Different Types Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Determination of Some Physicochemical Properties of Binary Biodiesel and Binary Biodiesel-Diesel Blend Fuels Obtained from Waste Pumpkin Seed- Camelina Oils

The primary aim of utilizing biodiesel is to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, decrease harmful emissions, and promote the use of renewable energy sources. Studies on biodiesel commonly revolve around singular biodiesel-petroleum diesel blends. Binary biodiesel is generally obtained by mixing different types of biodiesel or blending these mixtures with petroleum diesel. The combination of these diverse feedstocks with distinct properties can offer varying characteristics and benefits. Many studies regarding liquid biofuels primarily focus on blends of singular biodiesel with diesel. Raw materials constitute a substantial portion of the cost in biodiesel production. Hence, efforts have been made to favor non-edible and waste products as raw materials. Additionally, products that are suitable for cultivation in Turkey and easy to obtain as raw materials, supporting domestic biofuel production, have been chosen. Biodiesels obtained from waste pumpkin seeds and linseed oils through the transesterification method were blended at volumetric ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 to obtain binary biodiesel fuels (C50P50, C25P75, and C75P25). The binary biodiesel-diesel blend fuels were achieved by blending different volume ratios of binary biodiesel fuels (C25P25D50 and C10P10D80) with traditional petroleum diesel after their preparation. Subsequent analyses focused on determining the physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, water content, calorific value, cold filter plugging point, and copper strip corrosion) of the prepared binary biodiesel and binary biodiesel-diesel blend fuels. Compliance with biodiesel standards (EN 14214, ASTM D-6751) was observed for all fuels, and the results were compared with the reference fuel, diesel (petroleum). According to the analysis results, all the tested fuels met the standards, with the C10P10D80 blend fuel displaying the closest resemblance to diesel.

Various Types of Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel Choices: a Review

The energy sources used today are non-renewable energy. Non-renewable energy, if used continuously will experience scarcity. Therefore, renewable energy sources are needed as an alternative energy. One of alternative energy source is biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from vegetable or animal raw materials. The sustainability and diversity of biodiesel feedstock sources make it an attractive option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The problem is that all existing natural resources have not been utilized, the potential availability of raw materials and their production, lack of knowledge about the types of biodiesel and other types of biodiesel that can be developed. This article aims to review the different types of biodiesel that are being researched and developed and increasing knowledge and becoming a reference regarding the potential of natural resources and the opportunity to develop other types based on the potential of available natural resources. The research method used is a literature review study using the Publish or Perish 8 application, on the search menu Google Scholar is selected. Article search retrieved September 19, 2023. Based on this search, 14 articles were obtained that were in accordance with this research. The research results showed that the various types of biodiesel are bintaro oil, hazelnut oil, corn oil, crude palm oil, hydrotreated vegetable oil, kapok seed oil, rubber seed oil, used cooking oil, kesambi oil and graphene nanoplatelets. Each type of biodiesel has its own advantages, while the biodiesel feedstock that has the potential to be produced in large quantities is palm oil. This research also suggests that Indonesia's natural resource potential is very large, so we can also process and develop other types of biodiesel which can be used as alternative fuel.

Antioxidant properties of some plant extracts and effect of their addition on the oxidation stability of biodiesel

The extracts from the leaves of Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv., Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, and Camellia japonica L. plants, as well as from defatted Camelina sativa and Silybum marianum seedcakes were investigated as potential additives for improvement of biodiesel stability against oxidation. Composition of the extracts was studied by means of HPLC, and antioxidant properties were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the DPPH test. The oxidation of biodiesel was monitored during the accelerated procedure at 43C, with the changes in the acid number of biodiesel samples being the criteria of this process. In spite of significant distinctions in the content of various phenolic compounds, all the extracts were found to possess high antioxidant activity and decelerate biodiesel oxidation by 9-26%. The data did not reveal a directly proportional relationship between the antioxidants content in the extract, on the one hand, and the enhancement in biodiesel stability, on the other hand; various extracts had different influence on the behaviour of biodiesel from rape and Camelina seed oils. The results obtained are consistent with the assumption that there is no universal stabilizer for different types of biodiesel and indicate the prospects on searching for novel antioxidants of natural origin to inhibit oxidative processes.

A Review on Recent Advances in Bio-Fuel Development

For the concurrent energy researches around the world, the question of energy availability and the effects of global warming have taken on particular importance. This situation creates room for prospective, more modern and sustainable alternative energy sources. In the industrial, automotive and even as a fuel source for power plants, biodiesel can be used as a sustainable alternative energy. This study offers a detailed overview of the use and advancement of bio-diesel as a fuel for the production of renewable energy from material sources. The creation of various bio-diesel mixture combinations and their use in diverse sectors is a key topic covered in this study. In order to use different types of biodiesel in different parts of the world, its physical and chemical properties have been researched. Although the use of biodiesel reduces emissions and pollutants, a specific approach is required to maximise efficiency and effectiveness, both technically and non-technically. However, the use of biodiesel together with the optimization of its properties and parameters demonstrates that this alternative energy is practical and might be used as a sustainable fuel source for the auto industry and electricity generation in the future.

Compatibility studies between an indirect injection diesel injector and biodiesel with different composition: Stationary tests

Compatibility between automotive materials and biodiesel is key for engine manufacturers, since failures occur in the medium term and may significantly reduce engine useful life. There are only few studies about compatibility between biodiesel and pure materials, but all agree there is biodiesel degradation and material corrosion beyond desirable values. This manuscript shows results about the compatibility behavior of an indirect injection diesel engine injector, with different types of biodiesel (from rapeseed, soybean, coconut and palm oil). Tests were carried out by static immersion of actual injector parts inside biodiesel, at room temperature, during 1100 h. To analyze elemental composition of each injector part and potential compatibility problems, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used. Visual variations were detected in both biodiesel and metals, showing the need of a further quantification of both piece mass loss and biodiesel acid value increase. Metallic oxides on the surface were detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After immersion tests, mass variation in alloying elements of each piece (behaving differently depending on their composition), besides biodiesel acid value differences, were found. In this sense, pieces with aluminum alloys showed the highest corrosion (mass loss) compared to those without aluminum in their structure, no matter the unsaturation degree and chain length of biodiesel. In sum, there were not conclusive results about the influence of biodiesel composition over injector materials. However, it was found that European biodiesel standard EN 14214 should include other parameters than just copper band corrosion, to determine material deterioration, provided that aluminum alloys and other metals react with biodiesel.

Critical review on use of different types of bio-diesel as sustainable fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

World’s major transportation energy requirement cannot be met alone by use of fossil fuel based petroleum products. So, as a supplement and sustainable energy usage scope and production of bio diesel is highlighted in this article. Bio-diesel can also be the part of renewable biomass sources available freely on this planet. Use of bio diesel can be made successfully by minor modification in existing transportation vehicles easily. Still further research is going on for to overcome the limitations regarding use of bio diesel in I.C. engines like as piston ring sticking, injector chocking etc. due to its high viscosity. The present work focuses on use of bio diesel in terms of its performance characteristics in IC Engines. Keywords: Bio-Fuel; Diesel Engine; Vegetable Oil; Pollutants

Improving of CI engine performance using three different types of biodiesel

Currently, most automotive industries use fossil fuels, like diesel fuel, which are harmful for the environment and are known as the main reason for global warming. To reduce the adverse effects of these fuels, scholars have investigated and suggested green fuels like biodiesel. However, further studies should be conducted to improve the functionality of biodiesel fuel in diesel engines. In the current study, three completely distinct biodiesel fuels (namely, B1 with 96 % lauric oil, B2 with 88 % oleic oil, and B3 with 89.5 % ricinoleic oil) were numerically evaluated to carefully investigate the effects of the number of carbon atoms, the OH bond, and viscosity on the performance of a CI engine. First, the predicted in-cylinder pressure, the rate of heat released, and NO emissions were compared to experimental results and an appropriate accord was obtained. For the mentioned biodiesels, the parameters of engine speed, injection angle, piston bowl center depth, and compression ratio were investigated by CFD code under different engine speeds. It was found that changing the piston bowl center depth (PBCD) value from 0.0042 to 0.009 m increased NO and the indicated power by 4% and 3%, respectively, for B1, B2, and B3 biofuels. In addition, when the engine was fueled by Corylus avellana biodiesel, the change in compression ratio from 16 to 24 increased peak pressure and torque by around 77 % and 17 %, respectively. The results showed that the cylinder fueled by high viscosity biodiesel has lower air-fuel mixing. A fuel that has more oxygen atoms in its chemical structure can produce higher NO emissions. Moreover, the injection angle of 150° led to increased fuel consumption rate and indicated power compared to the injection angle of 160°. It was determined that the compression ratio has significant effects on emission and combustion characteristics.

A critical review on production process, physicochemical properties, performance and emission characteristics of sea mango biodiesel-diesel blends

Abstract Biodiesel has got a great demand these days due to the depletion of fossil fuels. As they are green and also have the most similar characteristics of diesel, biodiesels are claimed to be the best alternative of diesel. It has always offered the best option when it comes to emissions, despite having a bit of lower performance. Production of biodiesel from edible oil doesn't seem to be economical nowadays due to its cost. This makes the individual give the non-edible oil such as castor oil, jatropha, rubber seed oil etc. much more importance than the edible oils. Sea mangos, which are also known as Cerbera Manghas or Cerbera Odollam are also considered to be a non-edible fruit found mostly in the areas of Marquesas islands and Hawaii. Though a large study has been conducted on different types of biodiesel derived from various feedstocks, only limited research has been on the biodiesel obtained from sea mango. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of the production of biodiesel from sea mango oil and its performance.

Improvement of low-temperature characteristics of biodiesel by additivation

In manipulation and utilization of biodiesel and its mixtures, especially in the winter period, one of the most serious problems is relatively poor low-temperature flow properties. Classic methods of transesterification solve this problem, so biodiesel quality can be improved only by additives (cold flow improvers). This research examines the effect of commercial additives on the improvement of low-temperature characteristics of biodiesel. Namely, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), pour point (PP) and cloud point (CP) were tested in accordance with EN 116 and ISO 3015 standards. The influence of additives on different types of biodiesel, its different age and influence on the mixture of 5 % biodiesel and fossil diesel were examined. A better effect of additivation to "fresh" biodiesel (made using rapeseed oil), compared to "aged" biodiesel was noted. Improvement of additivation was achieved by mixing additives with an organic solvent (toluene). It was demonstrated that different types of additives are suitable for different types of biodiesel as well as mixtures of biodiesel and fossil diesel. Additives in which solvent is compatible with the type of biodiesel were found to exhibit better performance.

An outlook on microbial behavior: Mimicking a biodiesel (B100) spill in sandy loam soil

Although different types of biodiesel are marketed worldwide, studies on their environmental impact are scarce. Therefore, we selected pure biodiesels (B100) from rapeseed (BR), sunflower (BF), and soybean (BS) to mimic their contamination of sandy loam soil and then studied their biodegradation by the soil microcosms. All the biodiesel samples presented significant values (p < 0.05) of CO2 release. The fatty acid profiles revealed that they all had high rates of degradation. After 56 days of study, the BR- and BF-contaminated samples had the most altered microbial profile, presenting a similarity of 75% with the uncontaminated sample. The results showed the high biodegradable potential of these three types of biodiesel, indicating that their compositions favored the degradation process. However, the high CO2 level released by the mineralization of these biocomposites and the alteration in the soil microbial profile can be worrying factors. This is the first work to evaluate the biodegradability of these three types of biodiesel, the microbial profile of soil contaminated by each type, and their emission of greenhouse gases.

Effect of Ambient Temperature on Ignition Delay, Combustion Process and Emission of Biodiesel Derived from Algae

Global warming and energy crises have increased the awareness about eco-friendly fuels and also accelerated the search of alternative fuels. Biodiesel is defined as methyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats or similar which conform to ASTM D6751 specifications for use in diesel engines. However, low temperature combustion mode has attracted widespread attention in particulate matter and NOx emissions reduction simultaneously. Thus, this paper evaluates the potential of using algae as the alternative fuel for diesel engines and focuses on experimental investigation for the influence of ambient temperature on ignition delay and emission with different types of biodiesel. A Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) is used for simulated the diesel combustion as similar in the real diesel engine. Besides, two types of biodiesel blends, B2 (2vol%) such as Algae and Jatropha biodiesel were tested on RCM at injection pressure of 130 MPa under different ambient temperatures from 750 K to 1100 K. The experimental results were compared with Palm-Oil biodiesel with blending ratio of 5vol%, 10vol% and 15vol%. Nevertheless, the result indicated that the ignition delay is slowed when ambient temperature is increased. These phenomena can be explained by the thermal properties of fuels. Ignition delay is found to be slower if premixed combustion process is reduced and also higher ambient temperature due to the increased in fuel ignitibility. The emission of NOx increased as the ambient temperature increased to cause highly combustion temperature.

Biodegradation of biodiesel and toluene under nitrate-reducing conditions and the impact on bacterial community structure

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be mixed with toluene and be accidentally released into anoxic ecosystems and impact soil microbial communities. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to examine, under nitrate-reduction conditions, the biodegradation of toluene in the presence of two different types of biodiesel (sunflower and rapeseed), and their impact on the bacterial community structure. Sediment samples were spiked individually with toluene, biodiesel, and their blends in laboratory-designed microcosms. Sunflower oil biodiesel was produced in the laboratory, while rapeseed oil biodiesel was a commercial product. Degradation of biodiesels and blends was monitored by directly measuring the substrate or indirectly by determining nitrate removal during the course of the experiment. Denitrification rates were estimated with the acetylene inhibition technique. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to assess impacts on the bacterial community structure exposed to biodiesels, blends, and toluene. The results of this study showed that toluene and biodiesel were completely degraded within 10 days. Biodiesel significantly affected the bacterial community structure at a similar magnitude, independently of its origin. Additionally, toluene impacted the bacterial community and denitrification process to a lower extent than biodiesel and a clear decrease in the relative bacterial richness and diversity was shown in samples with biodiesel and blends. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first reports describing degradation of biodiesel alone and blends under nitrate-reducing conditions, and also the effects of these compounds on the denitrification process. In addition, due to the recently discovered “oxygenic denitrification” process, the acetylene inhibition technique and nitrous oxide quantification may not be the most adequate tool to estimate denitrification rates. Further detailed studies are advised to understand whether the identified bacterial community shift impacts ecosystem functions. Our results help to understand the biodegradation of toluene, biodiesel, and their blends in sediments under nitrate-reducing conditions and might be important in implementing bioremediation strategies in anoxic environments.

Production of Dual Fuel Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine with Improved Cold Flow Characteristics

Objective: To produce dual fuel biodiesel, where different percentage of blends was taken to check the physio and chemical properties of the dual fuel. Analysis: As we all know our society is hugely dependent on the fossil fuels, which results in the higher cost of petroleum products, high emissions of HC, CO2 and Nox. To bring down the dependency on the conventional fuels and to reduce the various types of emissions new sources of alternate energy must be developed. Biodiesel is becoming one of the most prominent options among the other alternate energy resources, due to its economic and environmental factors. Finding: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel which can be used with mineral diesel without any modification or small modifications to the engine. The methyl ester of vegetable oil (edible and non-edible oil) and animal fat are known as biodiesel. In the past researchers had done blending of biodiesel made from single vegetable oil with the mineral diesel and left the scope of work on the biodiesel made from the combining of two different types of biodiesel blended with diesel in different mixing ratios. Improvement: The methyl esters of seed oil are produced through transesterification process. The experiment was done to produce dual fuel, where different percentage of blends was taken to check the physio and chemical properties of the dual fuel. The cold flow properties of dual fuel were found to be optimal at 50:50 blends. Keywords: Cloud Point, Cold Flow Properties, Jatropha Biodiesel, Mahua Biodiesel, Pour Point, Transesterificaion

Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Thermal Degraded Biodiesels

Biofuels are an alternative to fossil fuels and can be made from many different raw materials. The use of distinct catalyst and production processes, feedstocks, and types of alcohol results in biofuels with different physical and chemical properties. Even though these diverse options for biodiesel production are considered advantageous, they may pose a setback when quality specifications are considered, since different properties are subject to different reactions during usage, storage and handling. In this work, we present a systematic characterization of biodiesels to investigate how accelerated thermal degradation affects fuel properties. Two different types of biodiesel, commercially obtained from distinct feedstocks, were tested. The thermal degradation process was performed by maintaining the temperature of the sample at $$140 \,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ under constant air flux for different times: 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h. Properties such as density, viscosity, activation energy, volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, gross caloric value, acid value, infrared absorption, and temperature coefficient of the refractive index were used to study the thermal degradation of the biodiesel samples. The results show a significant difference in fuel properties before and after the thermal degradation process suggesting the formation of undesirable compounds. All the properties mentioned above were found to be useful to determine whether a biodiesel sample underwent thermal degradation. Moreover, viscosity and acid value were found to be the most sensitive characteristics to detect the thermal degradation process.

Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) palm stones as a potential new feedstock for liquid bio-fuels production

In the present investigation, Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) stones were utilized in the production of different types of biodiesel in addition to bio-oil. The oil was extracted from the date stones with a yield of 10.50wt% and is used in the production of fatty acid methyl, ethyl and mixed methyl/ethyl esters via KOH- catalyzed transesterification process with methanol, ethanol and mixed methanol and ethanol, respectively. Properties of the obtained biodiesels, such as the density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, acid value, cloud and pour points, total and free glycerin contents and the refractive index were evaluated and found comparable to those of ASTM D 6751 biodiesel. The FTIR spectroscopy confirmed conversion of date stone oil to biodiesel. The date stones were also tested as new non-edible feedstock for bio-oil production by pyrolysis process in a semi batch reactor. The influence of the pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and precursor particles size on the bio- oil yield was investigated. Maximum bio- oil yield (52.67%±1.50) was obtained at 500°C pyrolysis temperature with a pyrolysis time of 60min and feed particle size of 0.25mm. The ultimate analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and adsorption column chromatography were determined to characterize the chemical composition of the obtained bio- oil. Furthermore, several important fuel properties, like the density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point and the acidity index of date stones bio- oil were also determined following ASTM standard test methods and found comparable to those documented for other bio- oils in literature. The chemical composition of the bio- oil produced through pyrolysis of date stones showed the potential of date stones as an important source of alternative fuel and chemicals as well.

Tribological Performance of Si-Doped Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings in Different Biodiesel

In this paper, two kinds of different biodiesel were tested in terms of their impact on wear resistance of Si-DLC coated 100Cr6 flat worn by an oscillating 100Cr6 ball. The knowledge about the tribological behaviour of different types of biodiesel is rare. Rape and soybean are two of the most common natural sources for biodiesel production. Also, if the quality of biodiesel seems to be similar and, according to the demands, biodiesel from different natural origin could affect changes in the tribological behaviour. Although, soybean methyl ester (SME) gives the best results at room temperature wear tests, 150°C SME reaches wear rates of Si-DLC flat against 100Cr6 ball almost double as high as rapeseed methyl ester (RME). It is evident that, with increasing fraction of oxidation stabilizer C23H32O2, the wear rate increases. For silicon doped hydrogenated diamond-like carbon is especially suitable, for use in biodiesels, where certain fraction of humidity, dissociated water, or polar functional groups may present.

PC-SAFT predictions of VLE and LLE of systems related to biodiesel production

Biodiesel has risen as a potential energy carrier and alternative biofuel. Understanding the phase equilibria of systems formed by alkyl esters of fatty acids and alcohols is of great interest to biodiesel industry. Predictive thermodynamic models are essential for process simulators used for plant design and optimization. The Perturbed Chain form of the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) is used in this work to predict the thermophysical properties, vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) and liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) of binary and ternary systems related to biodiesel processing. The PC-SAFT was able to accurately predict the VLE and LLE of mixtures involving different types of biodiesel. The phase behavior prediction for mixtures investigated in this work seems to be not greatly influenced by the dipole–dipole. Furthermore, the phase behavior of binary and ternary mixtures of biodiesel was successfully predicted using a transferable cross–association parameters approach.

NOx emissions from low-temperature combustion of biodiesel made of various feedstocks and blends

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are one of the major hazardous emissions from biodiesel-fueled engines that need to be regulated stringently. In this paper, NOx emissions from different types of biodiesel were studied using a laboratory combustion chamber. Biodiesel fuels with various portion of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from soybean methyl ester (SME), tallow oil (TO), and waste cooking oil (WCO) were combusted at 330–420°C simulating low-temperature combustion (LTC). Combustion analysis results show that neat biodiesel fuels had longer ignition delay and lower ignition temperatures compared to ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD). The unsaturation of biodiesel samples and their blends with ULSD was analyzed for its effects on NOx emissions. The results showed that biodiesel with more unsaturated fatty acids emitted more NOx compared to biodiesel with more saturated fatty acids. A paired t-test showed that neat TO, WCO, and WCO B50 had significant reduction in the formation of NOx compared with ULSD and SME B20. It is concluded that less unsaturated FAME fuels would be preferable when reduction of NOx emissions is a critical issue.

Engine Performance Investigations of Palm Oil, Jatropha Oil and Waste Cooking Oil as Alternative Fuel

The continued using of petroleum energy as a sourced for fuel is widely recognized as unsustainable because of the decreasing of supplies while increasing of the demand. Therefore, it becomes a global agenda to develop a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel to meets with all the demand. Thus, biodiesel seems to be one of the best choices. In Malaysia, the biodiesel used is from edible vegetable oil sources; palm oil. The uses of palm oil as biodiesel production source have been concern because of the competition with food materials. In this study, various types of biodiesel feedstock are being studied and compared with diesel. The purpose of this comparison is to obtain the optimum engine performance of these different types of biodiesel (edible, non-edible, waste cooking oil) on which are more suitable to be used as alternative fuel. The optimum engine performance effect can be obtains by considering the Brake Power (BP), Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE).

Comparative assessment of a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine with rice bran oil methyl ester, pongamia oil methyl ester and palm oil methyl ester as pilot fuels

The present study tries to explore the potential of three different types of biodiesel viz. Rice bran oil methyl ester (RBME), Pongamia oil methyl ester (PME) and Palm oil methyl ester (POME) as pilot fuels for a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine designed for power generation. The results indicated that under dual fuel mode, RBME-biogas produced a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 19.97% in comparison to 18.4% and 17.4% respectively for PME-biogas and POME-biogas at 100% load. The emission study divulged that under dual fuel mode, on an average, there was an increase of CO emission by 25.74% and 32.58% for PME-biogas and POME-biogas, respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas. Furthermore, on an average, the HC emissions for PME-biogas and POME-biogas increased by 11.73% and 16.27%, respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas. On the other hand, on an average, there was a decrease in NOX emission by 5.8% and 14%, respectively for PME-biogas and POME-biogas respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas.