Different Types Of Containers Research Articles

A successive boundary element model for investigation of sloshing frequencies in axisymmetric multi baffled containers

This study presents a developed successive Boundary Element Method to determine the symmetric and antisymmetric sloshing natural frequencies and mode shapes for multi baffled axisymmetric containers with arbitrary geometries. The developed fluid model is based on the Laplace equation and Green's theorem. The governing equations of fluid dynamic and free surface boundary condition are also applied to proposed model. A zoning method is presented to model arbitrary arrangement of baffles in multi baffled axisymmetric tanks. The influence of each zone on neighboring zones is applied by introducing interface influence matrix which correlates the velocity potential of interfaces to their flux. By discretizing the flow boundaries, the integral equation governed on the boundary is formulated into a general matrix eigenvalue problem. The proposed method has a considerable effect on decreasing computational cost and a good accuracy in determining the sloshing natural frequencies. The obtained results for different types of container based on the application of the presented study are validated in comparison with the literature and very good agreement is achieved. Finally, the effect of baffle parameters on the sloshing natural frequencies was investigated and some conclusions are outlined.

Production of cocona and jurubeba seedlings in different types of containers

The effect of different containers was evaluated to produce cocona seedlings (Solanum sessiliflorum) and jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum). The experiment was performed in the mesoregion of Alto Solimões, in Benjamin Constant, Amazonas state, Brazil, in a particular production area. The seeding was done in black holed polyethylene bags and polystyrene trays with 128, 200 and 288 cells with volumes of 250.00; 32.61; 21.60 and 9.88 cm³, respectively. We adopted a completely randomized design with four containers, four replicates, being assessed five plants per replicate. The seedlings of cocona were evaluated at 27, 38, 45 and 52 days after sowing (DAS) and of jurubeba at 38, 45, 52, 59 and 66 DAS. We evaluated the number of leaves; length of the main root, the aerial and total parts of the plant, fresh and dry matter of the main root, fresh and dry matter of the aerial part. There was no difference on the number of leaves of jurubeba at 45 and 66 DAS; there was no difference on the number of leaves of cocona at 52 DAS; there occurred a greater number of leaves of cocona when seeded on trays containing 200 cells; The other characteristics for both species presented higher values when the seeding was done in the plastic bags, at all evaluation dates.

Mosquito-Producing Containers, Spatial Distribution, and Relationship between Aedes aegypti Population Indices on the Southern Boundary of its Distribution in South America (Salto, Uruguay)

A study was conducted in the city of Salto, Uruguay, to identify mosquito-producing containers, the spatial distribution of mosquitoes and the relationship between the different population indices of Aedes aegypti. On each of 312 premises visited, water-filled containers and immature Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were identified. The containers were counted and classified into six categories. Pupae per person and Stegomyia indices were calculated. Pupae per person were represented spatially. The number of each type of container and number of mosquitoes in each were analyzed and compared, and their spatial distribution was analyzed. No significant differences in the number of the different types of containers with mosquitoes or in the number of mosquitoes in each were found. The distribution of the containers with mosquito was random and the distribution of mosquitoes by type of container was aggregated or highly aggregated.

Quantifying capital goods for collection and transport of waste

The capital goods for collection and transport of waste were quantified for different types of containers (plastic containers, cubes and steel containers) and an 18-tonnes compacting collection truck. The data were collected from producers and vendors of the bins and the truck. The service lifetime and the capacity of the goods were also assessed. Environmental impact assessment of the production of the capital goods revealed that, per tonne of waste handled, the truck had the largest contribution followed by the steel container. Large high density polyethylene (HDPE) containers had the lowest impact per tonne of waste handled. The impact of producing the capital goods for waste collection and transport cannot be neglected as the capital goods dominate (>85%) the categories human-toxicity (non-cancer and cancer), ecotoxicity, resource depletion and aquatic eutrophication, but also play a role (>13%) within the other impact categories when compared with the impacts from combustion of fuels for the collection and transport of the waste, when a transport distance of 25 km was assumed.

Application of NIR spectroscopy for the quality control of mangosteen pericarp powder: quantitative analysis of alpha-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp powder and capsule

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was applied to the quantitative analysis of the concentration of alpha-mangostin (aM) in mangosteen pericarp powder (MP). The predicted results from the partial least squares chemometric method of various pretreatment data were compared to obtain the best calibration model. Two different types of containers (transparent capsules and glass vials) filled with the same samples were measured. For MP mixture in vials, the calibration model involving nine principal components (PC) could predict the amount of aM most accurately based on non-pretreatment spectral data. For MP mixture in capsules, the calibration model involving nine PC could predict the amount of aM most accurately based on first-derivative pretreatment spectra. The relationships of the calibration models for both samples had sufficiently linear plots. The standard error of cross-validation for the MP mixture in vials was lower and the R(2) values of validation were higher compared to the MP mixture in capsules. The equation for prediction of the concentration of aM in MP mixtures in vials is y = 0.9775x + 0.0425 with R(2) = 0.9950 and for those in capsules is y = 1.0264x + 0.0126 with R(2) = 0.9898. Both validation results indicated that the concentrations of aM in MP mixtures were predicted with sufficient accuracy and repeatability. NIR can be a useful tool for the quality control of herbal medicine in powder form without any sample preparation. The type and the shape of the container should be considered to obtain more accurate data.

A multi-objective decision-making model to select waste electrical and electronic equipment transportation media

Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) materials possess considerable economic value, together with potential toxicity. The rapidly increasing sales of EEE worldwide, constitutes the rational management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) a matter of critical importance, both in economic and environmental terms. Taking into account that reverse logistics is one of the most important parameters in the management of waste equipment, it is particularly important for the manufacturers to control relevant cost in order to be market competitive. One of the most critical decisions regarding reverse logistics costs is the type of carrier to be used. To this end, this paper presents a multicriteria optimisation model for multi-type carriers of WEEE, based on multiple objective linear programming (MOLP). The main goal of a MOLP model is the weighted optimisation of different objectives. In our case, the proposed MOLP approach minimises total logistics costs, consumption of fossil fuel and production of emissions due to transportation of WEEE with the use of different types of containers. The model embodies existing infrastructure in collection points and recycling facilities and targets towards optimisation of the reverse logistics network for a single planning period by taking into account both economic and environmental aspects of the problem under study.

The first report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Haiti

Aedes albopictus was found in six of the 10 departments of Haiti and in 14 of the 35 communes surveyed. The survey found the larvae of Ae. albopictus in 13 different types of containers. Used tires and tins were by far the most common breeding sites used by this mosquito species. At the breeding sites, Ae. albopictus was associated with other mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti, Culex nigripalpus and Aedes mediovittatus. The highest proportion of association was with Ae. aegypti. This study represents the first report of Ae. albopictus in Haiti.

Qualidade de mudas de berinjela submetida a diferentes métodos de produção

Produzir mudas de berinjela com boa qualidade é essencial para obter um sistema de cultivo uniforme e produtivo. Estas podem ser formadas em substratos orgânicos e minerais, ou misturas destes. Desta forma o presente trabalho avaliou a vermiculita e manivas de mandioca triturada, puras e em misturas, na formação de mudas de berinjela, em dois tipos de ambientes e dois recipientes. Utilizou-se o viveiro agrícola telado em monofilamento, malha com 50% de sombreamento e a estufa agrícola em arco, coberta com filme polietileno, com fechamentos de tela de monofilamento, malha para 50% de sombreamento. Em cada ambiente foram testadas as bandejas de poliestireno de 72 e 128, preenchidas com "0% vermiculita e 100% ramas", "20% vermiculita e 80% ramas", "40% vermiculita e 60% ramas", "60% vermiculita e 40% ramas", "80% vermiculita e 20% ramas" e "100% de vermiculita e 0% ramas". O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial de parcelas sub-subdivididas (2 ambientes x 2 recipientes x 6 substratos), totalizando 24 tratamentos. A tela de monofilamento é o melhor ambiente de cultivo quando se utiliza a bandeja de 72 células, e para a bandeja de 128 células a estufa agrícola propicia melhores condições. O melhor recipiente para formação de mudas de berinjela é a bandeja de 72 células. As composições medianas de vermiculita e ramas de mandioca, entre 40 e 60%, formam o melhor substrato para as mudas de berinjela. O índice de qualidade de Dickson é um bom indicador do padrão de qualidade de mudas de berinjela.

Scientific Opinion on Composting on‐farm of dead poultry

EFSA’s Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked for a scientific opinion on two alternative methods for processing Category (Cat) 2 Animal By-Products (ABP). The material to be treated consists of poultry manure, straw and dead-on-farm poultry; this implies that the animals died due to a disease, which in most cases was not properly diagnosed. The proposed processes are composting methods to be used on-farm. The first method is a continuous open system where composting is done under roof in piles separated by wooden partition walls. The piles are processed without enforced aeration. The second method is a discontinuous closed system consisting of two different types of containers (Box-Compost®) coupled with a device for conditioning temperature and humidity during composting (Compostronic®). The end-product obtained is intended to be used as an organic fertiliser. According to the legislation in force, before being used as an organic fertiliser, Cat. 2 material should be treated with a sterilisation process (i.e. 133°C / 20 min / 3 bars / 50 mm particle size). The BIOHAZ Panel concluded that the identification and characterisation of the risk material was not properly addressed in the application and a comprehensive list of possible hazards was not provided. No experimental validation with representative test-organisms under practical conditions was done. Because of a lack of information in the report, it was not possible to determine the degree of risk reduction of pathogenic bacterial, viral and parasitological agents achieved by the processes. Moreover, the proposed alternative method cannot be considered equivalent to the sterilisation process defined in the current legislation

Modeling of the process of moisture loss during the storage of dried apricots

Moisture content is a reference parameter for dried food because the growth of most microorganisms is inhibited below certain water activity levels. In addition, it has a determining influence on the evolution of important parameters, such as color and flavor, and on other properties and deterioration reactions, such as texture, oxidation processes and nutritional value. During the storage of some dried fruits, moisture is produced due to Maillard reactions and exchanged with the surrounding environment through the packaging. The evolution of dried foods during their shelf life depends on the storage conditions. The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of the moisture content in dried apricots packaged in different types of containers, namely glass and thermosealed polypropylene trays. The samples were stored at constant temperatures: 5, 15, 25 and 35 °C and were analyzed periodically over a period of 12 months. The sorption isotherms of apricots used in this study were also determined. In order to model how the moisture evolved, an empirical kinetic model was tested. This model considers both water transfer from the fruit and also water production as a result of the Maillard processes. The explained variance was higher than 95% in the samples stored in trays, which were thermosealed with film.

Modelling of containerized air cargo forwarding problems under uncertainty

This paper examines air container renting and cargo loading problems experienced by freight forwarding companies. Containers have to be booked in advance, in order to obtain discounted rental rates from airlines; renting or returning containers on the day of shipping will incur a heavy penalty. We first propose a mixed-integer model for the certain problem, in which shipment information is known with certainty, when booking. We then present a two-stage recourse model to handle the uncertainty problem, in which accurate shipment information cannot be obtained when booking, and all cargoes have to be shipped without delay. The first-stage decision is made at the booking stage, to book specific numbers of different types of containers. The second-stage decision is made on the day of shipping, depending on the extent to which the uncertainty has been realized. The decisions include number of additional containers of different types that are required to be rented, or the number of containers to be returned, under the scenario that might occur on the day of shipping. We then extend the recourse model into a robust model for dealing with the situation in which cargoes are allowed to be shipped later. The robust model provides a quantitative method to measure the trade-off between risk and cost. A series of experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the robust model in dealing with risk and uncertainty.

Investigating Consumer Preference for Organic, Local, or Sustainable Plants

Organically and locally grown food products have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, unlike food products, consumers purchase most outdoor plants for their aesthetic value rather than their nutritional value. Many of the health concerns related to food products might not be applicable to ornamental plants, so the demand for organic non-food plants is unknown. Using a survey with 834 participants from four states, we investigated consumer preference for ornamentals, vegetable transplants, and herbs grown: 1) organically, locally, and sustainably; 2) in energy-efficient greenhouses; and 3) in biodegradable, compostable, and recyclable containers. Our study found that consumers are not enthusiastic about plants or their fertilizers being “organic.” However, consumers are very interested in plants being produced locally, similar to the public's ever-increasing interest in local food products. Consumers are also interested in purchasing plants in containers that are more sustainable. Among the different types of containers, biodegradable and compostable pots are more desirable than recycled pots.

Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for Biodegradable Containers Than for Plastic Ones? Evidence from Hypothetical Conjoint Analysis and Nonhypothetical Experimental Auctions

This study used and compared hypothetical conjoint analysis and nonhypothetical experimental auctions to elicit floral customers' willingness to pay for biodegradable plant containers. The results of the study show that participants were willing to pay a price premium for biodegradable containers, but the premium is not the same for different types of containers. This article also shows the mixed ordered probit model generates more accurate results when analyzing the conjoint analysis Internet survey data than the ordered probit model.

Sunflower seed hull based compost for Agaricus blazei Murrill cultivation

Agaricus blazei Murrill is actually one of the most promising mushrooms species. An adaptation from the traditional biphasic compost fermentation method for Agaricus bisporus cultivation has been used for its cultivation. To make mushroom production profitable, the selection of compost materials from each region is essential. Sunflower seed hulls are an abundant lignocellulosic waste from the edible oil industry. It has been successfully used in the cultivation of other specialty mushrooms; however, there are no published reports on its use as part of Agaricus spp. compost. There is still no agreement about the usage of lignin by A. bisporus, and in the case of A. blazei there is no published data. This work presents a substrate formulation (50.0% sunflower seed hulls, 41.0% wheat straw, 4.5% wheat bran, supplements and additives) which after composting was assayed to evaluate the performance of A. blazei cultivation. Different types of containers, i.e. polyethylene bags (2.5 and 4.0 kg substrate, 0.08 m 2) and plastic trays (3.5 and 4.5 kg substrate, 0.12 m 2), in two independent trials, were also evaluated. It was demonstrated that the obtained compost was appropriate for the cultivation of A. blazei yielding BE ranging from 30% to 47%, depending on the container and substrate mass, being highest with polyethylene bags containing 2.5 kg substrate. In this case study, lignin accumulated during the composting process, but an important reduction was observed during the cultivation (58% on average), confirming the ability of this mushroom to degrade lignin; thus making it possible the access to nutrient sources of cellulose and hemicellulose.

The storage of grape marc: Limiting factor in the quality of the distillate

Grape marc, the mass of skins, stalks and seeds left after the winemaking process, is stored before distillation to produce ethanol by the alcoholic fermentation of the residual sugars. In this work 24 samples of grape marc were stored in four different types of containers. After distillation process, the samples obtained were analyzed by GC–MS to evaluate the influence that the storage exercises on the major volatile composition. Grape marc stored in plastic sacks (1000 kg) produced distillates with low values of the majority volatile compounds, that implies a good quality but a poor aromaticity. Distillates from pomace in plastic drums (250 kg) showed a high content in ethyl esters and higher alcohols, however the concentrations of ethyl acetate and aldehydes and acetal are high too, due to the difficulty to control the aerobic bacteria spoilage. The principal problem of the concrete containers (70,000 kg) is the high methanol production and in the plastic sacks (50 kg) the quick aerobic and anaerobic degradation. With an exhaustive control of oxygen contact, plastic drums and plastic sacks (1000 kg) were the better systems to storage grape marc before distillation.

Optimization of Pretreatments for Dehydration of Bittergourd

Bittergourd (Momordica charantia L) slices were i) blanched for 3 min in boiling water, ii) blanched for 3 min in 5% salt solution, and iii) dipped in 15% salt solution for 30 min. The samples dehydrated in mechanical tray dryer were found to be more acceptable as compared to sun dried and solar dried products. Exhaustive dehydration trails were conducted using mechanical tray dryer in three replications at 60, 70, 80 and 90°C drying air temperatures. The dried bittergourd slices were packed in different types of containers for predicting their shelf life. Bittergourd slices blanched in boiling water were of the best quality followed by 5% salt solution at drying temperature of 60 and 70°C. The samples blanched in boiling water and dehydrated at 60°C were observed most acceptable in terms of rehydration property and nutritional quality, It also proved to be superior in colour retention up to 60 days of storage. The result showed that the rehydrated bittergourd slices could very well be utilized for substituting the fresh product during offseason.

Aedes aegypti Immature Forms Distribution According to Type of Breeding Site

More than 2.5 billion people, in more than 100 countries, are estimated to live in risk areas for the transmission of dengue. We investigated the production of Aedes aegypti immature forms in different types of containers. Larvae and pupae presence were inspected in 747 containers in 300 dwellings in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The statistical significance of the differences of immature forms was calculated for different groups of recipients and classified according to the type of use, volume, and material. Containers used to store water and those classified as garbage enclosed 90.2% of the larvae and 88.9% of the pupae. We concluded that a wider covering of more regular water supply, as well as regular garbage collection, are decisive factors for an effective control of dengue vector.

Sulphur dioxide evolution during dried apricot storage

Sulphur dioxide is used as a pre-treatment to facilitate drying, improve product quality and extend the shelf life of apricots. During storage, SO 2 losses are observed, thus reducing the effect of this agent. The aim of this paper is to analyze the evolution of SO 2 content in dried apricots packaged in different types of containers, namely glass and polypropylene trays thermosealed with different films (oriented polyamide OPA + polyethylene PE and polyamide PA + polypropylene PP). The packaging atmosphere was air in all cases. Storage was carried out at constant temperature: 5, 15, 25 and 35 °C. Stored samples were analysed periodically over 12 months. In order to model the SO 2 losses, two empirical kinetic models were tested: these models assimilate this process to a first order irreversible and a first order reversible kinetics. The explained variance being higher than 94% in all cases, but only the reversible kinetics is able to depict the residual SO 2 observed.

Early root morphology of jack pine seedlings grown in different types of container

This study compared the effects of container type on early root system morphology of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings to determine impacts of container type on root characteristics that may be important for tree stability. Seedlings were grown for one season in Multipots®, Ventblocks®, Copperblocks®, Starpots® and Jiffy® pellets, and for a second season in sand culture in pots. After the first growing season, roots that had grown between Jiffy plugs were cut using a knife, either “early”, in September, or “late”, in November. Seedlings produced in non-pruning containers, Multipots and Ventblocks, had more vertical structural roots, less even root distribution and high shoot:root mass after a second season. Seedlings grown in pruning containers, Copperblocks, Starpots and Jiffy pellets, had more horizontal structural roots and more evenly distributed roots. Jiffy seedlings had high shoot:root mass after pruning, but ratios decreased to low levels similar to Starpots and Copperblocks after a second season in pots. Early pruning of Jiffy seedlings removed less root mass than late pruning, but total live root mass of early and late pruned seedlings was similar after the potting trial. Pruning containers thus produced structural root forms with more desirable characteristics for tree stability. These characteristics were evident after the first season and persisted after the second season in the potting trial.

The effect of container type on the growth of yeast and lactic acid bacteria during production of Sethemi, South African spontaneously fermented milk

Abstract Sethemi , a South African traditional fermented milk, was prepared in the laboratory by spontaneously fermenting raw milk in four different types of containers; namely, a clay pot, gourd, nickel jar and plastic bowl. The development of bacteria and yeasts in the different containers was followed by taking samples at 24 h intervals for 7 days. The predominating microorganisms in all cases were the aerobic mesophilic bacteria, lactobacilli–leuconostocs (LAB on MRS) and lactococci (LAB on M17). No significant ( p > 0.05) differences were found in the number of microorganisms between the different containers. However, there were significant ( p Debaryomyces hansenii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , respectively, while Cryptococcus curvatus predominated in both the nickel and plastic containers. The highest yeast diversity was obtained from milk samples fermented in the clay pot represented by 15 species. Of the 23 species isolated from all the containers and raw milk, only D. hansenii , Cryptococcus humicola and Kluyveromyces marxianus were isolated from both raw and naturally fermented milks of all containers. The use of different types of containers therefore influenced the diversity of yeasts in the fermented milk and may influence the characteristics of the fermented milk product. The clay pot offered the greatest yeast diversity suggesting that it could be the best suited for preparing traditional fermented milk.