Different Types Of Solutions Research Articles

Influence of water, H2O2, H2SO4, and NaOH filtration on the surface characteristics of a graphene oxide-iron (GO-Fe) membrane

Graphene oxide (GO)-based membranes formed by stacked nano-scale GO layers can be used to separate contaminants from the water via filtration. The membrane surface and permeation performance are altered by different filtration solutions. This study presented a facile vacuum-assisted approach of preparing a GO-Fe membrane by bonding between multivalent Fe and oxygenated functional groups on the membrane surface. Different solutions including water (pH 7.0), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, pH 4.5), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, pH 3.0), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, pH 9.7) were used. The impact of filtration on the membrane surface characteristics and permeation flux was investigated. In the results, filtration using water and H2SO4 exhibited the highest and lowest fluxes, respectively. Water filtration increased the O-H component of the membrane by hydration and improved the permeation flux (109.5 L m−2h−1 bar−1). However, this also potentially increased the interlayer distance of the membrane and reduced its molecule rejection rates. H2SO4 filtration destructed the membrane surface by enhancing the release of Fe. Filtration with H2O2 and NaOH maintained moderated spacing and permeation fluxes of the membrane by increasing the rates of oxygenation and protonation, respectively. The findings provide insights into how different types of solutions affect the stability and surface characteristics of a GO-based membrane modified by a multivalent cation.

Nonlinear dispersive equations: classical and new frameworks

The purpose of this manuscript associated to the Golden Jubilee of the IME-USP is to present selected material from the author’s scientific contribution dealing with nonlinear phenomena of dispersive type. That study has been a source for modern research in the dynamic of traveling wave solutions of different type and it has been disseminated through publication of scientific articles and/or books. Here, we provide the reader with information about current research in stability theory for nonlinear dispersive equations and possible developments. Also, I hope it inspires future developments in this important and fascinating subject. In this manuscript we consider the following topics: stability theory of solitary waves and the applicability of the concentration–compactness principle, the existence and orbital (in)stability of periodic traveling wave solutions for nonlinear dispersive models, nonlinear Schrodinger and Korteweg–de Vries models on star-shaped metric graphs. The use of tools of the theory of spaces of Hilbert, the spectral theory for unbounded self-adjoint operators, Sturm–Liouville’s theory, variational methods, analytic perturbation theory of operators, and the extension theory of symmetric operators are pieces fundamental in our study. The methods presented in this manuscript have prospect for the study of the dynamic of solutions for nonlinear evolution equations around of different traveling waves profiles which may appear in non-standard environments such as star-shaped metric graphs.

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE HOLOS-QUAD MICRO-REACTOR CONCEPT

The Holos-Quad micro-reactor concept is proposed by HolosGen LLC to generate 22 MWt with a lifetime of approximately 8 effective full power years (EFPYs) for civilian applications. The design is based on a very innovative high-temperature gas-cooled reactor concept using four Subcritical Power Modules (SPMs) that fit into one commercial 40-foot transport ISO container. A rigorous design approach was employed in order to ensure that all input parameters were fully investigated and the best solutions possible were considered. The first step of this approach consisted of properly defining the Holos-Quad design problem by identifying the design objectives, the operational constraints, and the input parameters. In the second step, a sensitivity analysis was performed to enable a preliminary investigation of the input parameters to identify the correlations among input and output variables. Finally, the design optimization was performed in the third step, employing a genetic algorithm to effectively explore the highly constrained input parameters and find global optimal solutions. The multi-objective optimization identified various core solutions that would be optimum solutions for different types of applications. For applications where economics matters less and the ease of transportation matters more, a core weight of ~15 tons could achieve a lifetime of ~3.5 EFPYs. For applications where economics matters more and the ease of transportation matters less, a lifetime of 8.3 EFPYs could be achieved with a total core weight of ~26.7 tons.

Navigating uncharted waters: Designing business models for virtual and augmented reality companies in the medical industry

Abstract New technologies are at the heart of industry transformation. Virtual and augmented reality companies provide fundamentally new ways of communication, treatment, education, and specialist training within the medical industry. However, business models for new ventures that target the medical industry have received scant attention within academic research. Using a multiple case study approach, we analyze how virtual and augmented reality firms create value for their customers in the medical industry. In all, we have studied eight companies that offer different types of solutions for their target segments. The results of the analysis are four design elements consisting of twelve positions and three design themes that define the similarities and differences between the business models for the companies. We contribute to existing research within the field by analyzing business models of the investigated companies using a design approach, classifying the virtual and augmented reality companies, and analyzing the role of new technology in the development of the medical industry.

Dissipative and Conservative Local Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for the Fornberg-Whitham Type Equations

In this paper, we construct high order energy dissipative and conservative local discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Fornberg-Whitham type equations. We give the proofs for the dissipation and conservation for related conservative quantities. The corresponding error estimates are proved for the proposed schemes. The capability of our schemes for different types of solutions is shown via several numerical experiments. The dissipative schemes have good behavior for shock solutions, while for a long time approximation, the conservative schemes can reduce the shape error and the decay of amplitude significantly

Computational and traveling wave analysis of Tzitzéica and Dodd-Bullough-Mikhailov equations: An exact and analytical study

AbstractComputational and travelling wave solutions provide significant improvements in accuracy and characterize novelty of imposed techniques. In this context, computational and travelling wave solutions have been traced out for Tzitzéica and Dodd-Bullough-Mikhailov equations by means of (1/G′)-expansion method. The different types of solutions have constructed for Tzitzéica and Dodd-Bullough-Mikhailov equations in hyperbolic form. Moreover, solution function of Tzitzéica and Dodd-Bullough-Mikhailov equations has been derived in the format of logarithmic nature. Since both equations contain exponential terms so the solutions produced are expected to be in logarithmic form. Traveling wave solutions are presented in different formats from the solutions introduced in the literature. The reliability, effectiveness and applicability of the (1/G′)-expansion method produced hyperbolic type solutions. For the sake of physical significance, contour graphs, two dimensional and three dimensional graphs have been depicted for stationary wave. Such graphical illustration has been contrasted for stationary wave verses traveling wave solutions. Our graphical comparative analysis suggests that imposed method is reliable and powerful method for obtaining exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations.

Novel multiple soliton solutions for some nonlinear PDEs via multiple Exp-function method

In this work, the analytic solutions for different types of nonlinear partial differential equations are obtained using the multiple Exp-function method. We consider the stated method for the (3+1)-dimensional generalized shallow water-like (SWL) equation, the (3+1)-dimensional Boiti–Leon- Manna–Pempinelli (BLMP) equation, (3+1)-dimensional generalized variable-coefficient B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (VC B-type KP) equation and the (2+1)-dimensional Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon–Kotera–Sawada (CDGKS) equation. We obtain multi classes of solutions containing one-soliton, two-soliton, and triple-soliton solutions. All the computations have been performed using the software package Maple. The obtained solutions include three classes of soliton wave solutions in terms of one-wave, two-waves, and three-waves solutions. Then the multiple soliton solutions are presented with more arbitrary autocephalous parameters, in which the one, two, and triple solutions localized in all directions in space. Moreover, the obtained solutions and the exact solutions are shown graphically, highlighting the effects of non-linearity. The different types of obtained solutions of aforementioned nonlinear equations arising in fluid dynamics and nonlinear phenomena.

Inactivation of the ventral hippocampus facilitates the attenuation of odor neophobia in rats

Food neophobia is a behavior observed in rodents involving reduced consumption of a novel food or drink. In the absence of negative post-ingestive consequences, consumption increases with exposure (attenuation of neophobia), which is seen as an associative safe memory. Olfaction and gustation are sensory modalities essential for the development of a food preference. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying neophobia to a food-related odor stimulus. In the present study, we examined the effect of pharmacological inactivation of the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) on neophobia to orally consumed solutions in rats using muscimol, a gamma aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonist. Two different types of solutions, almond odor (benzaldehyde) and sweet taste (saccharin), were prepared. In the results, microinjections of muscimol into the bilateral vHPC before the first odor and taste exposures did not alter the neophobic reactions of the rats to each stimulus. However, in the second odor, but not taste, exposure, the muscimol-injected rats showed higher consumption in comparison to that observed in the control rats, suggesting that the vHPC inactivation facilitates the attenuation of odor neophobia. On the other hand, intra-vHPC muscimol microinjections after the first odor and taste exposures did not facilitate consumption at the second exposures. These results indicate that neural activations within vHPC during orally consuming a novel odor, but not taste, solution play an inhibitory role in the subsequent attenuation of neophobia.

Investigation of the crystallization process of CSD-ErBCO on IBAD-substrate via DSD approach

REBa2Cu3O7-δ (REBCO, RE: rare earth, such as Y and Gd) compounds have been extensively studied as a superconducting layer in coated conductors. Although ErBCO potentially has better superconducting properties than YBCO and GdBCO, little research has been made on it, especially in chemical solution deposition (CSD). In this work, ErBCO films were deposited on IBAD (ion-beam-assisted-deposition) substrates by CSD with low-fluorine solutions. The crystallization process was optimized to achieve the highest self-field critical current density (Jc) at 77 K. Commonly, for the investigation of a CSD process involving numerous process factors, one factor is changed keeping the others constant, requiring much time and cost. For more efficient investigation, this study adopted a novel design-of-experiment technique, definitive screening design (DSD), for the first time in CSD process. Two different types of solutions containing Er-propionate or Er-acetate were used to make two types of samples, Er-P and Er-A, respectively. Within the investigated range, we found that crystallization temperature, dew point, and oxygen partial pressure play a key role in Er-P, while the former two factors are significant for Er-A. DSD revealed these significant factors among six process factors with only 14 trials. Moreover, the DSD approach allowed us to create models that predict Jc accurately. These models revealed the optimum conditions giving the highest Jc values of 3.6 MA/cm2 for Er-P and 3.0 MA/cm2 for Er-A. These results indicate that DSD is an attractive approach to optimize CSD process.

Solving Ordinary Differential Equation of Higher Order by Adomian Decomposition Method

Aims/ Objectives: In this article, we use Adomian Decomposition method (ADM) for solving initial value problems in the higher order ordinary differential equations. Many researchers have used the ADM in order to find convergent as well as exact solutions of different types of equations. Therefore, the ADM is considered as an effective and successful method for solving differential equations. In this paper, we presented some suggested amendments to the ADM by using a new differential operator in order to find solutions for higher order types of equations. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this method through many examples and we find out that we get an approximate solutions using the proposed amendments. We can conclude that the suggested modification of ADM is afftective and produces reliable results.

Optical solitons in birefringent fibers of Kaup-Newell's equation with extended simplest equation method

The area of telecommunications has experienced a considerable growth in the last few decades due to remarkable development in the field of optical fibers. Optical solitons form the basic fabric in the area of telecommunication industry. The captivating technology of sub-pico second pulses that propagate through optical fibers is modeled with Kaup-Newell’s (KN) equation. In this paper, we introduce the KN equation without four-wave mixing (FWM) terms in birefringent fibers, we study this equation, and we obtain different types of solutions. Beside bright, dark and singular solitons, other types of solutions are obtained. Moreover, for the physical illustration of the obtained solutions, the graphs are presented.

Cash-Flow Schedules Optimization within Life Cycle Costing (LCC)

Investment and construction plans, architectural and construction decisions, and spatial and technology-related decisions made at the early stages of a project have a significant impact on meeting the investment goals and customer expectations. Decision making is a very time-consuming and complicated process (due to the complexity of construction processes). The whole difficulty comes to specifying the appropriate criteria for assessing the given activities, providing answers to the questions of the decision-making bodies. A set of appropriate criteria and mathematical tools (such as computer algorithms with multi-criteria analysis) can significantly improve and accelerate the decision-making process. This article combines ESORD (an IT tool that allows you to compare different types of solutions based on mathematical calculations) with the Monte Carlo method. The developed approach can help the investor to optimize their cash-flow schedule. The original method enables the client to select a construction project variant characterized by the best economical and sustainable parameters, while taking into account customers’ demands.

A New Approach to Compute Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of One-Dimensional Continuous Structures With Arbitrary Nonuniformities

AbstractOne-dimensional continuous structures include longitudinal vibration of bars, torsional vibration of circular shafts, and transverse vibration of beams. Using the linear time-varying system theory, algorithms are developed in this paper to compute natural frequencies and mode shapes of these structures with nonuniform spatial parameters (mass distributions, material properties and cross-sectional areas) which can have jump discontinuities. A general numerical approach has been presented to include Dirac-delta functions and their spatial derivatives due to jump discontinuities. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the application of these techniques to the solution of different types of spatial variations of parameters and boundary conditions.

Some new Simpson-type inequalities for generalized p-convex function on fractal sets with applications

The present article addresses the concept of p-convex functions on fractal sets. We are able to prove a novel auxiliary result. In the application aspect, the fidelity of the local fractional is used to establish the generalization of Simpson-type inequalities for the class of functions whose local fractional derivatives in absolute values at certain powers are p-convex. The method we present is an alternative in showing the classical variants associated with generalized p-convex functions. Some parts of our results cover the classical convex functions and classical harmonically convex functions. Some novel applications in random variables, cumulative distribution functions and generalized bivariate means are obtained to ensure the correctness of the present results. The present approach is efficient, reliable, and it can be used as an alternative to establishing new solutions for different types of fractals in computer graphics.

A P4-Enabled RINA Interior Router for Software-Defined Data Centers

The lack of high-performance RINA (Recursive InterNetwork Architecture) implementations to date makes it hard to experiment with RINA as an underlay networking fabric solution for different types of networks, and to assess RINA’s benefits in practice on scenarios with high traffic loads. High-performance router implementations typically require dedicated hardware support, such as FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) or specialized ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). With the advance of hardware programmability in recent years, new possibilities unfold to prototype novel networking technologies. In particular, the use of the P4 programming language for programmable ASICs holds great promise for developing a RINA router. This paper details the design and part of the implementation of the first P4-based RINA interior router, which reuses the layer management components of the IRATI Linux-based RINA implementation and implements the data-transfer components using a P4 program. We also describe the configuration and testing of our initial deployment scenarios, using ancillary open-source tools such as the P4 reference test software switch (BMv2) or the P4Runtime API.

Empirical stability criteria for parametrically driven solitons of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

For the parametrically driven nonlinear Schrödinger equation, two criteria for the dynamical stability of solitons are presented, using the driving force f(x, t) = a exp[2 i K(t) x]. Both criteria are based on the results of a collective coordinate theory. In this theory, the parameters of the 1-soliton solution are allowed to depend on time and a variational approach yields a set of coupled nonlinear ODEs for the collective coordinates. The solutions of these ODEs are used to compute the soliton’s normalized momentum p(t), velocity v(t), and a parametric plot p(v). The first criterion states that a sufficient condition for instability is fulfilled if the curve p(v), or a piece of it, has a negative slope. If the slope is positive then a necessary condition for stability is fulfilled. For constant K, a second criterion is presented. Here a complex wavefunction is calculated and a parametric plot of its imaginary part vs its real part is made. This yields a closed orbit in the complex plane. If this orbit has a negative sense of rotation with respect to a fixed point, then a sufficient condition for instability is fulfilled, whereas a positive sense is a necessary condition for stability. The ensemble of orbits and fixed points is a so-called phase portrait, which is very helpful for the classification of the different types of solutions of the ODEs. Finally, the validity of the two criteria is tested by comparing with simulations for the driven nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Both criteria make correct predictions about the stability and instability of the solitons, with the exception of a few cases at the border between stability and instability regions.

An efficient approach for the numerical solution of fifth-order KdV equations

Abstract The main aim of this article is to use a new and simple algorithm namely the modified variational iteration algorithm-II (MVIA-II) to obtain numerical solutions of different types of fifth-order Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations. In order to assess the precision, stability and accuracy of the solutions, five test problems are offered for different types of fifth-order KdV equations. Numerical results are compared with the Adomian decomposition method, Laplace decomposition method, modified Adomian decomposition method and the homotopy perturbation transform method, which reveals that the MVIA-II exceptionally productive, computationally attractive and has more accuracy than the others.

Dynamical behavior of micro-structured solids with conformable time fractional strain wave equation

The wave propagation in micro structured solids is described by conformable time fractional strain wave equation and should be able to account for several scales of micro-structure. (G′G2)-expansion method has been used to propagate the different types of solutions like hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions and rational functional solutions. All the solutions are listed with their existence criterion on the parameters. A sufficient condition for the convergence of (G′G2)-expansion method is provided. Meantime, considered equation is transformed into planar dynamical system after using traveling wave transfiguration. Then quasiperiodic behavior is investigated for the discussed model for different values of the physical parameters (α,ϖ,ζ,V and β) after applying a periodic external force. Further, to strengthen the claimed results sensitive analysis is used for different initial value problems.

Linear Relationships between Partition Coefficients of Different Organic Compounds and Proteins in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of Various Polymer and Ionic Compositions.

Analysis of the partition coefficients of small organic compounds and proteins in different aqueous two-phase systems under widely varied ionic compositions shows that logarithms of partition coefficients for any three compounds or proteins or two organic compounds and one protein are linearly interrelated, although for protein(s) there are ionic compositions when the linear fit does not hold. It is suggested that the established interrelationships are due to cooperativity of different types of solute–solvent interactions in aqueous media. This assumption is confirmed by analysis of distribution coefficients of various drugs in octanol-buffer systems with varied ionic compositions of the buffer. Analysis of the partition coefficients characterizing distribution of variety of drugs between blood and different tissues of rats in vivo reported in the literature showed that the above assumption is correct and enabled us to identify the tissues with the components of which the drug(s) may engage in presumably direct interactions. It shows that the suggested assumption is valid for even complex biological systems.

Abstract impulsive differential equations without predefined time impulses

We introduce and study a general class of abstract impulsive differential equations with non-instantaneous impulses at non-predefined times. We study the existence, uniqueness and qualitative properties of different types of solutions. In the last section, some examples are presented.