Different Types Of Fish Research Articles

ВАКЦИНАЦИЯ В АКВАКУЛЬТУРЕ: ИСТОРИЯ, ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ РАБОТ

Historically, different types of fish served as the object of comparative immunology for studying the evolutionary development of immunity. With an increase in the rate of industrial fish rearing, the deterrent role of diseases was established, but at that stage the fight against them was carried out through chemotherapy with antibacterial substances. A special feature of aquaculture is the greater dependence of grown fish on environmental factors that are not influenced as in animal husbandry; therefore, the protection of the organism, based on natural or acquired immunity, is one of the most important components of the health of hydrobionts. In modern aquaculture, disease prevention based on stimulating the immune system – vaccination is an integral part of production management.

Implications of Metal Nanoparticles on Aquatic Fauna: A Review

Introduction:Nanomaterials are attractive because of these exhibits catalytic activity, optical, magnetic, electrically conducting properties and biological activities. Besides the potential economic values, the benefits offered by nanomaterials are expected to have significant impacts on almost all sectors of our society. The industries are releasing the nanoparticles into nearby water bodies like ponds, rivers, which causes toxicity to aquatic flora as well as fauna. Nanoparticles, especially which are prepared using heavy metals being toxic to organisms, ranging from phytoplankton (at the bottom of the food chain) to marine invertebrates such as oysters, snails and different types of fish, especially in their immature stages. Many species of fish and shellfish disrupts the ecosystem health on exposure to metals nanoparticles. Albeit, the academicians and researchers are trying to understand the toxicity of metal nanoparticles, particularly with respect to cascade pathways that lead to inflammatory responses, there is need to prepare and urgent implement laws to manage potential risks of nanomaterials which might become a major catastrophe in coming future.Conclusion:In the present review, the emphasis has given on the synthesis, characterization and toxic effects of metal nanoparticles on aquatic fauna and also the future tremendous prospects of these toxicants.

Heterogeneous Consumer Reactions to Health News

AbstractWe investigate heterogeneity in how consumers react to health‐related media information. Our specific focus is on news relating to fish and the consumption of different types of fish. We specify a dynamic empirical model that allows for pervasive heterogeneity in all basic parameters of consumer behavior, as well as in how consumers react to information. We estimate the model using a unique household panel tracking consumption, prices, news stories, and media habits over 24 quarters. We find that only 16% of consumers react to news that is specific to fatty fish. These consumers have a large reaction to such news, with a modest initial over‐reaction. Furthermore, these consumers are also more attentive to general media information about the healthiness of fish.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FISH CRACKERS BASED ON TYPES OF FISH AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF STARCH

The purpose of this research is to produce fish crackers from different types of fish, namely catfish and patin fish as well as different types of starch and know the characteristics of a good fish crackers. The benefit that can be expected from this research was to utilize catfish and patin fish abundant potency and add economic value. The method of this research was divided into two stages, namely the first stage is the stage which determines the range of the comparison with the fish flour, determine the type of fish and determine the type of flour used by using the hedonik method of organoleptic parameters. On the second stage has a purpose and that is to analyze chemical and physical fish crackers by comparison. The data were analyzed using the method of experiment results simple linear variable (x) increase in comparison of fish and flour (part). The free variable (y) consists of the response of the color, flavor, aroma, texture, volume and the development levels of crispness. The type of fish and the type of starch correlated against all response organoleptic, except the catfish and tapioca flour was not correlated against sense, catfish and cornmeal were not correlated against the texture of the fish, and catfish and sago flour not correlated against scent. The highest correlation is indicated by the sample composition of the cornmeal and catfish fish total value index by 17 of the total value of the correlation coefficient in classification. The sample was selected based on organoleptic level consumer favorite is with the composition of samples catfish and tapioca flour with a 1:1 comparison (111). Based on the results of the chemical analysis of protein obtained 24,38%, fat content of 1.6%, levels of starch of 44.69% and water content of 5.5%. Physical analysis of the parameter and the mobilising of the volume development of IE of 146.43% and the level of crispness that is of 0.56 mm/s/50gram.
 

A record of new lungfishes (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of India

ABSTRACTNumerous tooth plates of different types were recovered from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India. Sharp crested tooth plates with five acute ridges, tubercles on the crests, robust and deep furrows, wide spaces between successive ridges and reticulate ornamentation on the occlusal surfaces are assigned to a new species of the dipnoan genus Ptychoceratodus. Another tooth plate, characterized by four ridges with conical and cusplet-like denticles is identified as a Gnathorhiza. This is the first record of gnathorhizid fishes from the Upper Triassic sediments around the world. The Tiki aquatic realm was inhabited by different types of fishes including freshwater sharks, omnivorous/carnivorous dipnoans and other bony fishes. Palaeobiogeographic distribution of the dipnoans suggests that these were restricted to a high palaeolatitude in the southern hemisphere, where co-occurrences of several genera are seen in India.

Food consumption and the risk of childhood allergy.

BackgroundThe prevalence of allergic conditions is increasing in most countries. One possible explanation may be childhood nutrition.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between consumption of pre-specified types of food in school-aged children and presence of respiratory and allergic symptoms.MethodsA total of 191 students aged 9–11 years were recruited from 5 schools to geographically cover all of Malta. Data was collected between October 2011 and February 2012. This was part of a bigger study which included clinical and environmental tests besides standardized health questionnaires. For the purposes of this part of the study only the health questionnaires were used. These standardized health questionnaires based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) were used to identify the presence of respiratory and allergic symptoms and to identify the types of foods and the frequency of consumption of various types of foods.ResultsWe found that milk, meat, butter, olive oil, and yoghurt consumption had a negative association with allergic symptoms in children, whilst fish consumption had a detrimental effect. These relationships remained significant after correction for paternal level of education.ConclusionThe study highlights the fact that nutrition in early childhood may have a significant effect on the risk of allergic conditions. Our results, taken together with data in the literature, suggest that different types of fish might have had different effects. This is probably related to their different fatty acid constitution thus warranting further studies.

MANAJEMEN DAN PENDAPATAN USAHA KERAMBA JARING APUNG (KJA) DI NEGERI AMAHAI DAN KELURAHAN LESANE KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

Floating Net cage (KJA) is a fish cage which usually made of wood, bamboo, or iron and buoys with anchoring system. In Central Maluku District, the areas that potential in the development of cultivation KJA is Amahai and Lesane. The objectives of this research are: 1) To describe the application of business management function of KJA in Amahai and Lesane Sub-district and 2) to analyze income obtained in KJA business in Amahai and Lesane Sub-district. The method used is descriptive method. The results show that the cultivation business with KJA system in Amahai and Lesane villages took place twice a year by maintaining different types of fish. The group Wairano I and Wairano II maintaining the tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), Beronang (Siganus) and Kuwe (Cranx sp), while Kura-kura and Kuda Laut maintains the species Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and Rat Grouper (Cromileptes altives). The application of management functions in the floating net cage business (KJA) in Amahai and Lesane districts is almost similar in implementing the planning and direction functions, but different in organizing and coordinating functions.

Biodiversity and Habitat Characteristics of the Bycatch Assemblages in Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) and School Sets in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

This study examined diversity and habitat characteristics for bycatch assemblages in two different types of fishing (drifting fish aggregating devices sets and sets made on school of tunas) in the eastern Pacific Ocean (20oS-30oN and 70o-150oW) between 2005 and 2011 using biodiversity metrics and Generalized Additive Models. Bycatch information was based on data collected by onboard observers covering more than 80% of the purse seine fishing trips. Our results suggest that diversity and habitat characteristics of the bycatch assemblages differ depending of the fishing mode. Thus, diversity was mostly explained by area and set type; being higher in FAD sets than School sets. Concretely, diversity seems to be directly related with the equatorial upwelling and the front system in FAD sets and with the Costa Rica Dome and the coastal upwelling of Panama induced by wind jets in School sets. Among environmental variables, temperature and chlorophyll were the most important predictors to describe the diversity of the bycatch assemblages. This work has investigated multiple indicators related to the bycatch assemblages and their habitat, which could be helpful for the development of an Ecosystem Approach to Fishery Management.

HEAVY METALS POISONING IN SOME LOCAL FISH

Libya has a long coast which is more than 1970 km that is rich with different types of fishes. Fishes have a high nutritional value and people depend on them to cover their nutritional needs like proteins, minerals and vitamins. In the last years, many human activities such as nuclear and industrial wastes dropped in seas and oceans have caused high pollution with heavy metals. These pollutions are transmitted to consumers directly causing different dangerous diseases like cancers and metallic poisoning. To study this pollution, different types of fish samples have been collected randomly from local fish market in Misurata city, wet digested, and the heavy metals were determined with atomic absorption spectrometer. The results were compared with standards of WHO & FAO. The average concentrations of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu ,Cr , Ni , Zn , Mn, and Fe, respectively) for different types of fish were as follows: Sardine fish (Sardinellamaderensis): 0.005, 1.58, 0.25, 0.20, 0.25, 0.56, 0.37, 0.26, 0.99 (mg/kg), Sea dog fish (Galiorhinnsgaleus): 0.007, 1.97, 0.16, 0.19, 0.35, 0.56, 0.37, 0.26, 0.59 (mg/kg), Farroj fish (Epinelusmrgintus): 0.004, 2.16, 0.58, 0.71, 0.46, 0.65, 0.85, 0.27, 0.77 (mg/kg), Trillia fish (Mulhusbarbahus): 0.003, 1.65, 0.41, 0.29, 0.55, 0.45, 0.75, 0.46, 0.67 (mg/kg), Kawally fish (Scomber japonicas): 0.002, 0.77, 0.65, 0.19, 0.77, 0.45, 0.96, 0.45, 0.69 (mg/kg), and Rzam fish (Auxisrochei): 0.00, 0.00, 0.15, 0.49, 0.38, 0.29, 0.37, 0.48, 0.41(mg/kg). This kind of works can help to assist local and state health services in their deliberations concerning such contaminants in local fish.

Determination of heavy metals in muscle tissue of six fish species with different feeding habits from the Danube River, Belgrade-public health and environmental risk assessment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of heavy metals/metalloids (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Fe, Zn, As) in the muscle tissue of fish from the Danube River (two locations: Zemun and Grocka). For the purpose of heavy metal determination in fish muscle, 120 samples of six different fish species, Prussian carp, barbel, bream, carp, pike perch, and catfish were collected. For determining heavy metals, we used microwave oven digestion and atomic absorption spectrometer methods. The highest average content of Pb (0.084±0.004mgkg-1), Cd (0.082±0.003mgkg-1), Hg (0.466±0.006mgkg-1), and As (0.333±0.007mgkg-1) was found in the muscle of carp (an omnivorous fish) from Grocka, while the highest average level of Fe (13.60±0.03mgkg-1) was deposited in bream (also omnivorous) from Zemun. Also, the average Cu level (1.62±0.13mgkg-1) was the highest in catfish muscle (a carnivorous fish) from Grocka, while the highest Zn content (11.16±0.17mgkg-1) was determined in muscle of Prussian carp (an omnivorous fish) from Zemun. The highest content of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, and Zn, respectively) in muscle of the six different types of fish from both locations was symmetrically arranged by species (catfish, barbel, and Prussian carp, respectively). Concentrations of Pb, Hg, and As in the Danube River fish muscle were under the maximum residual levels prescribed by the European Union (EU) and the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for Serbia. On the other hand, in all fish muscle from both locations (Zemun and Grocka), higher concentrations of Cd than prescribed (MAC) were found, with the exception of bream and pike perch.

Fish behaviour effects on the accuracy and precision of underwater visual census surveys. A virtual ecologist approach using an individual-based model

Underwater visual census (UVC) methods are used worldwide to monitor shallow marine and freshwater habitats and support management and conservation decisions. However, several sources of bias still undermine the ability of these methods to accurately estimate abundances of some species.The present study introduces FishCensus, a spatially-explicit individual-based model that simulates underwater visual census of fish populations. The model features small temporal and spatial scales and uses a movement algorithm which can be shaped to reflect complex behaviours and effects of diver presence. Four different types of fish were used in the model, featuring typically problematic behavioural traits, namely schooling behaviour, cryptic habits, shyness and boldness. Corresponding control types were also modelled, lacking only the key behavioural traits. Sampling was conducted by a virtual diver using four true fish densities and employing two distinct methods: strip transects and stationary point counts.Comparisons with control fish have shown that schooling and bold behaviours induce positive bias and reduce precision, while cryptic and shy behaviours induce negative bias and increase precision, although shy behaviour did not have a significant effect on precision in transects. By looking at deviations from true density, however, schooling, shy and bold fish densities were strongly overestimated by both methods, while cryptic fish were slightly underestimated. Schooling and bold fish had the lowest precision overall, followed by shy fish. Fish rarity decreased precision, but had no effect on bias. Stationary points had less precision than transects for all fish types, and led to much higher counts, resulting in greater overestimation of density overall.By modelling complex behaviour, it was possible to separate the contributions of detectability and non-instantaneous sampling on bias, and gain a deeper understanding of the effect of behavioural traits on UVC estimates. The model can be used as a tool for planning and optimization of monitoring programs or to calculate conversion factors for past or ongoing surveys, assuming behavioural patterns are well replicated.

Concentration Building System for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Children with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience lack of concentration. In learning process, the concentration power of the students with ADHD should be increased first. Concentration building systems for them are not available in market. This paper proposes a concentration building system for children with ADHD. It consists of three modules-Bird chirping module, Fish tank module and Alphabet learning module. At first the child is encouraged to press switch corresponding to bird chirping module; it soothes his hyperactive mind. This creates interest in pressing the switch related to next module, that is, fish tank module. Tthe movement of different types of fishes makes the child to stare deeply into the screen and can learn counting them. This activity based learning further improves his concentration power. The third one, Alphabet learning module can be further used to enhance his alphabet learning skills. Individual modules are developed using the microcontrollers MSP430G2553 and PIC16F877A. The proposed system improves the concentration power of the child which in turn improves his cognitive skills.

Effects of fish biology on ebb and flow aquaponical cultured herbs in northern Germany (Mecklenburg Western Pomerania)

Two identical coupled warmwater ebb-and-flood gravel aquaponic systems (unit I, unit II) without additional biofilter were evaluated for the effect of fish species choice onto culinary herbs (basil - Ocimum basilicum, parsley - Petroselinum crispum and marjoram - Origanum majorana) and resulting water parameters. The daily feed input increased over the experiment (70–450g, total 70days), resulting in an maximum feed input of 150gd−1, or 25% less than during an earlier study under the presence of a 60L trickling biofilter. Using dissolved oxygen to indicate system performance, the experiment had a run in phase, exponential phase, and accumulation phase. Lowest dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were measured inside the hydroponic units, with no general differences in chemo-physical parameters between each separate plant box. Nile tilapia red strain fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus; initial weight 3.32g±1.63) were stocked in aquaponic unit I and African catfish fingerlings (Clarias gariepinus; initial weight 3.92g±1.63) in unit II. Due to the high feed input at the beginning of the experiments, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were very good, and significantly better for C. gariepinus (3.30%d−1±0.02, 0.61±0.01) compared with O. niloticus (2.81%d−1±0.12, 0.91±0.08). Feed conversion corresponded with much younger fish with effective feeding under restricted food input. The oxygen consumption was lower for C. gariepinus with a difference of 8.34% to O. niloticus. Due to reduced natural light illumination and water temperature (winter season), plant growth was generally reduced but two times better in the O. niloticus stocked unit (0.30g±0.37 in basil, 0.55g±0.39 in parsley) compared with C. gariepinus (0.12g±0.21 in basil, 0.27g±0.31 in parsley). A newly calculated aquaponic growth factor (AGF) illustrates the opposite fish and plant yields for both fish species.Statement of relevance: The influence of different fish species on plant growth has been examined only rarely in aquaponics. We hereby describe the influence of different types of fish on physical parameters and plant growth in coupled aquaponic systems for diversification.

Aerobic bacteria and fungi from skin lesions of fish in Khartoum state

Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2014 in Khartoum state, the Sudan, to investigate aerobic bacteria and fungi of skin lesions of fish in 3 different areas in Khartoum. Material and methods: A total of 50 samples were collected from the skin lesions of different types of fish including Synodontis species (n=17), Tilapia niloticus (n=15), Labeo niloticus (n=10), Hydrocynus species (n=4), and Clarias species (n=4). Liquid, semi-solid, and solid culture media like nutrient broth, blood agar, MacConkey agar, sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), and Simmon's citrate medium were used for the isolation and identification of bacteria and fungi. Besides, Gram staining and biochemical characterization were also conducted. Results: Culturing of the collected samples revealed growth of bacteria from all (100%), and growth of fungi could be found from 32% samples. A number of 188 bacteria were isolated, mainly Staphylococcus species, Bacillus species, Aeromonas species, Pseudomonas species, and Vibrio species. Besides, 16 fungi could be identified containing Aspergillus niger , A. flavus , A. fumigatus , and Phycomycete. Conclusion: Fishes with skin lesions are harboring many pathogenic bacteria and fungi and may act as a source of zoonotic infections and can transmit several pathogens to workers in fish industry and consumers. Therefore, thorough and strict routine inspection of fish is recommended to ensure safety and that there are no serious risks to consumers. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c176

Severe Food Allergy to Cow's Milk Treated with Oral Immunotherapy Along with Omalizumab

E S D A Y 842 Successful Specific Oral Tolerance Induction with Hake in an Allergic Child Detecting Fish in Cooking Steam Carmen M. Damelio, MD; Departament of Allergy Clinica Universidad de Navarra, PAMPLONA, Spain. RATIONALE: To describe a specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) protocol with hake in a child suffering urticaria/angioedema upon fish cooking steam exposure. METHODS: A 6-year old girl who presented at 9 month of age acute urticaria after eating different types of fish (i.e. hake, sole). Skin prick test rendered positive results and since then she avoided fish. Subsequently she suffered several acute urticaria episodes after accidental intakes and even when exposed to tuna fish cooking steam. Comorbidities: mild and controlled atopic dermatitis, no bronchial asthma. A SOTI protocol was decided to apply. Sensitization was evaluated by Prick-to-prick (T1), specific IgE (sIgE) and IgG4 (sIgG4) to hake during the induction phase (T2) and when finalized (T3). SOTI to hake was performed using frozen hake loin, starting with lyophilized hake and when 20gr. were tolerated, we used cooked hake until reaching 40gr. RESULTS: The induction phase of the SOTI lasted 11 months until 40gr of hake were reached suffering one anaphylaxis, related to an infectious process and 5 episodes of abdominal pain requiring antihistamines in only 2 of them. After one month in maintenance-phase, eating 40gr of hake daily without reactions, she tolerated 50gr of bass, 50gr. of tuna, 50gr. of monkfish uneventfully. No atopic dermatitis exacerbation was observed. sIgE against hake (T1:3.31kUA/L; T2: 3.98kUA/L; T3: 2.02kUA/L) and wheal size for hake prick-to-prick (T1: 13x11mm; T2: 10x6mm; T3: 7x5mm) decreased during induction phase whereas hake sIgG4 levels increased (T2: 12.7kU/L, T3: 39.2kU/L). CONCLUSIONS: In our case, SOTI with hake induces tolerance to bass, tuna and monkfish.

Development of Electrolytes towards Achieving Safe and High‐Performance Energy‐Storage Devices: A Review

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by Prof. Wei‐Hong Zhong and Mr. Yu Wang (Washington State University, USA). The image metaphorically tells the development story of electrolytes. The different types of fish represent the variety of properties desired by high‐performance electrolytes, whereas the octopus, with its multi‐functional arms, indicates a way to simultaneously “capture” different “fish”. To understand this interesting analogy and to find out more, read the full text of the Review article at 10.1002/celc.201402277.

46-Year-Old Man With Abdominal Pain and Hypotension

Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (O.A.W., D.F.S.); Adviser to residents and Consultant in Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (N.L.D.). A 46-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes, tetralogy of Fallot, and a bioprosthetic pulmonary valve replacement presented to the emergency department feeling generally unwell after eating a meal at a restaurant. The patient was in his usual state of health until starting dinner at the restaurant. The meal included cooked seafood, which consisted of different types of fish, shrimp, and scallops. A few minutes into his meal, he was overtaken by a sudden onset of severe back pain and cramping that radiated to his abdomen, mainly in the periumbilical region. He rated the pain as 8 of 10 on the severity scale. The pain was followed by progressively worsening dizziness and blurry vision. He also experienced intense palpitations, giving him the sensation of “wanting to pass out.” The patient had no known allergies to fish, seafood, or iodine. He had never experienced any of these symptoms before. None of his colleagues who ate with him had any similar symptoms. He had not recently traveled. On arrival at the emergency department, he became nauseated and vomited 6 times. He appeared to be moderately distressed. He was afebrile, his heart rate was 115 beats/min, and his blood pressure was 78/ 56 mm Hg. Physical examination yielded unremarkable findings except for erythema on his cheeks and mild wheezing on pulmonary examination. Laboratory tests, including complete blood cell count, metabolic profile, and liver function tests, revealed normal values except for a lactate level of 2.1 mmol/L (reference range, 0.6-2.3 mmol/L). Electrocardiography detected sinus tachycardia, and computed tomography of the abdomen with contrast medium revealed diffuse small-bowel wall thickening, edema, and mesenteric fluid with engorgement of the vasa recta. He was admitted to the hospital for further evaluation and treatment.

Fish community structure on coral habitats with contrasting architecture in the Tropical Eastern Pacific

Reefscape architecture, shaped by dominant coral morphologies, can play a major role in determining the structure and composition of fish assemblages by affecting niche and resource availability and mediating interspecific interactions. To explore the role of dominant coral morphologies on reef fish communities, we carried out a comparative study of the fish community associated with a Massive Coral Community (MCC) and a Branching Coral Community (BCC) at Gorgona Island, Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). On each community, the benthic substrate was assessed through the “chain transect method” while the fish assemblage was evaluated through visual surveys on belt transects. We found differences between both fish assemblages in terms of the abundance, diversity (H’), and evenness (J’). The BCC, despite being formed by morphologically complex pocilloporid colonies, had a simple and relatively flat architecture that attracted principally small and territorial fishes. Significant higher abundances of Chromis atrilobata and Thalassoma lucasanum at the BCC boosted the total fish abundance but caused low fish evenness and diversity. Conversely the MCC, composed of massive coral species with considerable sizes and diversity of shapes, held a complex and high-relief reefscape capable of sustaining a more diverse and even fish community, although with the same species richness as the BCC. Fishes with large sizes, roving behavior and piscivore-feeding preferences were especially attracted to the MCC. Although, massive coral species are important in determining a diverse and complex reefscape architecture, both dominant coral morphologies (massive and branching) attract and provide resources to different types of fish according to their size, mobility and trophic group. Our results suggest that a loss of massive coral species and a community shift towards stress-resistant taxa (such as Pocillopora spp.), could alter the structure and function of fish assemblages in the TEP due to the habitat loss for large, mobile and piscivore species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 343-357. Epub 2014 February 01.

Determination of Perfluorochemicals in Fish and Shellfish Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

This paper reports the validation and application of a method for determination of 10 perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in retail fish and shellfish. The analytes of interest were 7 perfluorinated carboxylates and 3 perfluorinated sulfonates. Fish and shellfish samples were digested with a basic solution of 10 mM sodium hydroxide in methanol before sonication and solid phase extraction through weak anion exchange. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries from spiking five different types of fish and shellfish indicate that the method performs similarly with different fish types, and recoveries were over 90% for all analytes. Forty-six retail samples, collected between 2010 and 2012, including 13 different types of fish and shellfish were analyzed for PFCs. The 13 different types included the top 10 most-consumed fish and shellfish in the United States according to data collected by the National Fisheries Institute. Two Standard Reference Materials were also analyzed. Most fish and shellfish had no detected PFCs; only 11 samples of the 46 tested had detectable concentrations of PFCs.

The Most Preferred and Tasty Fish in Zambia: A Case Study of Three Copperbelt Province Markets

2 Abstract: A research was conducted in three districts (Luanshya, Ndola and Kitwe) of the mineral-rich Copperbelt Province, from 1st May to 30th June 2012 to determine the most preferred and tasty fish on the market through administration of questionnaire s to randomly selected respondents. The study also examined the different types of fish found on the market at any given time. A total of 130 questionnaires were administered, 40 to traders and 30 to consumers in each of the three districts. Slightly over forty-seven per cent (47.50%) of the respondents indicated that the Bream, was most preferred fish species among consumers, while 30, 10 and 10% preferred Buka buka (Luciolates spp.), Kapenta (Limnothrissa spp.) and Mintesa (Mormyrids). A further 62.5% of the respondents felt that fresh fish was most preferred form on the market, as 62% of the consumers purchased more of fresh than dry fish. Over and above, 67.5% of the fish sold on the market had good taste, with the tasty preference for bream being 37%. Fish traders were also aware of the fact that stocking the right species preferred by customers helped to improve on the marketing strategy, thereby increasing on their net returns. It was further noted that 58% of the traders ventured into fish trading to earn a living, 32% due to lack of formal employment, while 5%, as a result of family tradition and another 5% considered it as good business.