Different Types Of Chips Research Articles

The pandemic lockdown affected nutritional status and dietary patterns including ultra-processed foods of semi-marginalized schoolchildren in Northwest Mexico

Objective: The aim was to compare dietary patterns and nutritional status of medium-marginalized schoolchildren in Hermosillo, Mexico, pre- and post-pandemic. --- Materials and Methods: Diet of 100 schoolchildren pre-pandemic and 100 post-pandemic were evaluated using 24-hour recalls. Principal components analysis was performed to identify dietary patterns. Anthropometric measurements were taken to calculate Z BMI-for-age. In the post-pandemic period, labels of ultra-processed foods were analyzed to identify sweeteners. --- Results: Prevalence of overweight and obesity increased (p < 0.05) from 37% pre-pandemic to 54% post-pandemic, along with energy intake (1610 to 1816 kcal/d). There were 3 dietary patterns: Ultra-processed, Healthy, and Poor. Proportions of children in each pattern were comparable pre-pandemic, but the Poor pattern increased (p < 0.05) post-pandemic (34% vs. 42%). Protein intake was lower in children in the Ultra-processed pattern pre-pandemic, but post-pandemic, protein and fat intake were lower in children in the Poor pattern, increasing (p < 0.05) their overweight and obesity prevalence (9% vs. 21%). The most consumed ultra-processed products included 36 types of sweetened beverages, 33 types of candy, 20 different types of chips, and 15 varieties of cookies, most of which contained non-caloric sweeteners such as acesulfame K, aspartame, and sucralose. --- Conclusions: The pandemic reduced the diet quality and increased the prevalence of overweight and obesity in medium-marginalized schoolchildren in Northwest Mexico, with high consumption of ultra-processed foods containing non-caloric sweeteners Key words: Dietary patterns, schoolchildren, nutritional status, ultra-processed food.

A W-Band Self-Packaged SIW-Based Slot Antenna With Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement

This study presents the design of a self-packaged substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based slot antenna with a low profile at the W-band. A <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 SIW slot antenna array is developed using a standard printed circuit board (PCB) process. Then, the array is embedded in a silicon wafer. The loss of the benzocyclobutene (BCB)-based coplanar waveguide with ground (CPWG) to PCB-based SIW transition is investigated and measured to interconnect and integrate the antenna array with other components. The performance of the SIW-based slot antenna is enhanced about 2 dB without extra feeding networks by using a novel method of parasitic folded patches, and the fractional impedance bandwidth is increased from 10% to 15% by changing the metallic posts besides the SIW. The antennas are fabricated using our in-house silicon-based MEMS photosensitive composite film BCB fabrication process, which is described in detail. The proposed antenna has a measured maximum gain of 11.7 dBi at 98 GHz, with a fractional impedance bandwidth of 17%. Measured results show a close relationship with the simulated values. Compared with other antennas, our proposed antenna exhibits excellent performance, such as high gain, low profile, low loss interconnection structure, and broad bandwidth. Finally, a novel heterogeneous integration transceiver application is introduced. In this application, self-packaged SIW-based slot antennas are integrated with different types of chips. This 1 transmitter and 2 receivers (1T2R) transceiver can be further used in long-range radar detection, vital sign monitoring, and synthetic aperture radar imaging.

A Review on Artificial Intelligence Chip

As chipmakers design different types of chips to enable Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, the adoption of AI chips has increased recently. To support applications based on deep learning, AI chips have inbuilt AI acceleration and are created with a specialized architecture. One of the key drivers boosting the market's expansion is the increasing integration of AI processors in data centers. The major significance of using AI chips when compared with traditional ICs are fast computational integration and large bandwidth. This study summarizes the need of the AI chips and its functionalities and how the AI chips varies from the general ICs. Finally, a discussion on the potential AI chip initiatives are provided.

A Review on Artificial Intelligence Chip

As chipmakers design different types of chips to enable Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, the adoption of AI chips has increased recently. To support applications based on deep learning, AI chips have inbuilt AI acceleration and are created with a specialized architecture. One of the key drivers boosting the market's expansion is the increasing integration of AI processors in data centers. The major significance of using AI chips when compared with traditional ICs are fast computational integration and large bandwidth. This study summarizes the need of the AI chips and its functionalities and how the AI chips varies from the general ICs. Finally, a discussion on the potential AI chip initiatives are provided.

Evaluation of chip breaking in combined laser-turning process

Control of chip formation is one of the most critical challenges in turning processes. This paper deals with a novel combined turning process in which a high-power fiber laser is integrated into a Swiss type turning machine in order to rapidly ablate spiral grooves on the workpiece circumference. The workpiece was axially turned after ablating the defined spiral grooves by the laser. A stainless steel (DIN1.4571; X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2) and a carbon steel (DIN1.7139; 16MnCrS5) were chosen as the workpiece materials to compare the effects of the combined laser turning on the process performance. Different types of chips are formed under different cutting conditions. The experimental results indicate that by utilizing the developed technique, not only could the chips be practically shortened, but the cutting forces and surface roughness considerably decrease.

Experimental study on the effects of cold chamber die casting parameters on high-speed drilling machinability of casted AZ91 alloy

Abstract In this study, the effects of the cold chamber die casting parameters on high-speed drilling machinability of AZ91 Magnesium alloys were experimentally investigated. The influence of different casting parameters (casting temperature, molding pressure, and gate speed) on microstructure, mechanical properties and machinability characteristics (thrust force, tool wear, built-up edge, built-up layer formation, surface topography, chip morphology, and burr formation) were examined. The experimental results showed that the grain size of the conventional casting sample was around 50 microns, while in other cold chamber die casting tests, it varied depending on temperature, pressure, and gate speed. It was observed that the tensile strength values ​​of the samples produced with 1000 bar mold pressure were higher than those of other samples. In the formation of thrust force, the feed rate is more effective than the cutting speed. The least tool wear occurred in the drilling of the As-cast sample, while the highest tool wear occurred in the drilling of the sample which was produced with low pressure and low gate speed combination. As a result of the drilling tests, depending on casting and cutting parameters, three different types of chips were formed: fan, spiral cone, and long ribbon type. Furthermore, uniform and transient burrs in different sizes were observed.

Determination of Aflatoxin Contents of Some Chips and Snacks with Peanut by Post Column UV Derivatization System

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins, mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nominus. Mycotoxin is found in foods which stored in hot, humid and unhealthy conditions such as cereals especially maize and rice, some animal source foods such as milk and cheese, hard-shelled fruits such as walnuts, hazelnuts and peanuts, dried fruits and spices. Aflatoxins are composed of six main groups namely B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2. There is a strong statistical relationship between aflatoxin uptake and primary liver cancer. The aim of this study is to determine the amount of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 in some chips and snacks with peanut consumed in Istanbul. In this study 10 different types of chips and 4 different types of peanut bars samples obtained from the markets in Istanbul were grinded and aflatoxin determination was performed. The analysis was carried out by HPLC using immunoaffinity chromatography and post-column UV derivatization system. B1 and B2 aflatoxins are determined in 50% of the peanut-chips in the range of 5-24 µg/kg. Aflatoxin B1 values of 30% of peanut-chips found above the limit. G1 aflatoxin was not found in samples. According to the related notification in Turkish Food Codex, it is determined that total aflatoxin amount is above the limit in 30% of chips products. The amount of aflatoxin determined in snack bars is below the maximum limit. According to the European Community, limit values for aflatoxin B1 that can be found in human food is 2-4 µg/kg. In our country, the maximum acceptable value for peanuts, other oil seeds and spices is 5 μg/kg for aflatoxin B1 and 10 µg/kg for total aflatoxin.

In Situ Fine‐Tuning of Microfluidic Chips by Swelling and Its Application to Droplet Microfluidics

AbstractOver the last two decades, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used as the material of choice for fast‐throughput prototyping of microfluidic devices due to the ease of fabrication of PDMS devices by soft‐lithography replica molding methods. Nevertheless, PDMS is known to swell significantly in a variety of organic solvents which has sometimes limited its use in synthetic chemistry and has led the microfluidic community to consider PDMS as being “incompatible” with such solvents. Nevertheless, as shown here, when analyzed deeper and controlled properly, the solvent‐induced swelling of PDMS actually constitutes a potentially useful phenomenon that can become a simple tool to control and adjust finely and dynamically the geometry of microfluidic chips in situ. In this paper, this method is applied to the control of the behavior of a variety of droplet generators. The simplicity and efficiency of this approach make it a great asset for droplet microfluidics synthesis, for which microreactor sizes are a critical parameter that is often overlooked due to its complex implementation. In a more general sense, it is expected that integrating swelling into design should allow to adjust the function of many different types of chips exhibiting geometry‐driven functions.

Spheroidal chip in micromilling

In a manufacturing process, studying the removed material called chip, swarf or debris, is the key to understand the process. In micro cutting process, the size effect is a dominant factor for material removal mechanism and chip generation physics. There are different types of chips but a particular type, stands out from the others due to its specificities: the spheroidal chip. It is often found in grinding and tribological tests. This type of chip has no specific classification and there are no reports of it being found in milling or micro milling research. This paper makes a review of this not so well known type of chip, to classify it by its characteristics and to present some examples of spheroidal chips obtained from micro milling operation. Spheroidal chips were obtained when micro milling slots using a 381 µm diameter TiN coated WC tool. The workpiece material was Inconel 718, a high strength refractory superalloy. SEM images were obtained to analyze and classify the chips and observe the machined surface of the slots. In the proposed classification of spherical chip, there are eight major types: Fatigue Sphere, Layer-like Sphere, Thin Plate Sphere, Dendritic-like Sphere, Partially Formed Sphere, Tadpole, Melted sphere and Hollow sphere. The thin chip is submitted to high energy, which is one of the main aspects of size effect that occurs in micro milling. Inconel 718 has low thermal conductivity and high oxidation rates, which makes it an ideal environment for the formation of spherical chip. The spheres formed can be classified as Dendritic Spheres, defined by extremely high rates of oxidation in a thin chip which leads to high heat energy causing its spherical form and dendritic microstructure.

Experimental Investigation and Surface Roughness analysis on Hard Turning of AISI D2 Steel using Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN)

Abstract The performance of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) was studied to investigate surface roughness analysis at various machining parameters. The PCBN tools were used in tool steel AISI D2 steel with hardness of 64 HRC. Machining test was performed with dry cutting condition at different cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. In order to obtain desired surface quality by machining, proper machining parameter selection is very essential. This can be achieved by higher quality and productivity in metal cutting industry. The aim of the present work is to investigate effect of process parameter on surface finish and material removal rate (MRR) to obtain the optimal setting of the process parameters. It influences the cutting parameters during machining L27 experimental will run based on an orthogonal array method. During the experimental process parameters such as speed, feed and depth of cut are used to explore their effect on the surface roughness (Ra) of the work piece. Chip morphology study indicates different types of chips operating under different cutting conditions.

The importance of toughness in manufacturing

In manufacturing, the yield strength (k, Pa) of the material being worked determines how easy or difficult it is to achieve permanent deformation and hence the size of equipment required to do the job. In some processes, cracking of the workpiece sets limits, but in others such as slitting and trimming of sheets, can opening, guillotining, punching of holes and so on, separation of parts is required. The transition from plastic flow to cracking is controlled by the fracture toughness (R, J/m2) of the workpiece, which is a measure of the resistances to crack initiation and propagation in tension and in shear. R is employed in the discipline of fracture mechanics. There are standard ways independently to measure fracture toughness, and it is to be emphasised that R is not the same as Charpy values. Furthermore, fracture mechanics applies not only to structural integrity linear elastic cases, but describes cracking in the presence of large irreversible deformations as found in forming. Processes may start as flow (controlled by the laws of elastoplasticity) but then become simultaneous combined flow and fracture (controlled by the laws of elastoplastic fracture mechanics).The initiation of cracks may set limits on processes, and there are many empirical criteria written in terms of stress and/or strain that give limits for different forming processes. However, they are not transferable from one process to another ― even for the same workpiece material ― but they can all be rationalised when expressed in terms of workpiece toughness, a mechanical property that also determines whether the cracks are formed in tension or in shear. Furthermore, in those processes where a number of cracks form, it is toughness that determines how many appear: a criterion of a critical strain at fracture, say, will simply predict when cracking will commence.‘Separation’ is fracture by another name and such processes operate beyond the limits of normal forming. The modelling of all types of cutting (whether algebraic or FEM) should include toughness. Indeed, toughness defines what constitutes a sharp tool. Many experimental observations for which traditional ‘Ernst-Merchant’ theories have no explanation become quantitatively clear when fracture toughness is incorporated. These include workpiece-dependence of the angle of the primary shear plane, and transitions between different types of chip at different uncut chip thicknesses which are the result of cube-square scaling inherent in all fracture problems. That is, the remote work stored elastically or dissipated plastically over the whole workpiece depends on volume, but the work required for fracture depends only on the area of the cracked surface with its boundary layers of highly damaged, and separated, material above and below. Some metal cutters do not believe that fracture can have anything to do with cutting since ‘cracks are not seen ahead of the tool’. In consequence artifices such as adaptive re-meshing are employed in FEM to simulate cutting without a criterion for separation, but that methodology does not represent the physics of what’s happening at the cutting edge, and it also confuses the existence of cracking with the stability of cracking. Better to simulate all manufacturing problems with codes that will show fracture if that is what the physics demands, yet not show fracture if it is not part of the problem.Energy scaling poses the fascinating question of what do we really understand by the classifications of ‘brittle’ and ‘ductile’ as determined by the behaviour of laboratory-size testpieces since glass, for example, can be machined with continuous ribbons at micrometer depths of cut, and ductile metals will split at very large depths of cut. It all comes down to the toughness-to-strength (R/k) ratio.

Finite element analysis of heat sink in term of thermal and temperature distribution with different chip power input

This paper presents the simulation of heat sink by using Workbench 18.0 Software to simulate the temperature distribution at different chip power input. 3D model of heat sink is generated using Design Modeler using the same dimension with experimental setup. The study was made for a heat sink mounted on the power source (Chip) under different types of chip powers. The results are presented in terms of temperature distribution when chip powers have been increased from 1 W to 10 W. The temperature distribution is been observed and it was found that the temperature distribution of the heat sink has lower temperature when power source at 1 W and increase significantly when the power source rise up to 10 W. The increase the temperature of heat sink is from 30.8ºC up to 96.2ºC estimated to be 212% the increase of temperature. The simulation also been verify by using different time step use during the simulation and using grid independency test to ensure the simulation result is accurate.

A Multi-core architecture for a hybrid information system

This paper demonstrates our proposed Multi-core architecture for a hybrid information system (HIS) with the related work, system design, theories, experiments, analysis and discussion presented. Different designs on clusters, communication between different types of chips and clusters and network queuing methods have been described. Our aim is to achieve quality, reliability and resilience and to demonstrate it, our emphasis is on latency with messages communicated in our system – understand how it happens, what can trigger its increase, and then experiment with different types of focuses, including under Store-and-Forward Flow Control method, Wormhole flow control method, cluster size and message size to get a better understanding. Our analysis allows us to reduce latency and avoid its sharp increase. We justify our research contributions, particularly in the area of “traffic analysis and management” and “performance analysis of transmission control” of the HIS systems.

CDTA

The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming the way we live and work by increasing the connectedness of people and things on a scale that was once unimaginable. However, the vulnerabilities in the IoT supply chain have raised serious concerns about the security and trustworthiness of IoT devices and components within them. Testing for device provenance, detection of counterfeit integrated circuits (ICs) and systems, and traceability of IoT devices are challenging issues to address. In this article, we develop a novel radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based system suitable for counterfeit detection, traceability, and authentication in the IoT supply chain called CDTA . CDTA is composed of different types of on-chip sensors and in-system structures that collect necessary information to detect multiple counterfeit IC types (recycled, cloned, etc.), track and trace IoT devices, and verify the overall system authenticity. Central to CDTA is an RFID tag employed as storage and a channel to read the information from different types of chips on the printed circuit board (PCB) in both power-on and power-off scenarios. CDTA sensor data can also be sent to the remote server for authentication via an encrypted Ethernet channel when the IoT device is deployed in the field. A novel board ID generator is implemented by combining outputs of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) embedded in the RFID tag and different chips on the PCB. A light-weight RFID protocol is proposed to enable mutual authentication between RFID readers and tags. We also implement a secure interchip communication on the PCB. Simulations and experimental results using Spartan 3E FPGAs demonstrate the effectiveness of this system. The efficiency of the radio-frequency (RF) communication has also been verified via a PCB prototype with a printed slot antenna.

Investigation of cutting temperature and chip formation during rotational turning by multifaceted cutters

The influences of conditions of rotational turning by multifaceted cutters (RTMC) on the cutting point temperature under the intermittent cutting operation are examined. By employing a different geometry of the tool and selecting an appropriate tool peripheral speed so as to reduce the tool-workpiece contact time and frictions, tool temperatures and failures are suppressed. The morphology of the different types of chips generated during RTMC confirms the theoretical position of the intense fragmentation and removal of chips from the cutting zone.

Microscopic Analysis of Chips

Nowadays many different types of chips are used virtually everywhere in the real world. Sometimes, it is necessary to ensure that a certain chip meets specific requirements. For this reason, it is essential to examine various properties of chips; one of those can be, e.g., the chip security with respect to its physical structure. This paper provides description of a proven chip decapsulation process (the presented process can be used to obtain bare chips for further analysis) and some additional information concerning analysis of the chips. Finally, a prototype of our application designated for later semiautomatic analysis is also briefly presented.

Effects of chip conditions on the solid state recycling of Ti-6Al-4V machining chips

Five different types of Ti-6Al-4V machining chips were recycled in their solid state using equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The chips were produced by either turning or milling with or without the application of a coolant. All the as-recycled materials achieved full density but their microstructures, including the prior chip boundary spacing and grain size, are dependent on the starting chip morphologies and dimensions. The differences, however, were largely removed in the subsequent mill-annealing processing consisting of β homogenisation, hot deformation and final annealing, leading to near-identical mill-annealed microstructures for all different types of chips consisting of equiaxed α+β grains with lamellar α, typical following such a treatment. The recycled and mill-annealed materials possess high yield strengths of >900MPa and satisfactory tensile ductility of >11%, comparable or superior to the original commercial mill-annealed Ti-6Al-4V and independent of the initial chip conditions.

Changes in feedstock quality in willow chip piles created in winter from a commercial scale harvest

Storage and handling are important facets of biomass logistics because there are associated costs and biomass properties can change significantly as material proceeds through the supply chain. Thus, this aspect of biomass supply systems requires continued study. Shrub willow chips were harvested, and used to create six piles that each contained between 10 and 22 Mg (fresh biomass). Material was monitored for several months in temporary storage to assess changes in biomass quality (moisture, ash and energy content). Internal pile temperatures increased due to biological activity and conditions within a pile quickly differentiated based on location (shell, core, top, and side). Mean moisture content increased from 42 to 47% (mass fraction) between harvest and delivery of the chips, but ranged between 37 and over 60% over the next three months depending on pile location with the shell generally drier than the core. Mean ash content increased 1 to 2% points (mass fraction) between harvesting, reloading and delivery to the trial location, but became more variable during storage. Higher heating values (HHV) were stable between 18.6 and 19.0 MJ kg−1 over the six months, but lower heating values (LHV) ranged between 8.6 and 11.7 MJ kg−1 and mirrored changes in moisture content. There was minimal change in chip quality over two months, but quality became more variable over longer time periods. This period could be extended, and negative effects on chip quality could be mitigated, by improving storage methods, blending different types of chips, or employing pretreatments.

The effect of aging on the machinability of AA7075 aluminium alloy

In this study, machinability tests were performed on aged AA7075 aluminium (Al) alloy through single point turning method. Before the machinability tests, AA7075 Al alloy samples were aged at 180°C for 1, 6, 12 and 24 h. The machinability tests were carried out at various cutting speeds and the resulting sample surface roughness, cutting forces and thermal changes occurring on the cutting tool were analysed depending on the cutting speed when machining the aged AA7075 alloy samples. An unaged sample was also subjected to machinability tests for comparison purposes. The hardness measurements taken from the aged samples showed that aging treatment increased the hardness between the intervals of 102 to 211 (HV), depending on the aging time. The lowest surface roughness values were measured on the samples aged for 6 h. Different types of chips were observed with thermal camera during machining of the unaged and aged samples. Temperatures of the chips were found to vary between 52 to 92°C. Key words: AA7075, machinability, aging, heat treatment, hardness, surface roughness.

The influence of oak wood chips, micro-oxygenation treatment, and grape variety on colour, and anthocyanin and phenolic composition of red wines

The development of the micro-oxygenation technique and the positive results obtained in the quality of red wines have given rise to combining this technique with the addition of wood pieces, which would be a good combination for improving wine quality. The aim of this work was to study the combined effect of different chips and the application of micro-oxygenation before malolactic fermentation on colour and phenolic composition of red wines. Four different types of chips and two single-varietal red wines were used, studying the influence of chip type, grape variety, micro-oxygenation and storage time. Individual anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and colour parameters were evaluated and multivariate analyses were performed. The results obtained pointed out that grape variety and micro-oxygenation had more influence on phenolic composition and wine colour than the type of chips used to macerate the wines. Although some differences were found in these parameters and compounds based on chip type used, it can be said that the selection of one chip or another does not modify the chromatic characteristics of red wines.