Different Types Of Competition Research Articles

COMPETITION AS A KEY PROPERTY OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS MARKET

Competition in the agricultural sector results from the unity of conflicting factors: the maximum freedom of activity of market forces and the significant influence of the state on the processes taking place in the industry, which ensures the overall efficiency of social production. Regulation of competition in the agricultural market in developed countries is a developed and expensive system. Currently, it is impossible to provide the same robust support to the agricultural sector in the country, but the principles and methods used for this can be taken into account. Different types of competition are developing in the agri-food market. Intra-industry competition is possible only if production and sales costs are reduced and weak, technically backward enterprises are pushed out of the market. Interindustry competition leads to the redistribution of capital and other resources between industries, taking into account the rate of return. Participation in agriculture in this competition is only possible with state support due to the low speed of capital turnover and high capital intensity in this field. Intra-industry competition initiates technical progress, and inter-industry competition contributes to the structural development of the agricultural industry. To a certain extent, agricultural product markets are characterized by perfect competition, and food markets are characterized by monopolistic competition. It is emphasized that competition covers all spheres of commodity production, distribution, market exchange, and consumption. It manifests differently in each branch of the economy, which is determined by the specifics of their activity. Conducted studies of competition in the market of agricultural raw materials and food indicate the need to strengthen the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products and ensure consumer, quality, and price characteristics of agricultural products, raw materials, and food that are comparable to the world level, regardless of orientation to domestic or foreign markets. It is noted that competition in agriculture is characterized by many competitors on the market and obstacles in the production and sale of agricultural products.

A survey on preprocessing and classification techniques for acoustic scene

There are lots of research papers for ASC, and in recent years it is rapidly increasing. DCASE also provides different types of competition for the submission of several papers to solve the various tasks of ASC and it is the opportunity for the research scholars either to participate in those competitions or to provide the enhanced model for ASC. This paper provides details about the various recent approaches along with the block diagram used for pre-processing required before model development for ASC. It also includes a description of different recent techniques used for the classification of different sounds for ASC tasks. The comparative analysis for different recent available techniques both for pre-processing and classification has been done and summarized in this paper. It also describes the contributions towards the survey on ASC by comparing this paper with some existing survey papers based on several parameters like functionality described separately, results from description with quantifiable value, a dataset with proper quantifiable analysis, and pictorial representation of model discussed, etc. Finally, considering the benefits for eminent research scholars, this paper has also focused on the details for future directions for both pre-processing and classification for ASC.

Agent-based Simulation of the Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade Market: A Case Study

The pharmaceutical parallel trade market emerged as a consequence of the European single market for pharmaceuticals, involving multiple players that partake in different types of competitions. These competitions not only affect players’ profit, but also have a significant impact on European people's healthcare access and welfare. Hence, modeling the pharmaceutical parallel trade market provides a way to study the market and to offer valuable decision support to authorities, people, and players involved in the market. Agent-based modeling offers a computational methodology to study macro-level outcomes emerging from individual behaviors while offering to relax conventional assumptions of standard mathematical economic models. Here, we demonstrate a use case of an agent-based model of the European pharmaceutical parallel trade market and investigate its abilities by analyzing various market scenarios.

Using cognitive modeling to examine the effects of competition on strategy and effort in races and tournaments

We investigated the effects of two types of competition, races and tournaments (as well as an individual challenge and a do-your-best condition), on two different aspects of performance: effort and strategy. In our experiment, 100 undergraduate participants completed a simple cognitive task under four experimental conditions (in a repeated-measures design) based on different types of competitions and challenges. We used the Linear Ballistic Accumulator to quantify the effects of competition on strategy and effort. The results reveal that competition produced changes in strategy rather than effort, and that trait competitiveness had minimal impact on how people responded to competition. This suggests individuals are more likely to adjust their strategy in competitions, and the uncertainty created by different competition types influences the direction of these strategy adjustments.

Perspectives on mathematics competitions and their relationship with mathematics education

The nature of the area of mathematical competitions as a design science is considered, historical roots of mathematical problem-solving competitions are traced, the complementary aspects of mathematics as theory building and as problem solving are touched upon in relation to the practice of competitions. Two historical figures, Euler and Erdős, emerge, and the appropriateness of many of Euler’s mathematical ventures are seen as role models for competition mathematics as first put into practice in mathematical competitions towards the end of the nineteenth century. Distinctions and definitions are made, a venture into identifying competition syllabi and the principal types of reasoning employed in solving competition problems is explored, and a description of the many different types of competitions is considered. Interaction between the field of mathematics itself and problem-solving competitions is briefly explored, as are the possibilities that open when competitions and their access to huge amounts of data, both national and international, are taken into account in research belonging to mathematics education. Finally, the range of topics addressed in this special issue of ZDM is covered, along with some possible conclusions relating to the components of the overview.

The Field of Cell Competition Comes of Age: Semantics and Technological Synergy.

Stem cells experience many selective pressures which shape their cellular populations, potentially pushing them to skew towards dominance of a few break-through clones. An evolutionarily conserved answer to curb these aberrant selective pressures is cell competition, the elimination of a subset of cells by their neighbours in a seemingly homogenous population. Cell competition in mammalian systems is a relatively recent discovery that has now been observed across many tissue systems, such as embryonic, haematopoietic, intestinal, and epithelial compartments. With this rapidly growing field, there is a need to revisit and standardize the terminology used, much of which has been co-opted from evolutionary biology. Further, the implications of cell competition across biological scales in organisms have been difficult to capture. In this review, we make three key points. One, we propose new nomenclature to standardize concepts across dispersed studies of different types of competition, each of which currently use the same terminology to describe different phenomena. Second, we highlight the challenges in capturing information flow across biological scales. Third, we challenge the field to incorporate next generation technologies into the cell competition toolkit to bridge these gaps. As the field of cell competition matures, synergy between cutting edge tools will help elucidate the molecular events which shape cellular growth and death dynamics, allowing a deeper examination of this evolutionarily conserved mechanism at the core of multicellularity.

SECTORAL MARKET POWER IN GLOBAL PRODUCTION: A THEORETICAL AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

In a globalized world, the distribution of value-added across firms depends on a number of factors that vary across space. A key factor is related to the different types of competition on the multilayer structure of production, which are characterized by different types of (market) power. In this paper, we first argue that PageRank centrality is able to capture sectoral market power within the complex structure of global production. We then study the empirical properties of this market power measure and demonstrate a power-law relationship between sectoral PageRank centrality and relative sectoral profits. This power-law relationship has (international) political economy implications as it demonstrates the high incentives of sectors to become more central to increase their relative profits.

Conjectural-Variations Equilibria in Electricity, Natural-Gas, and Carbon-Emission Markets

We study the equilibria reached in electricity, natural-gas, and carbon-emission markets, where power producers simultaneously participate in these three markets. We use a conjectural-variations equilibrium model to represent both electricity and natural-gas markets, in which power/natural gas-producers play a quantity game and adjust their production decisions in reaction to the production levels of their rivals. We use a cap-and-trade mechanism to model the carbon-emission market. We develop a direct approach to identify equilibria involving the three markets, in which the optimality conditions of all players and market clearing conditions are gathered and solved jointly. Numerical results from two test systems illustrate the impact of carbon-emission trading and transmission constraints on the equilibria reached. Additionally, we compare equilibrium results under different types of competition.

Action in auctions: neural and computational mechanisms of bidding behaviour.

Competition for resources is a fundamental characteristic of evolution. Auctions have been widely used to model competition of individuals for resources, and bidding behaviour plays a major role in social competition. Yet, how humans learn to bid efficiently remains an open question. We used model‐based neuroimaging to investigate the neural mechanisms of bidding behaviour under different types of competition. Twenty‐seven subjects (nine male) played a prototypical bidding game: a double action, with three “market” types, which differed in the number of competitors. We compared different computational learning models of bidding: directional learning models (DL), where the model bid is “nudged” depending on whether it was accepted or rejected, along with standard reinforcement learning models (RL). We found that DL fit the behaviour best and resulted in higher payoffs. We found the binary learning signal associated with DL to be represented by neural activity in the striatum distinctly posterior to a weaker reward prediction error signal. We posited that DL is an efficient heuristic for valuation when the action (bid) space is continuous. Indeed, we found that the posterior parietal cortex represents the continuous action space of the task, and the frontopolar prefrontal cortex distinguishes among conditions of social competition. Based on our findings, we proposed a conceptual model that accounts for a sequence of processes that are required to perform successful and flexible bidding under different types of competition.

Modelling and measuring intracellular competition for finite resources during gene expression.

Dissecting the competition between genes for shared expressional resources is of fundamental importance for understanding the interplay between cellular components. Owing to the relationship between gene expression and cellular fitness, genomes are shaped by evolution to improve resource allocation. Whereas experimental approaches to investigate intracellular competition require technical resources and human expertise, computational models and in silico simulations allow vast numbers of experiments to be carried out and controlled easily, and with significantly reduced costs. Thus, modelling competition has a pivotal role in understanding the effects of competition on the biophysics of the cell. In this article, we review various computational models proposed to describe the different types of competition during gene expression. We also present relevant synthetic biology experiments and their biotechnological implications, and discuss the open questions in the field.

Cooperation or competition – When do people contribute more? A field experiment on gamification of crowdsourcing

Abstract Information technology is being increasingly employed to harness under-utilized resources via more effective coordination. This progress has manifested in different developments, for instance, crowdsourcing (e.g. Wikipedia, Amazon Mechanical Turk, and Waze), crowdfunding (e.g. Kickstarter, Indiegogo, and RocketHub) or the sharing economy (e.g. Uber, Airbnb, and Didi Chuxing). Since the sustainability of these IT-enabled forms of resource coordination do not commonly rely merely on direct economic benefits of the participants, but also on other non-monetary, intrinsic gratifications, such systems are increasingly gamified that is, designers use features of games to induce enjoyment and general autotelicy of the activity. However, a key problem in gamification design has been whether it is better to use competition-based or cooperation-based designs. We examine this question through a field experiment in a gamified crowdsourcing system, employing three versions of gamification: competitive, cooperative, and inter-team competitive gamification. We study these gamified conditions’ effects on users’ perceived enjoyment and usefulness of the system as well as on their behaviors (system usage, crowdsourcing participation, engagement with the gamification feature, and willingness to recommend the crowdsourcing application). The results reveal that inter-team competitions are most likely to lead to higher enjoyment and crowdsourcing participation, as well as to a higher willingness to recommending a system. Further, the findings indicate that designers should consider cooperative instead of competitive approaches to increase users’ willingness to recommend crowdsourcing systems. These insights add relevant findings to the ongoing discourse on the roles of different types of competitions in gamification designs and suggest that crowdsourcing system designers and operators should implement gamification with competing teams instead of typically used competitions between individuals.

Market Orientation Concepts of Hoteliers towards Development of Tourism

Marketing the products is a common aim of any business man. When the goods, once produced for the purpose of sales are sold in the respective market at a high rate the marketers are happy and get confidence on the style or pattern or technique they use in sales. When all the goods are sold, they are able to withstand in the competitive market, as different types of competitions are prevailing in the markets. Many a time it becomes impossible to sell all the goods produced by the business men. During these circumstances, asit is a well-known service industry these depend on selling techniquesservices to hotel respondents. Many services are intangible and some are perishable. Hence they concentrate on rendering maximum possible services by taking into account the variable which need more concentrations.Hotel industry and tourism are the two sides of a coin. Both go together, run together, walk together hand in hand will also get advancement. On the other hand when there is lop sided development, both the industries will get affected. This study brings to light the variousMarket Orientation Concepts of Hoteliers towards Development of Tourism.

Examining the performance index of retail pricing strategies under different types of competition

This study aims to measure and compare the efficiency of two pricing strategies of retail chains, a Hi-Lo pricing strategy and an everyday low price (EDLP) strategy, according to different types of competition. This research suggests the speed of price adjustment approach to measure the efficiency of retail chains, and the nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression estimation captures the impacts of market competition. The findings suggest that, in highly competitive markets, the Hi-Lo chains show a greater speed of price adjustment, whereas a slower speed is shown in less concentrated markets. In particular, the Hi-Lo chains in the market leader position with the EDLP followers show that the speed of price adjustment is slower than in other markets. When Hi-Lo chains compete with each other in the same market, they offer price discounts more aggressively and adjust the price rapidly as a means to maintain their market position.

Examining the performance index of retail pricing strategies under different types of competition

This study aims to measure and compare the efficiency of two pricing strategies of retail chains, a Hi-Lo pricing strategy and an everyday low price (EDLP) strategy, according to different types of competition. This research suggests the speed of price adjustment approach to measure the efficiency of retail chains, and the nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression estimation captures the impacts of market competition. The findings suggest that, in highly competitive markets, the Hi-Lo chains show a greater speed of price adjustment, whereas a slower speed is shown in less concentrated markets. In particular, the Hi-Lo chains in the market leader position with the EDLP followers show that the speed of price adjustment is slower than in other markets. When Hi-Lo chains compete with each other in the same market, they offer price discounts more aggressively and adjust the price rapidly as a means to maintain their market position.

Cascading competition: the seasonal strength of scramble influences between-group contest in a folivorous primate

Habitat-wide depletion of food leads to scramble feeding competition and animals can mitigate costs with behavioral adjustments in ranging and activity budgets. In seasonal environments, scramble feeding competition may be more intense in lean seasons leading to shifts in the ranges of neighboring groups and cascading changes for other types of competition. Here, we specifically investigated the interplay between within-group scramble (WGS) and between-group contest competition (BGC) using four groups of ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) at Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana. These groups were known to be impacted by WGS and our first goal was to assess whether this competition was occurring in both the abundant and lean seasons. Within-season, between-group comparisons showed WGS in both seasons but greater behavioral compensation in the lean season, especially for larger groups. We then focused on differences in ranging behavior within groups, between seasons to examine whether greater WGS in the lean season influenced the intensity of BGC (rates and “wins” of between-group encounters). The largest and the smallest groups entered more trees and ranged slightly further per day in the lean season suggesting stronger WGS. These two groups also faced more between-group encounters with the small uni-male group winning more often in the lean season. Both middle-sized multi-male groups shifted their ranging towards the edge of the fragment in the lean season. They also engaged in fewer between-group encounters, which they usually lost. This study demonstrates the interplay between different types of competition. It also confirms that male membership disproportionately influence group competitiveness in C. vellerosus. Animals face different forms of competition over limited resources every day but the ways that these competition types influence one another is rarely studied. We focused on within-group scramble competition (WGS) for food in four groups of ursine colobus monkeys and examined how seasonal changes in this type of competition influenced between-group contest competition (BGC). We found that the lean season for food availability showed greater WGS, and that animals compensated for this by using more of their home range. Some highly competitive groups were able to move into shared areas with other groups in the lean season, winning encounters with other groups, while groups with poor competitive ability were forced to range into lower quality areas and avoided other groups. Thus, WGS had cascading effects leading to changes in BGC, showing the importance of studying different types of competition collectively.

Information Acquisition Behavior: An Evolutionary Game Theory Perspective

This paper explores the retailers’ information acquisition behavior under horizontal competition and investigates the impact of information leakage from an evolutionary game theory perspective. When information leakage does not occur, we find that firms’ acquisition behavior differ under different types of competition. Under Cournot competition, rivals prefer the competitor not to acquire information. Under Bertrand competition, however, rivals prefer the competitor to acquire information. As a result, at a moderate level of acquisition cost mixed strategies (acquire and not acquire) coexist under Cournot competition, whereas all retailers adopt the same (pure) strategy under Bertrand competition. With information leakage, two effects (collaborative forecasting and free-riding) influence firms’ decision making. When the collaborative forecasting effect dominates, all retailers would choose the acquisition strategy in the equilibrium. However, if the free-riding effect is strong, no retailer would acquire information in the equilibrium. With a moderate acquisition cost, there are still retailers willing to acquire information and mixed strategies coexist, regardless of the type of competition. Interestingly, no matter information is leaked or not, we find that Cournot competition in general better accommodates information acquisition than Bertrand competition. As a result, Cournot competition can lead to a higher total welfare than Bertrand competition when the information acquisition cost is moderate and the demand uncertainty is large, in contrast to the standard result of duopoly models.

The effects of asymmetric competition on the life history of Trinidadian guppies.

The effects of asymmetric interactions on population dynamics has been widely investigated, but there has been little work aimed at understanding how life history parameters like generation time, life expectancy and the variance in lifetime reproductive success are impacted by different types of competition. We develop a new framework for incorporating trait‐mediated density‐dependence into size‐structured models and use Trinidadian guppies to show how different types of competitive interactions impact life history parameters. Our results show the degree of symmetry in competitive interactions can have dramatic effects on the speed of the life history. For some vital rates, shifting the competitive superiority from small to large individuals resulted in a doubling of the generation time. Such large influences of competitive symmetry on the timescale of demographic processes, and hence evolution, highlights the interwoven nature of ecological and evolutionary processes and the importance of density‐dependence in understanding eco‐evolutionary dynamics.

The effect of forward integration on a single-vendor–multi-retailer supply chain under retailer competition

This paper studies a single-vendor–multi-retailer supply chain and considers the case where the vendor merges with one of its retailers. After the merger, the vendor supplies products to the market both through a direct (integrated) sales channel and through the remaining retailers. Different types of competition are considered for the retailers, namely volume competition, price competition, and no competition. The operations policies of the vendor and the retailers are considered explicitly in this paper by taking account of inventory carrying, setup and ordering costs that result from production and ordering decisions. We compare the pre-merger situation to the situation after the merger and show under which conditions the merger is beneficial to the vendor, the retailers, the supply chain, and the consumers. The results of our paper indicate that the type of competition is of major importance for the structure of the supply chain after the merger, and that under certain conditions, the merger may benefit all parties involved, i.e. the vendor, the retailers, and the consumers.

Pattern competition as a driver of diversity-induced resonance

Diversity-induced resonance, the emergence of coherent spatiotemporal patterns at intermediate parameter disorder, is a well-known phenomenon in lattices of excitable elements. Here we study the pattern events behind diversity-induced resonance in a lattice of coupled FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators. Starting out with the observation that maximal spiral wave counts occur at intermediate values of parameter diversity, we analyze the competition between spiral and target wave patterns in the asymptotic collective state. We devise stylized numerical “in silico” competition experiments of (individual) patterns to understand the regulating parameters of the competing pattern events occurring stochastically in the full (“in vivo”) numerical simulation. Our analysis shows that pattern competition is a principal driving mechanism behind this form of diversity-induced resonance and that different types of competition take place: some follow the frequency composition of target and spiral waves, others are dictated by the statistics of parameter distributions. In particular, the increase and decrease of spiral wave counts with increasing diversity are statistically regulated by the number of oscillatory elements in the lattice, rather than by the frequency differences between target and spiral waves.

Competition in complementary transport services

For passengers to reach the final destination of the trip it is often necessary to make use of the transport services provided by several firms. When these transport services follow in a natural transport chain they are characterized as complementarities and the firms providing the services can, as for substitutes, to some extent influence the demand facing the other firms by their own behaviour. A model is presented in this paper where two firms compete in complementary transport services differentiated by travel distance. Equilibria are derived for collusion and competition in price and quantity, and these are analyzed with respect to the degree of complementarity and distance. The analysis shows that the influence of type of competition on equilibrium price and quantity increases with the complementarity of the products. Moreover, it is discussed how marginal operating costs for the firms, marginal time cost for the passenger and the type of competition influences whether fares will increase with distance and which of the two firms will set the higher price. The commonly accepted ranking for complements that the collusive price is lower than the Bertrand price is not necessarily true. It is demonstrated that the collusive price of the shorter (longer) distance could be set above (lower) that of price competition. It is also addressed how mark-up of price over marginal cost is influenced by changes in own and competitors distance for the different types of competition.