management studies often ignore the wider supply chain context in which individual transactions take place. However, risk management strategies which are suitable to use when only a single transaction is considered may be inappropriate when other transactions in the supply chain are taken into account. This study addresses this issue by examining: (1) how risks arise as a result of interdependencies between the various transactions making up the supply chain; and (2) what types of contractual-based strategies actors can use to manage their risk exposure. To realize these aims, the study applies an extended Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) framework with a supply chain orientation. The framework illustrates how different types of interdependencies – pooled, sequential and reciprocal – expose companies to different sources of risk. Three strategies companies can use when facing barriers to risk minimization in sequentially interdependent supply chains are analyzed: risk transferring, risk altering and risk sharing. Examples from the agri-food sector are discussed to demonstrate the functioning of these strategies.

Interdependence in supply chains and projects in construction

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to inquire into the management of construction supply chains by directing attention toward the different types of interdependencies that exist in such chains and in construction projects.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is developed as part of two ongoing research projects on supply chain management (SCM) in construction. A case study approach is used for illustrating the production and subsequent delivery and installation of plasterboards to a specific construction project. This description reveals extensive coordination among a number of companies and features interesting examples of the consequences of the interdependencies identified.FindingsThe paper concludes that the strong emphasis on coordination of sequential interdependence within individual supply chains does not fit with the complex interdependencies present in and among supply chains and projects in construction. In addition to sequential interdependence it describes and illustrates pooled interdependence based on joint resource utilisation, reciprocal interdependence among activities undertaken at the construction site, and interdependence owing to synchronisation of many supply chains in relation to each and every construction project. The combined effects of these interdependencies challenge traditional SCM recommendations, such as moving activities from the site to the factory.Originality/valueThe main theoretical argument put forward in this paper is that the application of SCM models developed for other industrial contexts such as the automotive industry, are problematic to use in the construction industry. This is because these models emphasise integration of activities that are subject mainly to sequential interdependencies while the pattern of interdependence is very different in construction. A main implication for practice is that focusing on better planning in order to deal with activities that are mainly subject to sequential interdependence, is insufficient. The reciprocal interdependencies in construction require more frequent and direct interaction among the involved actors to enable mutual adjustments among the firms whose activities and resource use need to be coordinated.

Immune cells in Chernobyl radiation workers exposed to low dose irradiation

Immune response parameters were studied in Chernobyl radiation emergency workers exposed to low-dose irradiation during 1986–1989 and nuclear industry workers exposed under professional limits. Analysis was performed in irradiation dose limits of 250 and 100 mSv. The comparison group included participants of the clinical–epidemiological registry (n – 42,000) studied in the same time periods. The initial response stage to the radiation exposure was characterised by immunological deficiency with T-cell subset changes. Lymphocyte membrane changes and increased lipid peroxidation were demonstrated due to free radical formation as well as elevated neutrophil peroxidase and catalase activities. In the reconstitution period, inhibition of the immune function was associated with lymphocyte subset changes such as decreased CD3+ and CD4+ cells counts and increased number of somatic mutations in TCR-locus. Changes of the antioxidant defence enzymes, cholesterol content increase and the activation of the processes of lipid peroxidation were also characteristic for this period. Late period after the acute radiation exposure in Chernobyl radiation emergency workers is characterised by decreased CD8+ suppressor cell function that could lead to poor proliferation control. Radiation-exposed over 0.5 Gy are also the risk group for leukaemia development that is characterised by unlimited clonal proliferation. The role of association of elevated content of the metabolite of arachidonic acid 12-HETE as well as other eicosanoids (5-HETE, 15-HETE) produced by the activated platelets, low T-suppressors and NK-cell counts in the promotion of malignant proliferation reactions have to be estimated with the comparative analysis of oncogene expression and the role of apoptosis. No dependencies of dose–effect type were detected in nuclear industry workers. Different types of interdependencies between the immune function and arachidonic acid metabolite 12-HETE are shown with the threshold values of 0.25–0.3 Gy. Lymphocyte reactions are assumed to be of adaptive origin.

On coevolutionary genetic algorithms

The use of evolutionary computing techniques in coevolutionary/multi-agent systems is becoming increasingly popular. This paper presents simple models of the genetic algorithm in such systems, with the aim of examining the effects of different types of interdependence between individuals. Using the model it is shown that, for a fixed amount of interdependence between coevolving individuals, the existence of partner gene variance and the level at which fitness is applied can have significant effects, as does the evaluation partnering strategy used.