Different Types Of Conflict Research Articles

Ethical concerns in caring for persons with anorexia nervosa: content analysis of a series of documentations from ethics consultations

BackgroundCaring for patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with high levels of moral distress among healthcare professionals. The main moral conflict has been posited to be between applying coercion to prevent serious complications such as premature death and accepting treatment refusals. However, empirical evidence on this topic is scarce.MethodsWe identified all 19 documentations of ethics consultations (ECs) in the context of AN from one clinical ethics support service in Switzerland. These documentations were coded with a sequential deductive-inductive approach and the code system was interpreted in a case-based manner. Here, we present findings on patient characteristics and ethical concerns.FindingsThe ECs typically concerned an intensely pretreated, extremely underweight AN patient endangering herself by refusing the proposed treatment. In addition to the justifiability of coercion, frequent ethical concerns were whether further coerced treatment aimed at weight gain would be ineffective or even harmful, evidencing uncertainty about beneficence and non-maleficence and a conflict between these principles. Discussed options included harm reduction (e.g. psychotherapy without weight gain requirements) and palliation (e.g. initiating end-of-life care), the appropriateness of which were ethical concerns in themselves. Overall, nine different types of conflicts between or uncertainties regarding ethical principles were identified with a median of eight per case.ConclusionsEthical concerns in caring for persons with AN are diverse and complex. To deal with uncertainty about and conflict between respect for autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence, healthcare professionals consider non-curative approaches. However, currently, uncertainty around general justifiability, eligibility criteria, and concrete protocols hinders their adoption.

Forecasting the climate-conflict risk in Africa along climate-related scenarios and multiple socio-economic drivers

This study investigates how climate change might impact economic development in the future through its effects on violence, addressing the gap in research on long-term conflict risk assessment. Using geocoded data (1°resolution) on climate and socio-economic indicators covering 1990-2050, we employ a forecasting recursive model to examine the probability and intensity of different types of conflict, under various socio-economic and climate scenarios. Our analysis reveals that climate change has both direct and indirect effects on violence, highlighting the key role of the agricultural channel, the spillover across neighbouring areas and the socio-economic context. These findings offer new insights into adaptation strategy and provide implications for the need to jointly account for the complex interactions between climate conditions, socio-economic factors, and conflict dynamics.

Identifying conflict monitoring as a specific executive component that contributes to impaired self-awareness in patients with acquired brain injury

ABSTRACT Objective Impaired self-awareness (SA) after acquired brain injury (ABI) has traditionally been linked to deficits in executive functions. However, conflicting findings about this relationship have been reported in the literature. This inconsistency is probably due to the multicomponent nature of both constructs, as not all aspects of executive functions may be equally relevant to all components of self-awareness. This study explored whether offline SA (i.e. metacognitive knowledge) and online SA (i.e. error detection) relate to a less studied executive component, conflict monitoring/resolution. Method Twenty-six patients with ABI performed the Three-Conflict Cognitive Control Task (3CCT), an experimental task that allowed to measure the ability to monitor and solve three different types of conflicts (Distractors-filtering, Spatial Stroop and Simon). Measures of SA were collected: offline SA was based on self-informant discrepancy about patient’s everyday functional difficulties, and online SA was based on error detection abilities during a performance-based naturalistic task (The Breakfast Conflict Task). Results After controlling for global cognition, the conflict monitoring measure of 3CCT demonstarted incremental validity in predicting offline and online SA measured in naturalistic tasks. Conclusions Conflict monitoring/resolution seems to be an important component of SA. This finding contributes to further understand the relationship between executive functions and SA. In addition, conflict monitoring/resolution is an executive component that should be considered when designing assessment and intervention strategies to deal with ISA.

The Role of Acculturation in the Realization of Constructive Conflict

The article highlights the criteria of «conflict competence» within the framework of an integrative model that combines dispositional and situational factors of conflicts. The possibilities of studying different types of conflicts in the context of combining the focus on fundamental research of a general psychological nature (to substantiate the term, criteria and role of conflict competence of an individual) and the practical use of knowledge about conflict competence in order to improve interpersonal interaction (including psychological, pedagogical, socio-psychological aspects and their places in the psychology of pedagogical activity) are substantiated. The novelty of the author’s approach lies in the substantiation of the need to develop a model for the formation and development of conflict competence in the process of socialization of emigrant children. The expediency of studying the combination of traditionally identified mechanisms of social perception with the manifestation of the development (actualgenesis) of thinking and personal regulation in the formation and manifestation of conflict competence of a teacher is substantiated.

Conflict Dynamics in Indian Healthcare: An Exploratory Study on Primers of Conflict in Private Clinical Establishments of Kolkata

Healthcare conflicts are complicated and often dysfunctional in nature. The Indian healthcare system, with its thinning workforce, finds it increasingly difficult to meet the demands and expectations of its healthcare service recipients. Healthcare service providers like physicians, nurses, technical and administrative personnel work in a dynamic and stressful environment with resource and manpower limitations. Healthcare service recipients like patients and their families often face challenges regarding access to care, associated costs, time issues and other situational dynamics. These underlying situations often result in different types of conflicts in the workplace. The purpose of this exploratory study is to understand the factors that serve as primers for healthcare conflicts in the Indian scenario. Data were collected from hospital feedback forms for patients/patient families. The top 10 threads indicating the patient satisfaction factors and conflicting grounds were identified through content analysis, and that formed the basis of the semi-structured questionnaire schedules. Fifty semi-structured interviews were done with healthcare service recipients and healthcare service providers (25 in each set) in private clinical establishments of Kolkata, West Bengal. Four main themes and nine subthemes were identified that illustrated the grounds for healthcare conflicts in Indian settings. The identification of the causes of dissatisfaction and understanding their relationship with healthcare conflicts will go a long way in conflict management.

Conflict Handling Styles used by Design Team Leaders During Post Contract Stage of Building Construction Projects in Sri Lanka

In comparison to other industries, construction sector encompasses a distinct, complex, and a competitive environment. It enriches the community with improvements when individuals with diverse perspectives, abilities, and degrees of construction expertise collaborate with each other. In this highly competitive multiparty context, conflicts have been labeled as one of the key constraints that prevent the `success of construction projects. Conflict is a fact that everyone must deal with on a regular basis. Construction projects are therefore not an exception. It entails different types of conflicts. To handle these different types of conflicts, construction professionals use different conflict handling styles. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate design team leaders’ preference of conflict handling styles and its impact on team spirit of the members of the design team during the post contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. To collect data, an e-based, closed-ended questionnaire was used incorporating the conflict handling styles introduced in Rahim's Dual Concern theory. The questionnaire was answered by 56 professionals who have the experience of working in the design team during the post contract stage. The study was limited to the building construction projects in Sri Lanka. To analyze the gathered data, descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage, count correlation co-efficient etc. were used. The study has revealed that during the post contract stage, the design team leaders use all five conflict handling styles of Rahim’s Dual concern theory: integrating style, obliging style, dominating style, avoiding style, and compromising style in different frequencies to handle conflicts among design team professionals. The design team professionals often use compromising style and rarely use integrating style, obliging style, dominating style, and avoiding style to handle conflicts among the design team professionals during the post contract stage respectively. Furthermore, the study indicates that these styles bring different levels of impact to the team spirit of design team professionals during the post contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. The team spirit of design team members is shown to be strongly affected by the compromising style. In contrast, the other four conflict handling styles, integrating style, obligating style, dominating style, and avoiding style, were identified to moderately impact team spirit. Moreover, findings revealed that all these five conflicts handling styles show a strong relationship with the team spirit of design team members during the post-contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. The research findings may assist construction industry design team leaders and other stakeholders to manage conflicts in a more efficient way and provide an insight to the way to handle conflicts to improve the team spirit of the design team during the post-contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. KEYWORDS: Conflicts, Conflict Handling Styles, Building Projects, Design team, Construction industry, Post contract stage.

Dorsolateral prefrontal activity supports a cognitive space organization of cognitive control.

Cognitive control resolves conflicts between task-relevant and -irrelevant information to enable goal-directed behavior. As conflicts can arise from different sources (e.g., sensory input, internal representations), how a limited set of cognitive control processes can effectively address diverse conflicts remains a major challenge. Based on the cognitive space theory, different conflicts can be parameterized and represented as distinct points in a (low-dimensional) cognitive space, which can then be resolved by a limited set of cognitive control processes working along the dimensions. It leads to a hypothesis that conflicts similar in their sources are also represented similarly in the cognitive space. We designed a task with five types of conflicts that could be conceptually parameterized. Both human performance and fMRI activity patterns in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex support that different types of conflicts are organized based on their similarity, thus suggesting cognitive space as a principle for representing conflicts.

Dorsolateral prefrontal activity supports a cognitive space organization of cognitive control

Cognitive control resolves conflicts between task-relevant and -irrelevant information to enable goal-directed behavior. As conflicts can arise from different sources (e.g., sensory input, internal representations), how a limited set of cognitive control processes can effectively address diverse conflicts remains a major challenge. Based on the cognitive space theory, different conflicts can be parameterized and represented as distinct points in a (low-dimensional) cognitive space, which can then be resolved by a limited set of cognitive control processes working along the dimensions. It leads to a hypothesis that conflicts similar in their sources are also represented similarly in the cognitive space. We designed a task with five types of conflicts that could be conceptually parameterized. Both human performance and fMRI activity patterns in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex support that different types of conflicts are organized based on their similarity, thus suggesting cognitive space as a principle for representing conflicts.

Efficacy of Empty Chair Technique in Resolving Conflicts Between Parent-Child Relationships

This paper outlines the efficacy of the Empty Chair technique of Gestalt therapy to resolve conflicts in a parent-child relationship. This paper also highlights at which developmental stage the conflicts arise or at which stage the child needs more attention. Different types of conflicts have arisen in a parent-child relationship over the past 10 years. Results of the study indicated that identity conflicts in adolescents stem from the cause of the parent-child relationship and, if not resolved, can lead to the trigger of identity, which will start at any point in the child’s life. And the results also implicated that the use of the Empty Chair Technique can help effectively resolve parent-child conflict, and it has also shown improvements in client conflict resolution related to both internal and external factors. It was also discerned that there is a great scope for further research in this area of study. To do so, the paper examines how Gestalt and Empty Chair techniques can be effectively employed to understand and seek resolution between different individuals and the parent-child dynamic. Further research to see the implications of the Empty Chair techniques can be conducted.

The Influence of Conflict News on Audience Digital Engagement

ABSTRACT In a competitive digital environment, news outlets employ attention-gaining strategies, including the portrayal of conflict. Yet such coverage may backfire. Using an experiment comparing exposure to disagreeable or uncivil conflict news, we examine how articles with different types of conflict relate to intended news engagement through the mediating variables of perceived incivility, news source credibility, and/or surveillance emotions and test the moderating effects of conflict avoidance. We find that in textual, digital settings, uncivil conflict news is high risk and low reward: perceived incivility can increase engagement through surveillance emotions but also can decrease engagement directly and through decreased news credibility.

Content and process: organizational conflict and decision making.

The foundational work in the Carnegie perspective established conflict as endemic to organizations and a driver of organizing behavior and decision making. Organizations as a system of coordinated action among interdependent individuals and groups with different preferences, interests, information, or knowledge create the potential for pervasive and ongoing latent goal conflict. At the same time, extant psychology research has devoted considerable attention to identifying the content and intensity of conflict, focusing on the relationship between different types of conflict and their impact on group outcomes. The Carnegie perspective also assumes that the need for joint decision-making and the differences in goals or perception of reality are never fully resolved. As a result, it has paid attention to the processes through which conflict is addressed - by attending sequentially to goals, decentralizing information, accumulating excess resources, and forming coalitions rather than formal mediating procedures. The assessment of the psychology and organizational theory research also suggests that future work focusing on organizational conflict as latent, situated, and dynamic would enable greater clarity on how organizations make decisions.

Deontic meta-rules

Abstract The use of meta-rules in logic, i.e., rules whose content includes other rules, has recently gained attention in the setting of non-monotonic reasoning: a first logical formalisation and efficient algorithms to compute the (meta)-extensions of such theories were proposed in Olivieri et al. (2021, Computing defeasible meta-logic. In JELIA 2021, LNCS, vol. 12678, pp. 69–84. Springer.). This work extends such a logical framework by considering the deontic aspect. The resulting logic will not just be able to model policies but also tackle well-known aspects that occur in numerous legal systems. The use of Defeasible Logic to model meta-rules in the application area we just alluded to has been investigated. Within this line of research, the study mentioned above was not focusing on the general computational properties of meta-rules. This study fills this gap with two major contributions. First, we introduce and formalise two variants of Defeasible Deontic Logic (DDL) with meta-rules to represent (i) defeasible meta-theories with deontic modalities and (ii) two different types of conflicts among rules: Simple Conflict DDL and Cautious Conflict DDL. Second, we advance efficient algorithms to compute the extensions for both variants.

Inter-state and Intra-state Wars and Conflicts in the Horn of Africa

For the last five decades, there have been extensive, continuous, and challenging intra- and inter-state wars and conflicts in the Horn of Africa. As a result, the peace and stability of the region as well as the socioeconomic development and livelihood of the population have suffered greatly. This study explores the reasons for the frequent conflicts in the region, analyzing the different types of conflict that frequently take place in the region. On the basis of a systematic probe of individual studies the conflicts in the region are categorized as state-society conflicts, state-state conflicts, and society-society conflicts. In addition, regardless of how the stake-holders of the region perceive the situation, intra-state and inter-state conflicts in the region have their roots in the long and complex history of state formation processes and struggles, identity conflicts, political economy, competition for scarce resources, and external intervention.

Mobile Working Stress and Employee Innovative behavior: Exploring the Role of Organizational Conflict and Work Engagement

Abstract New product development requires employees to display creativity and innovation and with virtualization of organizational life, they have to work apart from their peers while there remains a need for collaboration. At the same time virtual working environments create different types of conflicts and mobile-working-related stress might impact their ability to display the expected innovativeness. This study is aimed at exploring the impact of conflict, stress emerging from virtual working environments and work engagement on employee innovative behaviors. We obtained a sample of 100 employees in product development in financial technology companies in Indonesia, that have counterparts working in other Asian countries. The results show that mobile workplace stress creates an adverse impact on employee innovative behavior and work engagement, while it positively effects organizational conflict. Intrapersonal and intragroup conflicts contribute to the emergence of organizational conflict, and leads to a negative association with employee innovative behavior. On the other hand, intergroup conflict has a negative impact on organizational conflict, and positively drives employee innovative behavior. Work engagement, however, serves as a suppressing factor on the relations between mobile workplace stress and employee innovative behavior. For practitioners, this study shows that it is inevitable to manage intergroup conflict to drive employee innovative behaviors and to continuously promote work engagement in order to reduce the impact of mobile workplace stress and conflict on innovative behaviors amongst employees.

Green space and planning structure optimisation ways in parks and monuments of landscape architecture

Renovation of urban space is not possible without new approaches to the formation of green spaces of the landscape gardening heritage. In restoring parks-monuments of landscape art, simultaneous consideration of ecological and biological foundations, preservation of the historical structure of plantations and landscape planning framework, as well as meeting the modern needs of users of these spaces is an important issue. The research aims to formulate practical recommendations on the main ways to optimise the planning structure and green spaces, as well as means of protecting biodiversity in parks and monuments of landscape art. The study used general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, field research) and special methods (dendrological, cartographic, historical, and architectural analysis, and computer methods for processing graphic data). During the pre-project stage of the study, the prerequisites for the formation of Zhovtnevyi Park in the structure of the Chernivtsi landscape were identified. A list and description of typical plant species typical for the area were provided. In addition, the pre-project study analysed conflicts in the park, which were divided into the following main groups: transport and pedestrian, functional, natural, anthropogenic, and visual. The interconnection of different types of conflicts and their impact on the conservation of biodiversity of green spaces in the park was revealed. As a result, new elements of the planning structure have been formed that improve the landscape-spatial organisation of the park's territory and contribute to the optimisation of green spaces. The project developed and analysed in this study has selected an assortment of plants that enrich the biodiversity of park plantings and can be used in the design of other urban parks. The example of the project for the maintenance and reconstruction of Zhovtnevyi Park in Chernivtsi demonstrates practical planning approaches and recommendations aimed at maximising the preservation of the natural landscape and enhancing its functional and artistic features

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): A Suitable Broad Based Dispute Resolution Model in Nigeria; Challenges and Prospects.

Purpose: Due to the flaws in the traditional judicial system, the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods is gaining popularity among scholars and lawyers around the world. Most scholarly articles have examined the inherent advantages of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques over the traditional judicial processes for resolving different types of conflict. Despite the increasing frequency and classification of conflicts in Nigeria, little research has been conducted on the reasons for, and barriers to, disputants' use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) systems as viable options. Given the complexity of the nature and structure of disputes in Nigeria, this research delves into the factors that push and pull litigants into the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).
 Methodology: This study utilized an explanatory research approach to investigate the many distinctive kinds of conflicts and match them with the most relevant ADR procedures. In particular, property disputes, family conflicts, and business disagreements were investigated. 
 Findings: According to the findings, Alternative Dispute resolution (ADR) may lead to a considerable reduction in the amount of time and expense of the dispensation of justice that addresses unfairness in the system of criminal justice administration, ultimately resulting in positive social change.
 Contributions to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study concludes that Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) processes have significant potentials for handling the growing number of disputes. However, it is necessary to address their shortcomings as well as facilitate collaboration between the practitioners and the regular courts. It would improve social stability and guarantee satisfaction for the perpetrator, the victim, the community, and society as a whole if this were done. The study recommended, among other things, that the general public and litigants be educated on the inherent advantages of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the resolution of conflicts.

Disruptive Technologies - Technological Change Driven Conflicts

Abstract The article studies the conflicts that arise over the creation, adoption, and deployment of disruptive technologies against the backdrop of technological change. To study the nature of the problem, rooted in the contradictions and conflicts between disruptive technologies’ creators and the environment, the following research questions are addressed: 1. What are the specifics of technological change, which leads to the creation of disruptive technologies? 2. How to define the concept of technological change through market disruptive technologies? The analysis here is focused on the types of technologies, according to their "disruptiveness", on the different interests of the stakeholders related to the creation, adoption, and deployment of disruptive technologies, on the features of the innovation process in this case and the accompanying problems. 3. What are the conflicts arising from the creation and introduction of disruptive technologies in the market? Specific attention is paid to the causes of conflicts and the parties involved in them. The analysis here reveals the role of the causes and ways of creating new technologies in the emergence of different types of conflicts and defines the types of conflicts arising when new products, services, business models, technologies, etc. are introduced into the market. The article analyses and proposes effective approaches and mechanisms (methodologies) for managing and resolving conflicts arising from the creation and introduction of disruptive technologies into the market. Algorithmic solutions are proposed to overcome conflicts arising from technological change and the continuous emergence of disruptive technologies. JEL classification numbers: O33, D74, O31. Keywords: Disruptive Technologies, Technological Change, Innovations, Conflicts.

Does status stability benefit or hurt team creativity? the roles of status legitimacy and team conflict

Status stability, which refers to the stability of team members’ relative status levels, has a profound effect on team effectiveness, but this effect may be either constructive or destructive; the literature has failed to reach consensus on this topic. To reconcile two contradictory views based on differentiating between different types of conflict, we constructed a comprehensive theoretical model of the mechanism underlying the effect of status stability; this model features relationship conflict and task conflict as mediators, status legitimacy as a moderator, and team creativity as an outcome variable. We also proposed four hypotheses on the basis of theoretical analysis. In this study, we used SPSS 23.0, AMOS 24.0 and R software to conduct empirical analysis and testing of 369 valid questionnaires collected from 83 teams using a two-stage measurement method. The results revealed that status stability negatively affects team creativity via task conflict and positively affects team creativity via relationship conflict. However, under the influence of status legitimacy, the negative effect is restrained, while the positive effect is enhanced. This study thus expands the research on the process mechanism and boundary conditions associated with status stability, and can serve as a useful reference for the design of the status structure of modern enterprises.

Research on Influencing Factors of Traffic Conflicts in Freeway Diverging Area during the Maintenance Period

Based on the traffic conflict techniques, a microscopic safety analysis framework is presented to study traffic conflicts in the freeway exit ramp diverging area (FERDA) during the maintenance period. A manual–software combination data processing approach was used to extract trajectory data from aerial videos and identify actual conflicts. Simulation conflicts were obtained from the VISSIM simulation model. Firstly, the conflict features of maintenance and normal operation periods were compared. Subsequently, conflicts were classified as lane-change conflicts or rear-end conflicts to investigate their spatiotemporal characteristics during the maintenance period. Finally, a random parameters multinomial logit model was developed to study the influencing factors and heterogeneity of conflicts. The results revealed that the FERDA has a higher collision risk during the maintenance period compared with the normal operation period. Additionally, lane-change conflicts have a higher occurrence probability than rear-end conflicts, but a shorter duration. Besides, the conflict density heat map showed that the lane-change conflicts and rear-end conflicts are densely distributed at 0–150 m and the middle lane of the FERDA, respectively. The model results indicated that the factors that significantly influence conflicts include velocity, acceleration, type, position, and destination of vehicle, the heavy vehicle percentage, total number of vehicles in the FERDA, and the velocity and destination difference between vehicles. Among these factors, the type of vehicle, destination difference, and the position of vehicles (at 150–270 m of the FERDA) were found that have significantly heterogeneous impacts on the two types of conflicts. This study is expected to provide safety analysts with an effective analysis method for evaluating the risk of the FERDA during the maintenance period. Additionally, the concluded influencing factors can potentially help develop different and effective safety countermeasures for different types of conflicts.

War and infant mortality rates

War represents one of the gravest threats to the right to health. A range of international human rights covenants have enumerated the rights of both adults and children to lead full healthy lives, free from the dangers of war. Yet we know remarkably little about how war systematically affects children’s rights to health. We have limited knowledge about if different types of conflict—major interstate and major civil wars—have similar or different consequences for children’s health. This article examines the immediate and cumulative links of major interstate and major civil wars with infant mortality rates, a key measure of children’s health. The article employs generalized least squares regression with two-way fixed effects over the 1950–2007 period. The core results indicate that major civil and major interstate wars substantively violate children’s and infants’ rights to health. States that spent the most amount of time involved in major interstate wars were associated with the worst overall increases in infant mortality rates.