This paper describes the use of wavenumber filtering for damage detection with a signal-frequency standing wave excitation on composite structures. Using a single, fixed frequency excitation from a mounted piezoelectric transducer, the full steady-state wavefield could be obtained using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer with a mirror-tilting device. After completing the scanning, a wavenumber filtering is applied to determine dominant wavenumber components of the measured wavefield, which could be used for indicative of structural damage. Mapping processes based on local wavenumber filtering is then carried out for damaged area visualization. Also introduced are the comparison of two methods for damage identification and visualization: the local wavenumber mapping and acoustic wavenumber spectroscopy. To demonstrate the proposed techniques, several experiments are performed on composite structures with different types of damage, including debonding and delamination on composite plates. The results demonstrate that the techniques are very effective in localizing damage with the potential for the quick inspection of a variety of composite structural components.