Different Types Of Games Research Articles

Active Video Games for Youth: A Systematic Review

A population level increase in physical activity (PA) is critical to reduce obesity in youth. Video games are highly popular and active video games (AVGs) have the potential to play a role in promoting youth PA. Studies on AVG play energy expenditure (EE) and maintenance of play in youth were systematically identified in the published literature and assessed for quality and informational value. Nine studies measuring AVG play EE were identified. The meta-analytic estimates of average METs across these studies were 3.1 (95% CI: 2.6, 3.6) to 3.2 (95% CI: 2.7, 3.7). No games elicited an average EE above the 6 MET threshold for vigorous EE. Observed differences between studies were likely due to the different types of games used, rather than age or gender. Four studies related to maintenance of play were identified. Most studies reported AVG use declined over time. Studies were of low-to-medium quality. AVGs are capable of generating EE in youth to attain PA guidelines. Few studies have assessed sustainability of AVG play, which appears to diminish after a short period of time for most players. Better-quality future research must address how AVG play could be maintained over longer periods of time.

On the economics of interrogation: the Big 4 versus the Little Fish game

While military protocol requires that POWs provide only name, rank, serial number, and date of birth (the so-called Big 4), it is naive to think that all detainees, including terrorists, behave in this fashion. Instead, there is evidence that detainees partially cooperate with their captors by revealing a limited amount of valuable information during the interrogation process. Such a strategy makes it appear that the detainee is cooperative and, since interrogations can be costly, serves as a disincentive for further interrogation. In order to capture the essential differences between the two strategies, we model two different types of games between the interrogator and the detainee. Specifically, we compare the Big 4 game to a two-stage game (the Little Fish game) in which the detainee is permitted to reveal low-level information to the interrogator. We formalize both games, derive the optimal rules for each player, and show that the Big 4 game may not be optimal for either player or for the overall well‐being of the interrogating nation. As such, the Little Fish game can Pareto‐dominate the Big 4 game. Hence, it is possible that the al-Qaeda strategy of partial cooperation is superior to that used by most standing armies. We also show that the level of intensity selected by the interrogator must be balanced by such factors as the moral values of the society and recruiting potential of the terrorists versus the likelihood of obtaining important information.

Superstition as a personal moderator in the development of commitment and loyalty to and within casinos

Gambling is a popular leisure activity for people around the world and the global casino industry has expanded rapidly in recent years. Behavioural loyalty among gamblers can be very important to the success of casinos, which will benefit from marketing strategies used to induce loyal patronage. However, it must also be appreciated that extremely loyal behaviour may be an indication of problem gambling, by which this leisure activity becomes detrimental. This article presents 12 propositions related to behavioural loyalty and casino gambling, focusing on superstition's role as a personal moderator influencing the formation of casino gambling loyalties. This conceptualization is based on a pre-existing model that delineates the process by which behavioural loyalty develops in a leisure context. The propositions are divided into six main categories: the basic functions of superstition as a personal moderator, types of superstition, the casino as a setting for the development of superstition, loyalty towards different types of games, socio-demographic and cultural variables, and the prevention of problem gambling. Implications for casino management and the prevention of problem gambling are discussed.

Subtypes of French Pathological Gamblers: Comparison of Sensation Seeking, Alexithymia and Depression Scores

Recent data suggest the importance of identifying subtypes of pathological gamblers. This research studies sensation seeking, alexithymia and depression among a general population of French gamblers who play different types of game. Those games include games available in cafés (two cafés located in Paris suburb) like lottery, scratch-cards, etc., horse betting at the racetrack (five racetracks closest to Paris), slot machines and traditional games (roulette and card games) at the casino of Enghien-les-Bains (casino nearest to Paris). Sensation seeking was measured with the SSS form V, alexithymia with the TAS-20, and depression with the BDI-13. Pathological racetrack gamblers (42 males; mean age 29.1 years), who play active games involving skills, have the highest sensation seeking scores and are the most prone to alexithymia. Pathological gamblers playing the slot machines (12 males; 15 females; mean age 35.7 years) and games available in cafés (57 males; mean age 32.6 years), thus playing passive games that involve chance only, have low sensation seeking scores. Slot machines gamblers display alexithymia and have the highest depression scores. Pathological gamblers playing traditional games (15 males; mean age 37.8 years), games that involve strategy, do not perform well on any of these scales. These findings are consistent with the idea that clinically distinct subgroups of pathological gamblers can be identified. People displaying typical features could be attracted by specific games.

Weighted search games

In this paper we shall deal with search games in which the strategic situation is developed on a lattice. The main characteristic of these games is that the points in each column of the lattice have a specific associated weight which directly affects the payoff function. Thus, the points in different columns represent points of different strategic value. We solve three different types of games. The first involves search, ambush and mixed situations, the second is a search and inspection game and the last is related to the accumulative games.

Consensus of population systems with community structures

Multicommunity population systems may reach a consensus state where the fractions of each species in different communities agree on a common value. In this paper, by analyzing the evolutionary dynamics based on an extended replicator equation incorporating community effects, the consensus problem of population systems with n communities is studied. In particular, the simple case of two communities is investigated in detail. In general, for n communities, a sufficient and necessary condition for population systems to reach a consensus of coexistent state is provided. Regarding the population dynamics for the four different types of games, whether the population systems can achieve consensus is determined. The dynamics of community-structured populations shows richer features than nonstructured populations, and some nontrivial phenomena arising from different community-structured population systems are illustrated with concrete numerical examples.

Playing styles and possible causative factors in dogs’ behaviour when playing with humans

Individual differences and causative factors could modify the behaviour of dogs in object related games played with a human partner. In a two-by-two within-subject design we observed 68 family dogs’ behaviour when playing two different types of games (ball game and tugging) with two different play partners (owner or unfamiliar experimenter) in order to categorize each dog's playing style. In all four conditions we have measured the following behavioural variables: tendency for possession, willingness to retrieve, behaviours related to fear/avoidance and aggression, and occurrence of play bows. We also calculated the relative duration of time when the dogs oriented “outwards” from the play situation to the other non-interacting person (owner or experimenter) during a session. Than we examined the effect of six factors on dog–human play behaviour: the familiarity of the play partner, the type of the game, the dogs’ gender, age and breed, and the duration of daily active interaction between dog and owner. We used factor analysis to unfold the relationship among the recorded variables and revealed three factors that accounted for 63% of the total variance. On Factor 1 variables measured in tugging with both the experimenter and owner had high loadings (labelled “Motivation for tugging”). Factor 2 contained all variables measuring fear and avoidance (Fear/Avoidance), and Factor 3 consisted of variables measured in ball game (Motivation for ball game). The cluster analysis of the dogs’ individual factor scores classified them into 5 significantly different groups on the basis of their tendency to be involved in playing with a ball, a rag and to show fear/avoidance during the tests. Moreover, the gender (but not the age or breed) of the dogs and the duration of the daily active interaction with the owner had significant effects on the distribution of dogs between the cluster groups. These results suggest that in play situations the behaviour of well socialized family dogs is influenced more by their motivation to play and to a certain extent by the level of fear than by the familiarity of the play partner or their possible general tendencies for cooperative or competitive behaviours.

Social Evaluations of Stereotypic Images in Video Games: Unfair, Legitimate, or "Just Entertainment"?

The aim of this study was to assess adolescents' evaluations of, and reasoning about, gender stereotypes in video games. Female (N = 46) and male (N = 41), predominantly European-American, mean age = 19 years, were interviewed about their knowledge of game usage, awareness and evaluation of stereotypes, beliefs about the influences of games on the players, and authority jurisdiction over 3 different types of games: games with negative male stereotypes, and games with negative female stereotypes, and gender-neutral games. Gender differences were found for how participants evaluated these games. Males were more likely than females to find stereotypes acceptable. Results are discussed in terms of social reasoning, video game playing, and gender differences.

WHERE DO GAMES OF INNOVATION COME FROM? EXPLAINING THE PERSISTENCE OF DYNAMIC INNOVATION PATTERNS

This paper contributes to explaining how and why distinct games of innovation emerge by suggesting that games are nested in innovation systems with persistent innovation dynamics. Dominant lifecycle models focus on how innovation systems transit from an effervescent stage, to product innovation, to process innovation, and so on. They propose specific mechanisms and limiting conditions that affect knowledge production and investment to explain these systematic transitions. Building on these models, we rethink the conditions and mechanisms of innovation to suggest that endogenous renewal cycles can re-create the knowledge and funding necessary to maintain innovation systems for long periods in one stage. We take steps towards developing a theoretical model of innovation dynamics that extends the applicability of lifecycle theories and unifies them with emerging views such as high-velocity innovation and hyper-competition. We also describe three possible types of endogenous renewal cycles, each sustaining a different level of knowledge dynamism and enabling different types of games of innovation.

The Influence of Religiosity on Gambling Participation

Gambling is now a popular legal activity among people around the world. Despite numerous studies on individuals' gambling behavior, few researchers examine the influence of religiosity on gambling participation. This study investigated the effect of religiosity, measured in terms of frequency of religious participation and importance of faith, on gambling participation across four different types of games: casino, track, lottery, and bingo. Using data collected by the National Gambling Impact Study Commission in 1999, the study found that there was indeed a significant difference in the frequency of religious participation between gamblers and non-gamblers. Moreover, it seemed like the more types of games one played, the lower was their frequency of religious participation. The importance of faith, however, did not seem to have a significant impact on gambling participation. The implications of these findings to businesses and public policy makers were discussed.

Driving-Bots with a Neuroevolved Brain: Screaming Racers

The Videogame Industry of today is now just as strong as, and generates similar revenues to the Film Industry. Computer Games are distributed throughout the world and are sold to millions of people. Of the many different types of games, one of the most popular genres is car racing. Developers of this type of game are increasingly improving their Artificial Intelligence Systems so that their virtual drivers can exhibit Human-Level behaviours, and even higher. In this paper we show how these virtual drivers can be generically evolved using Neuroevolution, so obtaining several, distinct driving-bots with an increasing level of performance. These driving-bots can then be used as virtual opponents for different racing games, saving time and money in the development of a realistic AI System. To train our driving-bots and to test their performance we have developed Screaming Racers, a simple car-racing online videogame.

SATO–CRUTCHFIELD FORMULATION FOR SOME EVOLUTIONARY GAMES

The Sato–Crutchfield equations are analytically and numerically studied. The Sato–Crutchfield formulation corresponds to losing memory. Then the Sato–Crutchfield formulation is applied for some different types of games including hawk–dove, prisoner's dilemma and the battle of the sexes games. The Sato–Crutchfield formulation is found not to affect the evolutionarily stable strategy of the ordinary games. But choosing a strategy becomes purely random, independent of the previous experiences, initial conditions, and the rules of the game itself. The Sato–Crutchfield formulation for the prisoner's dilemma game can be considered as a theoretical explanation for the existence of cooperation in a population of defectors.

다중 플랫폼을 지원하는 네트워크 게임 포털 사이트 구성

본 논문에서는 다중 플랫폼을 지원하는 네트워크 게임 포털 사이트를 구성하기 위하여 Game Omphalos 혹은 단순히 Gamphalos라 명명한 시스템을 제안하였다. 일반적으로 게임 포털사이트는 단순하게 서로 다른 여러 게임을 모아서 각각 개별적으로 실행할 수 있도록 해준다. 그러나 Gamphalos 시스템은 여기에 연결된 다양한 게임들을 사용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 상호 연동될 수 있도록 여러 게임의 데이터를 통합하였다. 이를 위하여 Gamphalos 시스템은 통합 아이디 관리와 통합 게임 데이터 처리를 위한 통합 게임 콘트롤 센터(LGCC)와 각 게임의 서버역할을 담당하는 로컬 게임 콘트롤 센터(LGCC) 등 2가지 주요 부분으로 구성된다. Gamphalos System에 가입한 사용자는 서로 다른 게임을 수행하면서 생성되는 게임자료들이 한곳으로 통합, 누적되므로 더욱 많은 점수를 획득하며 이문에 보다 짧은 시간 동안에 캐릭터를 많이 성장시킬 수 있다. This study suggests the configuration of network game portal site supporting multi-platform that indicates different types of games so called Game Omphalos or simply Gamphalos. In general, the existing game Portal site only put the different games together and operates each game separately. But, not only the Gamphalos system can play the various games in a portal site but also integrates the data of different games for inter-working among them. To do this, the Gamphalos System consists of two main parts. The one is Global Game Control Center (GGCC) for integrated management of n and game data. And the other part it Local Game Control Center (LGCC) that serves as a game server for each game. The game user who becomes a member of the Gamphalos System can get more Points and grow rapidly than others because all the game data can be integrated and accumulated in a Gamphalos system.

Role of Team Performance, Team Identification, and Self-Esteem in Sport Spectators' Game Preferences

The current study tested the hypothesis that sport fans would prefer contests in which both teams had been successful over contests in which one or both of the teams had been unsuccessful. Further, it was predicted that highly identified fans would report greater game preferences than lowly identified fans Finally, an interaction was predicted in which highly identified fans with high self-esteem would prefer games involving two successful teams while highly identified fans with low self-esteem would prefer games in which their team had a high likelihood of success. Participants ( N = 54) were asked to complete measures of their team identification and self-esteem as well as report their preferences for different types of games. Analysis indicated that, although contests involving two successful teams were the most preferred and highly identified fans did report greater game preferences than lowly identified fans, the hypothesized interaction was not significant.

Games - a behavioural manifestation of projective identification?

The phenomenon of unconscious interaction between people was developed extensively following Melanie Klein's conception of projective identification. The same phenomenon, although described differently, may have been elucidated by Eric Berne in his theory of games. Games have a significant behavioural component, but are played unconsciously by the participants. Projective identification, on the other hand, is conceived as an intra-psychic phantasy, which, when externalized, ‘often does cause some impact on the other person’. This paper explores the form and phenomenology of games and projective identification and summarizes their relational meaning by comparing the different types of games with the different categories of projective identification elaborated by Cashdan; and clinical examples of this are described. In particular, the ‘switch’, the defining characteristic of a game, seems to be a mechanism by which the individual can share a secondary experience with, or maintain some form of control over, the object when normal projective identification has failed. It seems that games are a behavioural manifestation of projective identification and the extent to which they are modified in a caring environment will determine whether, as adults, we play a few social games, or games that result ‘in the surgery, the courtroom or the morgue’.

The role of audit technology and extension of audit procedures in strategic auditing

This article develops game-theoretic hidden action models for examining the role of noisy audit technology and the extension of audit procedures in deterring material irregularities. We model two different types of games: (1) a game in which the auditor makes the acceptlreject decision after the primary audit, by sometimes going contrary to the audit signal, and (2) a game in which the auditor makes the accept/reject decision after the primary audit or after extending the audit. Nash strategies are analyzed, and the equilibrium behavior involves mixed strategies on the part of the auditor and the auditee. The key results of this analyses are: (1) increasing precision in audit effectiveness may result in increasing material irregularities, and (2) the increase in material irregularities can be avoided if the audit technology, that is, audit effectiveness and audit efficiency, exceeds the required critical values.

North American Free Trade Negotiations:

Why has Mexico shifted from a defecting free-rider on the international trading system to a conceding free-trader? An analytical model of bargaining between asymmetric players is developed to show how cooperation can be achieved through the strategic use of side payments. Mexico made concessions beyond the conventional agenda of trade negotiations (liberalizing investment rules, financial services, intellectual property rights, labor and environmental standards) in an effort to alter the payoff for the United States, and thereby create a game with a more optimal solution for both countries. Market liberalization between Mexico and the United States is analyzed over three periods (the 1980 GATT decision, GATT accession in 1986, and NAFTA and supplemental negotiations in 1991-3), and changes are identified leading to different types of games. The model achieves two results — (1) it helps explain the shift in Mexican policy from nationalism to liberalization, and (2) it shows how side payments can be used as part of a strategy of game change.

A study of business and management games

Summarizes what business and management games are, their history, the different types of games that are available and what their uses are. Through interviews and a questionnaire survey the users of games are studied to ascertain who they are, why they use or are involved with games and what they think of them.

Voluntary provision of a pure public good as the game of ‘chicken’

The voluntary exchange model, where the amount of a public good and contributions to its cost are simultaneously determined, is treated as a (2×2) non-cooperative non-constant-sum game. Three conceptually different types of games emerge. One of them is ‘Chicken’; each player can gain by pre-emptively threatening to pay nothing—unless the other player acts likewise. ‘Zero public goods’ is thus a possible outcome of voluntary exchange, even though it is Pareto inferior.

Games and Language Activities in the Italian High School Classroom

ABSTRACT The author suggests that available Italian textbooks can be improved through the imaginative intervention on the part of the teacher. Games which will recall and / or expand the vocabulary of a given lesson and activities which will promote and encourage language interaction should constitute an integral part of the basic program. To help students recall and expand basic vocabulary, the teacher should make use of word puzzles, mazes, and word‐search puzzles. To encourage interaction, there are mathematical and detective puzzles, legal cases, dialogues, as well as picturesque speech. A unit on Italian geography shows how different types of games will help the student to become better acquainted with Italy. Although the article is based on Basic Italian by Speroni and Golino, the exercises can be adapted to any other Italian text, and the ideas to any other language.