Different Types Of Discourse Research Articles

THE PHENOMENON OF AGGRESSION IN LANGUAGE: THE PROBLEM OF TERMINOLOGY

The article highlights the main approaches to describing aggression in language. The polyphonic status of speech aggression is associated with the interdisciplinarity of this phenomenon and is explained by the widespread spread of aggression in modern speech practice. The purpose of this article is to present and compare the approaches available in language to the study of aggression and the definition of aggression within the framework of a linguocognitive approach. The directions of scientific linguistic thought in the study of aggression are described and its typological differences are established, which serve as the basis for conceptual approaches to classifying its types. The typology of verbal aggression in the works of Russian researchers in the following areas is considered: 1) speech act, 2) form of speech behaviour, 3) communicative strategy, 4) speech (communicative) action. It is established that verbal aggression includes not only the known means of its verbalisation, but also all possible conditions of the communicative space, the specifics of the discourse in which it is represented, the state and status of communicants. This is due to a comprehensive approach to understanding verbal aggression, which consists in harming the addressee or the object of speech. Choosing an aggressive form of speech behaviour, the speaker performs two functions: adaptation or protection. These functions of human aggression determine its existence in different types of discourse, determine the forms of its verbalisation.

Transparency in Language and Discourse: A Model for Interdisciplinary Analysis

The article points out the tendency to use highly specialized (terminological) vocabulary in modern public communication and proposes a model for interdisciplinary analysis of the new word entry into the Russian language and its functioning in different types of discourse. The explanation capability of the model, including the linguistic, axiological, cognitive (cognitive-communicative, cognitive-discursive, cognitive-psychological) aspects of analysis, is demonstrated on the example of its application to the study of the unit transparency. The ways of borrowing the word are noted: through the significant expansion of the lexical meaning under the influence of discourse (political, economic, legal, etc.) to the categorical one, associated with the processes of transmission, receipt of information and society’s response to the information occasion. The place of the word transparency in the synonymic series is determined: using the methods of lexicographic and component analysis the semantic differences of the words otkrytost (openness), dostupnost (accessibility), prozrachnost (transparency), publichnost (publicity), glasnost (disclosure), jasnost (clarity) are established. Applying the methods of contextual, logical-and-cognitive and cognitive-and-discursive analysis the data from the Russian National Corpus are studied to determine the discursive specificity in the meanings of the above mentioned synonyms, which are considered through subject-object and subject-subject relations in the process of informing and are described as the constituents in the structure of the category of transparency. The link between the linguomental phenomenon of transparency and related concepts of trust and equality is established. The authors distinguish between the voluntary and forced nature of data transfer and reception, emphasize the axiological and cognitive-and-psychological components of the information transfer in the process of group and/or mass communication. The universality of the model is proved. It has the potential for application to the consideration of other “key” issues, which reflect the mood and linguistic preferences of the epoch.

On the Development History of the Human Names Concept in English Language and Culture

Throughout the whole space of language, in every word, in its semantics, sentence structure and the organization of different types of discourse "one can detect the traces of man". Anthroponyms play a special role among the ways of linguistic representation of a person. In the article the authors investigate the history of the development of the concept of human names in English linguoculture.

Моделирование импликативной семантики ландшафтных номинаций в предложении (на материале немецкого языка)

The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship of the implicative semantics of landscape nominations with logical and grammatical types of sentences and to build models of implication of additional meanings of landscape nominations on this basis. The article explores the concept of implicative semantics and investigates how the logical and grammatical structure of German sentences relates to the implicit meanings of landscape-related terms found within them. These implicit meanings are derived from German linguistic culture. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that for the first time the implicative semantics of landscape nominations is modeled in connection with the logical and grammatical types of the German sentence. As a result, based on the corpus data of the Digital Dictionary of the German Language, sentences containing nominations of large landscape forms are analyzed. The specifics of the semantic roles of landscape nominations in four main types of German sentences are described. The speaker's predicative connections with landscape objects and their implicative potential in German linguoculture are systematized. Models of the formation of the implicative meaning of landscape nominations are presented in the form of four types of frames: action, procedural, evaluative and the frame of "inclusion of the singular into the particular". The necessity of taking into account the speaker's intention in interpreting the implicative meaning in different types of discourse is shown.

Избыточность лично-возвратного местоимения себя: к вопросу о небанальном грамматическом плеоназме

The article deals with the case of grammatical pleonasm, which involves the verbalization of the verbal position of the actant or localizer by the case forms of the personal reflexive pronoun self, which have a spatial or subject-object meaning. This phenomenon is widespread in modern usage (at least 50 verbs participate in it), in different types of discourse (journalistic, political, advertising, colloquial, literary, educational and scientific), in oral and written speech, but it is not comprehended in terms of “language norm” or “speech error”, although the data of explanatory dictionaries impose a ban on the duplicate use of the pronoun self with some verbs. The article proves the deficiency of such combinations based on the semantic analysis of verbs, as well as by means of grammatical transformation – changing the part of speech or word order, which serve as additional methods of error verification. Based on the analysis of semantics, the list of verbs (50 units) that form pleonastic collocations (55 units) with all members of the case paradigm (Genitive, Accusative, Dative, Ablative and Locative with or without a preposition) of the personal reflexive pronoun self was revealed. Pleonastic control is provoked mainly by transitive verbs with the meaning of “location” and “placement / movement of an object” (integrating it into something, or excluding it, joining it with something, collecting or eliminating), as well as the meaning of “possessing” or “obtaining”. In metaphorical contexts with these verbs, the pronoun self is also redundant. From the point of view of linguistic logic, semantics and existing dictionary stipulations, this phenomenon should be codified as a grammatical pleonasm.

Religion in modern projects: between alarmism, political expediency and utopia

The permanent shift of modernity, the epistemological crisis, and the politicization of all social spheres determine an atmosphere of global political anxiety. The ever-expanding security deficit becomes an attribute of modernity, as a fragmentation as a response to globality and the emergence of alternative ways of political genesis reflects new socio-cultural semantic nodes. Existential threats raise a persistent appeal to religion. The loss of epistemological certainty in political constructions contributes to the theoretical confusion about the future. The diffusion of political and value contexts forces people to turn to religion while developing projects and setting the goals of modernity. This creates cognitive and political- instrumental difficulties in using legitimizing and, at the same time, mutually exclusive religious meanings. The simultaneous truth in different types of discourses and in theory makes it impossible to find a common denominator. We argue that the projects and goal settings of modernity, claiming to be universal, but not achieving it, are structured primarily based on the logic of alarmism and eschatology. A positive project, trying to overcome the limitations of politicization, moves to the value plane. We consider three perspectives of the teleology of modernity, including religious meanings: theoretical, metaphysical, and instrumental. The research methodology is based on the problems of political goal setting in the logic of, traditional/ modern, explaining the religious coloring of political strategies and the splitting of future visions. The othering based on religious differences as a tool of political goal setting, the political instrumentalization of religious identities, simultaneously with religious creation of the world, puts two possible projects of modernity at opposite poles - the World of Religions and the World of Faith. Among the possible projects arising at the intersection of religion and politics, the author suggests three large clusters: alarmism, political expediency, and utopia.

Рецензия на коллективную монографию «Новые подходы к анализу структуры и семантики дискурса и терминологических систем» (Пятигорск: ПГУ, 2023. 154 с.)

The monograph discusses the issues of cognitive linguistics, cognitive terminology, linguapragmatics, linguasemiotics and discourse theory. New approaches to the structural and semantic analysis of discourse and terminological systems drawing on the Russian and English language material are considered. The monograph consists of four chapters: “Mediation discourse and PR discourse in the Internet space: some linguistic and pragmatic characteristics”, “The essential characteristic of linguacreativity and the levels of its manifestation in the film discourse”, “The role of colourative terminological elements in the structure and semantics of terminological systems” and “Electronic lexicography and some semantic features of the terminological system of digital photography”. The linguapragmatic characteristics of different types of discourse are given drawing on the material of mediation discourse, PR discourse, and film discourse, the phenomenon of linguacreativity and the levels of its manifestation are described. The paper presents a comprehensive methodological approach to the discourse as a phenomenon, examines the semantic features of terminological units, including their oppositional relations, as well as the specifics of lexicography of terms as one of the ways to order, unify and standardize terminology. The authors use for analysis the terminology systems of botany, zoology, oil and gas production and digital photography in the modern English language. The monograph will be of interest to a wide range of specialists in the fields of cognitive linguistics, discourse theory, and terminology studies.

Discourse- and lesion-based aphasia quotient estimation using machine learning

Discourse is a fundamentally important aspect of communication, and discourse production provides a wealth of information about linguistic ability. Aphasia commonly affects, in multiple ways, the ability to produce discourse. Comprehensive aphasia assessments such as the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) are time- and resource-intensive. We examined whether discourse measures can be used to estimate WAB-R Aphasia Quotient (AQ), and whether this can serve as an ecologically valid, less resource-intensive measure. We used features extracted from discourse tasks using three AphasiaBank prompts involving expositional (picture description), story narrative, and procedural discourse. These features were used to train a machine learning model to predict the WAB-R AQ. We also compared and supplemented the model with lesion location information from structural neuroimaging. We found that discourse-based models could estimate AQ well, and that they outperformed models based on lesion features. Addition of lesion features to the discourse features did not improve the performance of the discourse model substantially. Inspection of the most informative discourse features revealed that different prompt types taxed different aspects of language. These findings suggest that discourse can be used to estimate aphasia severity, and provide insight into the linguistic content elicited by different types of discourse prompts.

Интертекстовость и интердискурсивность благопожеланий с компонентом «желаю»

The paper examines the intertextual and interdiscursive mobility of well wishes with the component ‘желаю’ (I wish). The aim of the study is to identify the features of inclusion of short well wishes with the component ‘желаю’ in the text space of different types of discourse, which confirms their intertextual and interdiscursive mobility. The analysis shows that short well wishes incorporated into texts perform various functions, the main of which are the emotive and expressive functions. The functioning of short well wishes is considered in political, literary, military, religious and media discourses. The novelty of the study lies in the following: it is the first time that the interdiscursive characteristics of well wishes with the component ‘желаю’ are being identified using subcorpora of the Russian National Corpus, their modality and suggestiveness are being demonstrated. As a result of the study, it was found that the genre of well wishes is a universal intertext component that is not tied to a single genre or a group of related genres, as well as types of discourse, it acts interdiscursively as a cognitive constant. Short well wishes are used in almost all types of discourse, which confirms our opinion that this genre is mobile due to its positive expression and adequacy relative to the developed cultural traditions of communication.

PRAGMATIGS OF ADVERTISING DISCOURSE IN THE GERMAN-SPEAKING ENVIRONMENT

The article explores the rapid development of linguistic pragmatics in the 20th and 21st centuries, highlighting the formation of sub-disciplines such as discourse analysis, historical pragmatics, cognitive pragmatics, gender pragmatics, and others. Special attention is given to multimodal linguistic pragmatics, which demonstrates high potential for integration. The study analyzes metacommunication in advertising texts as multimodal formations, focusing on the German-language advertising discourse. The term "metapragmatics" is used to describe the discipline that studies means of managing linguistic interaction, particularly metacommunicative expressions. The article is dedicated to the pragmatics of advertising discourse in the German-speaking environment. The research identifies the properties of metacommunicative expressions and their role in a multimodal context. The analysis is based on 159 printed advertising texts from 1995 to 2023, employing strategic discourse, multimodality, and implicature analysis. The study's conclusions indicate the possibility of integrating metapragmatics with multimodal pragmatics in advertising discourse. Metacommunicative expressions in advertising are multimodal, utilizing various sensory and communicative modes to express meanings. Advertising texts demonstrate various types of metacommunicative expressions incorporated into different parts of the text. The article makes a significant contribution to the development of linguistic pragmatics, especially in the processes of integrating sub-disciplines such as metapragmatics, discursive, and multimodal pragmatics. The research opens new perspectives for analyzing metacommunication in different types of discourse and underscores the importance of comprehensive studies for understanding complex semiotic systems.

Community interpreting and the specifics of the training of translators in the social and legal spheres

The article is dedicated to the topical issues of interpretation in the social, legal and medical spheres of activity. The author concretized the concept of communal translation, the scope of its application, and considered possible types of this translation. The object of the study is the translation in the field of social sphere, legal issues, medical care, and interaction with administrative bodies, called community interpreting. The subject of the study is the analysis of the discursive components of community interpreting on the example of the English language, the ways of implementing this translation and the problems of training community interpreters in the social and legal fields. The interpreter becomes a direct participant and intermediary in the process of interaction between different parties, that requires him to be more responsible for authenticity (i.e. completeness, accuracy and adequacy) and the quality of translation, which cannot be achieved without mobilizing all his knowledge and skills of professional activity. The article also notes that currently the training of community interpreters is not given due attention. The novelty of the research lies in the identification, analysis and generalization of the features of community interpreting, as well as in the study of the specifics of community interpreting at the present stage as a necessary component of the communicative environment of modern society. Distinctive features of communal translation are its versatility, wide coverage of various aspects of life, which lead to the use of a variety of terminology, different types of discourses and speech styles, the presence of slang, dialects, and abbreviations of different subjects. The specialists, who carry out this type of translation, must possess socio-cultural competence along with language and speech knowledge and skills.

Community interpreting and the specifics of the training of translators in the social and legal spheres

The article is dedicated to the topical issues of interpretation in the social, legal and medical spheres of activity. The author concretized the concept of communal translation, the scope of its application, and considered possible types of this translation. The object of the study is the translation in the field of social sphere, legal issues, medical care, and interaction with administrative bodies, called community interpreting. The subject of the study is the analysis of the discursive components of community interpreting on the example of the English language, the ways of implementing this translation and the problems of training community interpreters in the social and legal fields. The interpreter becomes a direct participant and intermediary in the process of interaction between different parties, that requires him to be more responsible for authenticity (i.e. completeness, accuracy and adequacy) and the quality of translation, which cannot be achieved without mobilizing all his knowledge and skills of professional activity. The article also notes that currently the training of community interpreters is not given due attention. The novelty of the research lies in the identification, analysis and generalization of the features of community interpreting, as well as in the study of the specifics of community interpreting at the present stage as a necessary component of the communicative environment of modern society. Distinctive features of communal translation are its versatility, wide coverage of various aspects of life, which lead to the use of a variety of terminology, different types of discourses and speech styles, the presence of slang, dialects, and abbreviations of different subjects. The specialists, who carry out this type of translation, must possess socio-cultural competence along with language and speech knowledge and skills.

The inverse frequency effect

Abstract Rare syntactic constructions show an especially strong tendency to be repeated, but some rare constructions exhibit this tendency much more strongly than others. The reasons for this variation are not well understood. This exploratory study examines five rare noun-phrase (NP) expansions in English: <the A> (the rich), <a Nprop Nprop> (a Bob Gates), <Nsing Nprop Nprop> (architect Julia Morgan), <D Npl Nsing> (the jobs data), and <Nsing A Nsing> (home electronic equipment). Repetition tendencies are very strong in the first and second of these and somewhat strong in the third; in the fourth and fifth they are much weaker, only slightly higher than those of common NP expansions such as <D A Nsing> (the black dog). To explain this variation, we suggest that constructions may be associated with different types of discourse: constructions with high repetition tendencies tend to occur in persuasive rather than informative discourse.

Artistic interpretation of real traumatic events in Maria Ogneva’s play “Following the White Rabbit”

The article considers the documentary and fictional components of M. Ogneva’s play “Following the White Rabbit”, which raises the theme of the trauma experienced in the past. The play is based on real events related to the violent death of two teenage girls. In this play, the tragic event is taken out of the storyline and the attention is focused on the understanding of the tragedy by a female friend and the mothers of the girls. The article studies the techniques used by the author to create the fictional world of the play: allegory, allusion, a combination of real and fantasy elements, division and montage, work with documentary materials of a judicial practice, the “verbatim” technique, different types of discourse and different “points of view” to describe one and the same event. As a result of the analysis, we conclude that the strategy used by the author is comparable to a fairy tale therapy (the method of psycho-correctional work): the therapeutic effect is achieved by pronouncing the traumatic experience in the presence of the audience, by the characters’ searches for various options for getting out of the spiritual crisis, by launching the process of continuous moral and ethical self-identification at the viewer’s level, i.e. by correlating the characters’ experience with their own destiny.

Types and functions of precedent names in English-language cinematic discourse

The subject of this study is precedent names in the English-language cinematic discourse. The focus is placed on determining the functional potential of precedent names in this type of discourse. In this work, precedent names are considered as a kind of precedent phenomena: names of personalities, events and works of fiction. The study of precedent names has significance within the framework of cultural linguistics, cognitive science and intertextuality theory, as precedent names contain information about important cultural and historical phenomena, give insights into the mechanism of metaphorization, and serve to create intertextual connections. The frequency of their use in different types of discourse, especially in cinematic discourse, is steadily increasing, which explains the relevance of research in this field. Using the methods of discourse analysis, functional-semantic analysis, inductive analysis and continuous sampling, we examine the types of precedent names, source spheres and the functions that these lexical units perform in cinematic discourse. Such analysis makes it possible to establish the cultural significance of personalities, events, and other phenomena, as well as their reflection in such a mass art form as cinematography. Due to its mass appeal and depiction of various social groups, cinematic discourse is of particular interest within the framework of sociolinguistics in regard to such culturally significant units as precedent names. The analysis of the functions of precedent names allows one to establish their role in cinematic discourse, their artistic value, semantic potential and cultural significance. The analysis revealed which types of precedent names are most frequently used in the English-language cinematic discourse (anthroponyms and names of works of art); identified productive sources of precedent names (the sphere of art and the social sphere); and introduced a list of characteristic functions that precedent names perform in cinematic discourse (among which ludic and evaluative functions are especially prominent).

Review of the Monograph “Linguistic Transformation of Reality” by V.I. Karasik

The monograph discusses the issues of lingua-semiotics, linguaculturology, axiological linguistics and discourse studies. The characteristics of linguistic and cultural concepts, dramatic plots and types of discourse on the material of the Russian, English and German languages are considered. The monograph consists of three sections: “Conceptual Functionality of Language”, “Narrative Functionality of Language” and “Discourse Functionality of Language”. The basic parametric concepts of space and time (infinity and eternity), regulatory concepts of behavior (power, perseverance and stubbornness, style and reputation), the concept of the mastered world (house, garden, merry-go-round) and natural phenomena (fire and ice) are described. As illustrative material, the plots “journey into the past”, “flight into space”, “eternal youth”, “meeting or joint adventures of twins” are considered. When describing the discourse potential of language, the modes of self-expression in communication, the illogical varieties of world perception in different types of discourse (participation), the peculiarities of mystification, discourse accuracy and inaccuracy, the unification of different types of discourse in a speech act (discourse convergence) are shown. It is meant for philologists and a wide range of researchers developing the foundations of the integral science of man.

Культурное знание как концептуальное основание речевого жанра религиозного наставления (на материале медиадискурса)

In the modern media environment covering all fields of human endeavour different types of discourse, religious ones with their genres as well, get representation. The speech genre of religious instruction seems to be most widely spread. The genre under discussion is viewed as a part of the primary genre in the religious discourse – preaching which is presupposed to interpret principles of practical usage of religious postulates and rules. In the Internet this genre acquires new characteristics, studying of which is seems relevant due to the researchers’ interest to media communication issues as well as to the society’s growing attention to religion in general. The present research is aimed at studying the ways of actualizing the speech genre of religious instruction, its cultural-conceptual bases, the genre being introduced in Internet publications at the biggest Orthodox websites. The interpretative and notional analysis, the conceptual analysis of discourse and the cultural-semiotic analysis of media texts have been applied as the research methods. The authors have defined cultural knowledge units which realize the main affective function of the speech genre of religious instruction. The cultural meanings and concepts are believed to be key knowledge phenomena organizing the semantic concept of the speech genre of religious instruction. The cultural dominant of the conceptual genre basis is the Holy Scripture text. The components of cultural knowledge are objectified by illustrations of the ways of behavior, appealing to the authority figures’ opinion and biblical texts’ quotations.

БИБЛЕЙСКАЯ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ

The multifaceted nature of the study of biblical phraseology today is due, on the one hand, to the ambiguity and insufficient study of biblical phraseological units, on the other hand, to their active use and frequent reproducibility in different types of discourse. Moreover, their study requires the involvement of several approaches, such as structural-semantic, linguocognitive and cognitive-discursive, linguocultural, and finally, functional. In this respect, the relevance of the presented problem is beyond any doubt. Designating the study of functional specificity of the phraseological units of biblical etymology, presented in the contexts of political communication as the aim of this study, we offer a comprehensive coverage of issues related to the specifics of communication in the political sphere, in particular the analysis of approaches to the definition of the notion of publicistic discourse, its key characteristics and ingredient features, consideration of the functioning of phraseological units of biblical origin and their usual and occasional variants. The methodology of this study is determined by the purpose and scientific hypothesis, which implies the identification of a representative corpus of examples of political discourse contexts, containing biblical phraseological units, performing the leading persuasive function. The research methods are as follows: the method of phraseological identification and phraseological description proposed by prof. A.V. Kunin, the contextual method, the method of lexico-semantic analysis, the search corpus method. The results of the research allow concluding the following: biblical phraseological units are a separate microsystem, biblical phraseological units are actively used in oral and written speech of native speakers in different types of discourse due to their polyfunctionality and variability, in political discourse biblical phraseological units are used in the function of persuasion. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a systematic study of biblical phraseology in English and Russian on the example of their functioning in the texts of political discourse. The currently available works are few and sporadic. The practical significance of the study is determined by the possibility of using the data obtained in the classroom as part of the disciplines Fundamentals of First Foreign Language Theory, English Language Stylistics, special course English Language Phraseology.

Crisis Communication during COVID-19: English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish Discourse of AstraZeneca Vaccine and Omicron Variant on Social Media.

Social media have been the arena of different types of discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aim to characterize public discourse during health crises in different international communities. Using Tweetpy and keywords related to the research, we collected 3,748,302 posts from the English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish Twitter communities related to two crises during the pandemic: (a) the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, and (b) the Omicron variant. In relation to AstraZeneca, 'blood clot' was the main focus of public discourse. Using quantitative classifications and natural language processing algorithms, results are obtained for each language. The English and French discourse focused more on "death", and the most negative sentiment was generated by the French community. The Portuguese discourse was the only one to make a direct reference to a politician, the former Brazilian President Bolsonaro. In the Omicron crisis, the public discourse mainly focused on infection cases follow-up and the number of deaths, showing a closer public discourse to the actual risk. The public discourse during health crises might lead to different behaviours. While public discourse on AstraZeneca might contribute as a barrier for preventive measures by increasing vaccine hesitancy, the Omicron discourse could lead to more preventive behaviours by the public, such as the use of masks. This paper broadens the scope of crisis communication by revealing social media's role in the constructs of public discourse.

Analyzing Language in the Picnic Scene Picture and in Conversation: The Type of Discourse Sample We Choose Influences Findings in People With Aphasia.

People with aphasia express that improved conversational discourse is a primary rehabilitation goal. Discourse is usually assessed using monologue, such as a picture description task, but research shows that language in monologue varies from language in everyday conversation. Consequently, we investigated the relationship of language in unstructured conversation and in the picnic scene picture because it is a part of the most often used aphasia battery (Western Aphasia Battery-Revised) and thus is frequently used to inform therapy. Second, because previous research suggests people with severe aphasia may not demonstrate language production variability between types of monologue-level discourse, we evaluated the relationship of severity and the difference in scores between conversation and the picnic scene task. Thirty-four people with mild-to-severe aphasia described the picnic scene and provided a conversation sample. We measured language production and communicative success using seven measures with established psychometrics in conversation/monologue. We conducted correlations to answer the research questions. Correlations were moderate and weaker for the measures in the two conditions. A strong negative relationship was demonstrated between aphasia severity and global coherence. All other relationships were moderate and weaker for the remaining measures when correlated with aphasia severity (also negative). Results are consistent with other studies indicating that language varies in different types of discourse. We conclude that for accurate, meaningful assessment, discourse sampling needs to include the specific type of discourse the individual wishes to address in therapy, because discourse samples and their findings are not interchangeable.