Different Types Of Countries Research Articles

Moving towards technological sovereignty: a new global trend and the Russian specifics

This paper investigates the global trend of the early 2020s, characterized by securitization of industrial strategies and the course towards technological self-sufficiency/sovereignty (the TS course) in both developed and developing countries, accompanied by geopolitical fragmentation of the world economy. We first identify typical features of the process of securitization of industrial policy in the context of its historical models’ evolution, then consider parameters of the TS course, including motives, objectives, tools, and risks, in Western nations (EU and USA) and in leading BRICS members (China, India, Brazil). It is shown that Western countries strive for product and technological independence from China while aiming for global leadership in the field of semiconductor (USA) or green (EU) technologies. Conversely, China aims for a central role in the global economy, prioritizing technological independence from the West. In India and Brazil, the TS course is shaped by structural economic challenges and the risks of growth slowdown. Against this background, we proceed to examine Russia’s TS course, analyzing its rationale, design of TS projects, as well as limitations and risks posed by sanctions. Then we highlight distinctions between Russia’s TS course and its foreign analogues, as well as reveal risks of Russia’s increasing technological dependence on China. The conclusion suggests that achieving TS, driven by security imperatives, may present a more formidable challenge than anticipated by governments across different types of countries.

Public debt from the viewpoint of national security and sovereignty

The paper examines public debt from the viewpoint of national security and sovereignty. The current situation with public debts in different types of countries is revealed. The risks, challenges and threats in the public debt sphere are presented. Different forms of public borrowings, such as loans from international organizations and banks, issuance of the securities on the domestic and international markets were analyzed. It was shown, that the international credits are characterized by the conditionality. In the case of borrowing on the open market using securities, the debtor depends on the current market conditions and can face significant deterioration of the situation. It was proved, that no form of borrowing is free from potential problems. The suggested classification of risks, challenges and threats can be useful for the efficiency of the public debt management.

Intellectual capital and bank’s performance: a cross-national approach

PurposeThis study aims to identify the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on the bank’s performance using a cross-country approach with India and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries using the Skandia navigator model (SNM).Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a mixed-methods research approach by taking financial and non-financial measures to assess the impact of the IC on the bank’s performance using the SNM. The study implies an analysis of the data from the top ten banks in India and twenty banks in GCC countries. The selection was done based on the volume of the bank’s business for three years (2019–2020, 2020–2021 and 2021–2022).FindingsThe research has three main findings: there is a positive impact of IC on the bank’s performance; amongst the factors of SNM, there is a direct impact of human capital and customer focus on the performance of the selected banks in both India and GCC countries; and the other factors of SNM such as structural capital and process focus, renewal and development focus also affect the selected banks.Research limitations/implicationsThe outcomes of the research may be useful for policymakers in India and GCC countries, as it identifies IC components that have a significant impact on the bank’s performance. This might enable them to develop policies that foster such factors, which, consequently, will improve the performance of the banks in the selected countries.Originality/valueThis study is an attempt to fill the gap in the existing literature on IC and bank’s performance for two different types of countries using the SNM.

Gas Prices and Oil Prices under the Russia-Ukraine War Regression Analysis of Inflation

In the context of the Russia-Ukraine war, this paper analyzes the impact of the changes of oil prices and natural gas prices on the core inflation rate, inflation rate, CPI and other factors in different types of countries. This paper argues that the changes in oil and gas prices caused by the Russia-Ukraine war have a significant impact on the inflation of developed countries, while the impact on the core inflation rate and CPI is not significant.

Economic growth and deviations from the equilibrium exchange rate

This paper investigates the heterogeneous relationship between per capita economic growth rate and the deviations from the equilibrium exchange rate, as different types of countries might exhibit different dynamics, and macro variables cannot easily capture region-specific heterogeneity. Using annual data for 103 countries during the 1996–2016 period and applying the novel grouped fixed effects estimator developed by Bonhomme and Manresa (2015), the empirical analysis presented in this paper indicates that such relationship varies across groups of countries, endogenously identifying six groups with different time patterns and a different estimated impact (ranging from −0.0643 to −0.0014). Overall, our findings imply that deviations from the equilibrium exchange rate reduce the pace of real economic growth, regardless of income category, documenting that the effects are most pronounced for advanced economies, followed by low income developing countries and, finally, for emerging economies Our results also suggest that fixed and intermediate exchange rate regimes severely slow down economic growth.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Topological Evolution of the Global Crude Oil Trade Network

The high separation of crude oil supply and demand markets has led to the formation of a global crude oil trading system. This paper constructs global crude oil trade networks, integrates macro, meso, and micro network analysis methods, combines geospatial visualization techniques, and then portrays the spatiotemporal patterns and topological evolution of the global crude oil trade networks. Thus, it attempts to dig deeper into the world crude oil competition and cooperation links and evolution laws and provides a scientific reference for a comprehensive understanding of the global crude oil market dynamics. The results show that: (1) After three fluctuations of increase and decrease since 2000, the global crude oil trade volume is entering the adjustment period, and the scale of the crude oil market is rising slowly. (2) The international crude oil trade has formed trade network patterns with complex structures, clear hierarchy and unbalanced distribution. The “rich club” phenomenon is significant, with large trading countries dominating the trade network. (3) The scale and density of the global crude oil trade network show a trend of increasing and then decreasing, the network agglomeration pattern becoming more obvious, the inter-nodal links continuously strengthening, and the network connectivity improving. (4) The global crude oil trade networks are characterized by core–periphery structures, and the polarization effect is significant. The US, Russia, China, Japan, the Netherlands, and South Korea hold the core positions in the crude oil trade network, and the major importing countries have become the dominant forces in the trade network. In addition, we present policy suggestions for different types of countries for energy transformation and security in the global trade market system, which can be used as a reference for policymakers.

Rescuing the Paris Agreement: Improving the Global Experimentalist Governance by Reclassifying Countries

The Paris Agreement design follows the Global Experimental Governance mode, which once achieved success in ozone protection. However, the implementation of the Paris Agreement encountered difficulties, as it inherited the traditional dichotomy country classification established at the 1992 Rio Summit. Still, over time, the capability and motivation in Annex I and non-Annex I countries developed so differently that incentive and constraint policies do not encourage more ambitious mitigation commitments using the previous classification. For this reason, according to a country’s capability and motivation, this research divided these countries into four categories: Leader, Reserve Force, Waverer, and Obscurity, and proposed a potential climate action roadmap for different types of countries to mobilize their internal forces by dynamically classifying a country’s character and to improve overall global climate governance.

A Perception and Judgement of Contributing Factors for Allocating Urban Residential Land: A Systematic Review and Statistical Analysis

With the intensification of the contradiction between living space and population growth, it is necessary to improve the effectiveness of urban residential land allocation. This study systematically reviews 169 papers following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol to collect and collate the contributing factors that affecting the supply of and demand for urban residential land for different countries, and a statistical analysis of long-term series data is conducted to further verify the rationality of the contributing factors. Based on systematic literature review and empirical analysis, the contributing factor set is constructed to serve the decision-making of residential land allocation. The main findings indicate that the population, house price, income, rent, mortgage loan, investment, the number of affordable houses, GDP, employment, housing stock and migration are the general contributing factors that significantly affect allocation of urban residential land. A systematic understanding of general contributing factors will help decision-makers more intuitively realize the urgent problems of urban residential land supply. Moreover, there are some specific contributing factors influencing the allocation of urban residential land in different types of countries, and the identification of specific contributing factors provides different perspectives on residential land allocation for the differentiated global development status. The contribution of this study is to assist decision-makers formulate more rational residential land allocation strategies by systematically sorting out the contributing factors influencing residential land allocation.

Impact of Asteroid Mining on Global Equity Based on Two-Level Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model

With the development of outer space exploration and development technology, people began to consider the possibility of asteroid mining. However, due to the imbalance of power among countries in the world, this will have a huge impact on global equity. To study the impact of asteroid mining on global equity, first, I built a two-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, selected 14 indicators, and determined the weight of 6 first level indicators using the analytic hierarchy process. Then, I determined the weight of 8 second level indicators using the objective entropy weight method and calculated the membership of each type of country. Then we use time series analysis to predict the degree of membership of different types of countries in the next few years. So as to draw the impact of different indicators on global equity, so as to promote global equity and make asteroid mining truly benefit all mankind.

Drivers of global carbon emission changes: A heterogeneity perspective of decomposition and attribution analysis

Due to the differences in economic development, resource endowment, and historical accumulation, different types of countries have significant technical heterogeneity in carbon emissions. Identifying the driving factors of carbon emission changes, under the premise of distinguishing national heterogeneity, can provide a basis for the formulation of the “Differentiated Responsibilities” emission reduction policies. Therefore, this study introduces the idea of Meta-frontier into the traditional production-theoretical decomposition analysis, and constructs a new influencing factor analysis framework. Based on the newly built method, the empirical study of 60 representative countries draws the following three meaningful conclusion: 1) Different types of countries have obvious heterogeneity in technology, efficiency and change trend of energy use. Specifically, countries with higher energy intensity values generally have a quicker decline rate than those with lower energy intensity values. There exists “catch-up” effects for the backward to the advanced countries. 2) Decomposition results show that potential energy intensity (PEI) is the dominant factor reducing carbon emissions, especially for those large economic output with large energy consumption (Group-L) countries (0.604). Economic activity effect (ECA) is the most significant driving force for countries with small economic output and small energy consumption (Group-S), reaching 1.806. Meanwhile, the attribution results showed different characteristics in different groups of countries. The impact of various factors that reflect the heterogeneity of production process on carbon emissions mainly comes from the contribution of Group-L. 3) We suggest that, in the process of carbon reduction, large energy consumption countries should pay more attention to the gap between the development and speed of the world’s cutting-edge technologies.

How Does Energy Consumption and Economic Development Affect Carbon Emissions? A Multi-Process Decomposition Framework

Against the background that climate warming has become a global challenge, exploring the factors that drive carbon emissions change is important to achieve emission reduction targets. Because of the differences in economic development, resource endowment, and historical accumulation, different countries generally have significant technological heterogeneity in the carbon generation process. Therefore, the heterogeneity-related factors should also be understood, which can help policy making and responsibility attribution more accurate. As such, this study developed a meta-frontier-based production–theoretical decomposition analysis method to track the progress of carbon emission change in 42 countries during 2012–2019 with production heterogeneity between the countries taken into account. The empirical study draws the following three meaningful conclusions: firstly, the carbon emission process of different countries has clear technological heterogeneity, mainly reflected in aspects of their energy-use efficiency and energy-use technology. Secondly, the decomposition analysis results showed that the potential energy intensity effect and the economic activity effect played the dominant role in driving and reducing carbon emissions, respectively. Additionally, this conclusion is right for all types of countries. Thirdly, the attribution analysis showed that different types of countries have significantly different contributions to the influencing factors of carbon emission changes, among which countries with large energy consumption and large economies need to take more responsibility for emission reduction.

Energy Communities Implementation in the European Union: Case Studies from Pioneer and Laggard Countries

Energy communities are a promising strategy for a global energy transition. European Union (EU) regulatory frameworks are already established and clearly explained, aiming to develop as many projects as possible in the different European countries. Accordingly, it is necessary to present two different types of countries: the laggards and the pioneers, two categories that highlight the discrepancies in policy, bureaucracy, culture, and usage of alternative sources and technologies, such as renewable energy, towards the implementation of energy communities. This work compares two representative case studies to qualitatively understand the differences between laggard and pioneer countries: Italy and the Netherlands, respectively. The regulatory framework and the solid points/shortcomings of each country are explained first. Thereafter, an accurate description of the two selected case study communities and their different peculiarities is provided. Finally, the main similarities and differences are stressed to discuss the lessons to be learned in laggard and pioneer countries. Five pillars for the development and uptake of energy communities are identified related to regulations, economic benefits, technical limitations, sustainability, and social awareness. These outcomes suggest the importance of policy management, and stress the limitations of governance in helping policymakers and experts to support the energy transition.

The Impact of Stock Market Development and Credit Market Development on Technological Innovation: An Empirical Study Based on Cross-Country Panel Data

Technological innovation is crucial to economic growth and social transformation. In the process of technological innovation, financial capital is indispensable. Accordingly, a country's stock market and credit market are extremely important in giving impetus to technological innovation. Thus, we construct a panel data model with interactive fixed effects to study the impact of stock market development and credit market development on technological innovation in countries at different levels of economic development. Results indicate that, whether for developed or developing and emerging market countries, the development of the stock market has a significant positive influence on national technological innovation (NTI), and the impact of the development of the credit market on innovation of different types of countries is quite different. In addition, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow can increase the positive impact of stock market development on NTI, but this impact is not significant for the sample of developed countries.

Carbon leakage and low-carbon performance: Heterogeneity of responsibility perspectives

As one of the research hotspots in the field of environmental economy, many scholars focus on evaluating low-carbon performance of multiple regions, but almost all of them ignore the impact of carbon leakage. To fill the gap, this paper proposed a new evaluation framework to incorporate carbon leakage by combining the multi-regional input-output table (MRIO), the non-radial directional distance function (NDDF) and the meta-frontier approach. Following the framework, we analyze the performance of 42 countries under three typical carbon responsibility principles, including their low-carbon efficiency and rankings, technology gaps, and emission reduction potential respectively. The main findings are as follows: 1) The carbon leakage and transfer significantly influenced the country's low-carbon performance, mainly by improving the performance level, widening the technology gap, and overestimating the reduction potential, but not affecting the overall ranking structure. 2) Different evaluation method based on heterogenous perspectives can provide complementary information about countries' low-carbon performance. 3) The consumer and equally shared perspectives should gain more attention on the pathway to a cleaner world economy. Synthesizing the results under different perspectives, this paper proposes policy recommendations for different types of countries to promote local low-carbon development.

Analysis of international nickel flow based on the industrial chain

Nickel is one of six key metals needed for the global low-carbon energy transition. In recent years, with the rapid rise of the new energy vehicle industry, the imbalance between the global nickel resource supply and demand has become increasingly obvious. The intensification of the contradiction between supply and demand can easily lead to security concerns regarding the supply of resources, and supply shortages will endanger the healthy and orderly development of the whole industrial chain. Understanding the trade structure characteristics of the industrial chain and the correlation between adjacent layers can provide a certain reference for decision makers to prevent supply risks. Hence, based on the trade data related to the nickel industry chain, combined with complex network theory and the material flow analysis method, the multi-layer trade network of the nickel industry chain is constructed. Through the analysis of network characteristics, it is found that global competition for intermediate nickel products is fiercest. Under the influence of two driving factors, the core trading countries in each layer show two different export patterns. In addition, China's nickel industry chain development is the most vulnerable in the world. At the same time, the further down the nickel chain, the stronger the correlation between adjacent layers are, and the integrity of a national industrial chain can provide a certain reference for preventing supply risks. Finally, corresponding policy suggestions are provided for different types of countries participating in the nickel resource trade.

The effects of macroprudential policies on credit growth

In this paper, we assess the effectiveness of macroprudential policies in controlling short- and long-term credit growth. Using a sample of 414 banks located in 61 countries, we document that macroprudential policies manifest a stabilizing effect in the short run, reducing credit growth, with borrower-targeted macroprudential policies being the most effective in taming credit developments. However, in the long-term tight macroprudential policies enhance credit growth. In this case, country-level analysis shows that financial institution-targeted macroprudential policy is more effective than the instruments that target borrowers, whereas at the bank-level the opposite is true. In addition, using a difference-in-difference approach, we emphasize that there is heterogeneity in the relationship among macroprudential policy and credit growth across different types of countries, banking systems, policy regimes and banks. Our findings stress the importance of macroprudential instruments in limiting excessive lending, most notably borrower-based tools.

Key global climate governance problems and Chinese countermeasures

Presently, the full implementation of the negotiations and collaborations under the Paris Agreement faces new key problems and severe challenges. These problems and challenges include the following: how to honor the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” to facilitate a comprehensive, balanced, and effective implementation of the key elements of the Paris Agreement, such as adaptation, mitigation, finance, technology, capacity building, and transparency; how to uphold and maintain the status of China and other emerging countries as developing countries in light of the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the historical responsibilities of these countries; and how to assess the goal of limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5°C and what constitutes an equitable carbon mitigation pathway for different types of countries. Developed countries and developing countries have drastically diverging views on carbon border adjustment measures for trade with developing countries proposed by several developed countries such as the European Union. Developed countries have demonstrated obvious intentions and actions designed to weaken and neglect the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”, to impose mitigation pressure on developing countries, to shift the responsibilities for emissions onto others, and to pass on the costs of mitigation. The maneuvering among different types of countries and interest groups has become increasingly intense. In response, China must maintain its strategic focus, adhere to the goals and principles established by the Paris Agreement, stick to its strategic positioning as a developing country, solidify strategic support from the developing world, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries. China played a conducive role in facilitating the Paris Agreement and has become an active participant, contributor, and leader in global climate governance. China must continue to follow Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and its conception of ecological civilization and the concept of building a community of common destiny, to actively lead the cooperation process in the construction of a global climate governance system characterized by equity, justice, and win–win collaborations, and to promote compliance with the Paris Agreement. At the same time, China should accelerate the green, low-carbon, circular transformation of its economy; accelerate the coordinated governance of the economy, environment, and climate change; and formulate and implement a long-term low-carbon development strategy. By the middle of the 21st century, while achieving the goal of building a great modern socialist country, China can also achieve a deep decarbonization development path that is in line with the goal of limiting the global temperature increase to well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.

The rise and fall of countries on world trade web: A network perspective

World Trade Web is the backbone of the global economy system. Identifying influential countries and regions in such a network and revealing their importance evolution over time are helpful for understanding global economic development. Here, we collect the worldwide trade data in commodities of 232 countries and regions from 1996 to 2015 from the UN Comtrade Database, based on which a series of weighted world trade networks are constructed. Since the networks are almost fully connected, most of the existing methods may fail in identifying the important nodes. To tackle this issue, we apply the generalized Degree, [Formula: see text]-index and Coreness (DHC) theorem to the constructed networks and use weighted degree and coreness to quantify nodes’ importance, since they can make full use of the weight information to accurately evaluate nodes’ significance. Then, we analyze the rankings of countries and regions measured by various indicators, whose differences and advantages are also compared. We further present the evolution of countries’ significance over time, two typical groups of countries. The results show that the influence of a country or region has a strong correlation with its economic scale, but a relatively weak correlation with the diversity of its trade structure. Finally, based on the findings, we put forward corresponding strategies to enhance the trade influence for different types of countries.

Asymmetric volatility spillover between oil-importing and oil-exporting countries' economic policy uncertainty and China's energy sector

While the relationship between economic policy uncertainty(EPU) and energy market is of great interest to economist, previous research dose not differentiate the effect from oil-importing countries to oil-exporting countries' EPU on the a country's energy sector. In this paper, we address this issue by testing the effect of importer and exporter's EPU on the largest oil-importing country, China, as oil-importing affected greatly by the economic policy. TVP-FAVAR model is applied to obtain the factors and time-varying coefficients of 21 countries' EPU monthly indexes and energy stock realized volatility. We find that the Chinese energy sector's stock volatility is positively related to EPU shocks and that bad volatility has a stronger impact than good volatility. Second, the volatility spillover from oil-exporting countries' EPU on the Chinese energy sector is stronger than that from oil-importing countries' EPU, with a stronger effect for bad volatility than for good volatility. Finally, The bad volatility spillover and spillover asymmetry is stronger during the crisis periods, such as the debt crisis, energy contention, oil price turbulence, or limited production agreement, both symmetric and asymmetric spillovers increase. Our findings have potentially important implications for the regulators and investors on Chinese oil market with different types of countries' EPU.

The COVID-19 crisis deepens the gulf between leaders and laggards in the global energy transition

In this article, we review the main impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global energy sector and evaluate the implications of related policy responses on prospects for a transition to a climate-friendly energy system. In doing so, we differentiate between different types of countries and different dimensions of energy supply. Firstly, we assess the impacts on leaders and laggards in the transformation of the power sector, in terms of renewable power deployment and the phase-out of coal-fired power generation. Secondly, we consider impacts of the crisis on major exporters of oil and gas resources, focusing on a selection of G20 countries. We find that the impact of the COVID-19 crisis and related policy responses vary across different types of countries but also within large countries, such as the US and China. We conclude that the COVID-19 crisis deepens the gulf between leaders and laggards of the global energy transition and will exacerbate existing imbalances in an uneven energy transition landscape. This threatens the achievement of international climate targets and points to the need for concerted international action aimed at the phase-out of fossil energy resources.