Different Types Of Fuels Research Articles

Energy Demand Elasticity in Pakistan: An Inter-temporal Analysis from Household Survey Data of PIHS 2001-02 and PSLM 2010-11

This study analyses household consumption patterns of different forms of energy in Pakistan over two survey rounds (2001-02 and 2010-11), while comparison with an earlier study based on 1984-85 data extends the analysis over a 25 years horizon. Income elasticities of different types of fuels have been computed using the Extended Linear Expenditure System. The analysis shows a differential pattern of energy use across the urban and rural areas of the country as well as changes over time, with rural households spending proportionately more on fuels throughout this period.

Assessing the Effects of Household Wood Burning on Particulate Matter in Rwanda

Considerable efforts have been made to protect people from indoor air pollutant exposure as approximately 80% of people spend time indoors where pollution is often worse than outside. Further, vulnerable populations, including elderly, children, and pregnant women, spend an excessively of time indoors, exposing them to pollutants that are responsible for both short-term and long-term negative health effects, resulting an estimated 4 million premature deaths annually. Aim of this research was to assess impressions of domestic use of solid fuels (firewood and charcoals) burning on Particulate Matter PM2.5 and PM10, which are particles that are less than or equal to 2.5 and 10 micrograms (μm) in diameter respectively within Kigali the capital city of Rwanda. A sample of 31 households using only charcoals and woods for cooking were selected for targeted 72 hours of monitoring. Portable air quality sensors AirVisual Nodes were used to measure concentration levels of PM2.5 and PM10 in microgram per cubic meter (μg/m3). Results showed that homes using wood for cooking experience moderately high concentrations level of PM2.5 and PM10, over 1000 μg/m3 and 1200 μg/m3 respectively, whereas homes using charcoals for cooking had lower concentrations. This later direct to that: Outstanding to low market prices of these solid fuels, poorer households are highly exposed to indoor air pollution. So, an alternative reasonably priced domestic energy to be used for cooking are indorsed and pollution levels survey in households using combination or different types of fuels for cooking are recommended for future research.

Studies on the Impact of Vehicular Exhaust Pipe Emissions (from Vehicles Using Petrol and Diesel) on Leaf, Shoot and Root Biomass of Jamun

Air pollution is deteriorating the air quality day by day. Presently, automobile exhaust pipe emission is one of the major contributors of air pollution. The present study was aimed to observe the effects of exhaust pipe emissions on biomass of the plant—Jamun. Jamun plants were given exposure to exhaust emissions from vehicles using different types of fuels in open top chambers for the set duration of time. Determination of dry biomass of Jamun leaves, shoot and root was done for both exposed and control population. A decrease in dry biomass of all plant parts, was observed in all exposed plants with maximum reduction in leaf biomass in those exposed to diesel-using vehicle. Stem and root biomass also showed reduction in exposed population to an extent. Exposure to dangerous pipe emissions results in physiological changes in plants which alters the responses.

LES analysis on the effects of baroclinic generation of vorticity on fire-wind enhancement

Substantial influence of fire flame on wind flow aerodynamic characteristics lead to enhancement of wind velocity that may cause considerable damages to buildings in bushfire-prone areas. Fire is associated with rotational vortical structures ranging from the small scales, sourced by baroclinic generation of vorticity (ωBGV), to large scale vortices arising from amalgamation mechanisms that can significantly affect wind flow characteristics during fire-wind interaction. This study aims to understand the extent to which baroclinic generation of vorticity affects wind enhanced by fire. Large eddy simulations (LES) of fire-wind interaction are conducted using fireFOAM solver of OpenFOAM platform for two different types of fuels with the aim to produce two different scenarios with similar heat release rate, but different flame temperatures. This will guarantee the production of different vortex structures in the two cases while flow expansion rate, which is proportional to the fire heat release rate, remains constant. FireFOAM solver was modified to extract fire-induced acceleration and vorticity components. The LES results show that under similar fire intensity and heat release rate conditions, wind enhancement is higher in the scenario with higher flame temperature along the centreline as well as the cross-sectional locations which are corresponding to the locations of counter-rotating vortices where the maximum wind enhancement appears. It was shown that in the case with higher flame temperature, baroclinic generation of vorticity is stronger, which causes stronger longitudinal fire-induced pressure gradient and consequently results in a higher wind enhancement in these cross-sectional locations. The distribution of maximum cross-sectional baroclinic generation of vorticity along longitudinal location are presented, confirming in both cases, baroclinic generation of vorticity reduces with an increase of distance from the fire source. However, in almost all distances, the scenario with a higher flame temperature generates stronger baroclinic generation of vorticity, so does the fire-induced pressure gradient and flow enhancement.

Numerical Methodology for Determining the Energy Losses in Auxiliary Systems and Friction Processes Applied to Low Displacement Diesel Engines

The problem of climate change and the reduction of fossil fuels has motivated the development of research focused on improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines. This research proposes a methodology based on mathematical models to determine the energy losses caused by auxiliary systems and friction processes in the engine. Therefore, models are proposed for calculating the energy losses in fuel injection, lubrication, and cooling system. In the same way, models are proposed for the energy losses due to friction in the piston, valve train, and bearings. Experimental tests are carried out on a single-cylinder diesel engine under different operating conditions to validate the proposed models. The results showed that the energy losses of the fuel injection, lubrication, and coolant system are equal to 0.61%, 0.30%, and 0.31% of the chemical energy of the injected fuel. In the case of the energy losses by friction processes, the piston, valve train, and bearings represent 5.47%, 1.34%, and 1.85% of the fuel energy, respectively. Additionally, the proposed model allows estimating the minimum lubrication film present in the piston, valve train, and bearings, which in the particular case of the present study were 0.63 µm, 0.10 µm, and 0.57 µm, respectively. In general, the methodology developed in the present work stands as a robust tool to evaluate the modifications and/or designs of auxiliary systems and friction processes to reduce the energy losses and protect the system from wear caused by lubrication problems. Additionally, the methodology allows evaluating the effect of different types of fuels on the lubrication conditions of the piston and the crankshaft bearings.

Approaches to simulate destruction of a fuel rod with different fuel types

Due to the revival of interest to the development of fast reactors cooled by liquid metals, the theoretical research for improving their safety is actual. A detailed calculation of all stages of an accident from the beginning to the end requires knowledge of the laws for modelling physical processes occurring in the reactor in case of emergency. The most serious are accidents with core destruction. Simulation of a severe accident in a nuclear reactor is the key element in safety analysis of nuclear power plants. Destruction of fuel rods is one of the most important processes during core degradation that should be calculated. For different types of fuels the mechanisms of the degradation are different too. For example, oxide and metallic fuels usually melt congruently at high temperature, but nitride fuel dissociates. The main objective of the proposed research is to develop models and numerical algorithms for calculation of the destruction of fuel rods with oxide, metallic and nitride fuels. The models of destruction and some calculation results are presented in the paper. The processes are investigated for the first phase of severe accidents, covering the period from the onset of fuel-rod melting to the melt escape from the core center.

Real Operating Parameters of Bioethanol Burners in Terms of Heat Output.

The aim of this study was to determine the operating parameters of bioethanol burners used in the so-called bioethanol fireplaces, mainly in terms of their actual heat output. The method used to determine the actual heat output was designed considering procedures from the standard EN 16647 fireplaces for liquid fuel. Experiments were carried out on eight different types of burners with two different types of fuels. The measurements demonstrated a difference of up to 19% in the maximal heat output among individual fuels and a difference of up to 16% in the average heat output when comparing identical burners over approximately 60 min of operation. The average heat outputs of the burners during the measurements reached approximately 41–62% of the heat output declared by the manufacturers. The measured values were used to create graphs of the dependency of the burner opening size on its average heat output based on the fuel type. Two-chambered burners reached a higher average heat output than single-chambered burners with the same burner opening area of above ∼6000 mm2. The positions of the regulation damper (75 and 50%) increased the burning time by 21 and 86%, respectively.

Calculated studies of the influence of the composition of biofuels on the formation of indicator efficiency

This article discusses computational studies on the formation of an indicator efficiency factor of a diesel engine operating on mixtures of methyl ester of rapeseed oil and ethanol. The internal heat balance is considered, which shows how the working fluid in the engine cylinder exchanges heat with the environment. An assessment of the effect of fuel composition on the factors of heat non-use in the cycle is presented. A computational study was carried out. The calculations were made for the nominal mode. The main condition for the calculation was the introduction of the same amount of heat in the cycle and the constant law of heat generation for different types of fuels.

A Systematic Study on the Analysis of the Emission of CO, CO2 and HC for Four-Wheelers and Its Impact on the Sustainable Ecosystem

The urbanization in Delhi NCR has led to a rapid increase in the vehicle count concerning the rise in population and mobilization. The emissions from the vehicles are currently counted amongst the main sources of air pollution in Delhi. This affects the quality of air. The emission criterion of various pollutants that are emitted from vehicles is evaluated through various International models, which include various vehicles, their modes of pollutants emitted while driving and other factors that are affecting the weather. The approximate emission of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and/or Particulate Matter (PM), from a variety of vehicles and different fuel types, has undergone diurnal variation over the years, depending on the time of the day. This study presents the emission factor of gaseous pollutants Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxides (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) of 181 four-wheeler cars from different companies containing different types of fuels. The measurement of gaseous pollutants is performed for Delhi, the most polluted city in India. The various facts and data were calculated and analyzed with reference to the standard values set by the national schemes of the Pollution and Environment. Based on this statistical data obtained and analyzed, the scenarios regarding future vehicle growth rate and its impact on air quality are mentioned to overcome emission problems. Therefore, it is important to develop and deploy methods for obtaining real-world measurements of vehicle emissions, to estimate the pollutants. The analysis shows that few parameters need to be a concern for reducing the pollutants emission by vehicles. These major parameters are the high survival rates, decrease in annual mileage and major enforcement for three-to-five-year-old vehicles. This study shows that many old vehicles are used in different regions of the country, regardless of many notifications of banning old vehicles by the Government of India. These old vehicles are the major source of vehicle pollutants. The analysis stated that the diesel engine would emit less CO2/km than a petrol engine if having an almost similar engine capacity.

Environmental Sustainability of the Vehicle Fleet Change in Public City Transport of Selected City in Central Europe

Diesel is the most used fuel for buses and other urban transport vehicles in European countries. This paper deals with impacts on emissions production from the operation of the urban public transport fleet after its renewal. To what extent can the renewal of the urban public transport fleet in the city of Žilina contribute to increasing environmental sustainability in the way of reducing air pollution? The vehicle fleet change has partially consisted of vehicle traction system transition-diesel buses were substituted by hybrid driven (HEV) and electric driven buses (BEV). How can the direct and indirect emissions from the operation of vehicles be calculated? These were the posed research questions. The research aimed to propose a methodology for the calculation of direct and indirect emissions. Indirect emissions values (WtT—Well-to-Tank) for different types of fuels and tractions were obtained based on regression functions. These WtT emission factors together with the existing TtW (Tank-to-Wheels) emission factors (direct emissions) can be used for the assessment of environmental impacts of specific types of vehicles concerning energy source, fuel, or powertrain and type of operation. Direct pollutants such as CO, NOx and PM were calculated with the use of simulation methodology of HBEFA (Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport) software. The calculated CO2 savings for the period 2019–2023 about fleet renewal in absolute terms are EUR 1.3 million tons compared to the operation of the original fleet while maintaining the same driving performance. The renewal of the vehicle fleet secured by vehicle traction transition can be a way to reduce the energy intensity and environmental impacts of public transport in Žilina.

Comparative analysis of public transport modes available in Karachi, Pakistan

This study presents a comparative analysis of selected parameters of existing formal and informal Public Transport (PT) modes being operated on three different types of fuels. The performance of PT modes is analysed on fuel consumption, capacity, transportation cost, and emissions resulting from these modes. The required data were collected using route-check survey method and conducting a questionnaire-based survey from drivers and operators of these modes. Furthermore, the performance of proposed buses for an under-construction BRT corridor is also evaluated and compared with the existing PT modes. The comparative analysis of the existing PT modes in Karachi shows that CNG operated PT modes are economically more efficient, which caused the conversion of diesel engines of buses and minibuses to CNG fuelled-engines. The study, for the first time, evaluates and compares the performance of informal PT mode (chingchi) with other modes of PT. Results show that the PT modes with less capacity, such as chingchi, should be discouraged due to their comparatively lower performance on the selected parameters. This study can be used by the authorities to analyze the performance of existing modes and prioritize the PT modes for future planning.

Turbulent Flames in Enclosed Combustion Chambers: Characteristics and Visualization—A Review

AbstractRemarkable progress has been achieved in measuring the flame propagation rate accurately under laminar conditions, which can be used to predict turbulent flame propagation rates using some correlations fitted to experimental data. However, such propagation rates, unlike the laminar case, cannot be unambiguously determined. Nevertheless, the advancement of laser imaging techniques has led to several definitions of turbulent burning rates (Roshan et al., 2010, “Simulation of Global Warming Effect on Outdoor Thermal Comfort Conditions,” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 7(3), pp. 571–580). Recently, a unified scaling factor has been successfully demonstrated using data gathered from several fan-stirred bombs. Such results are promising in compiling a comprehensive database of turbulent propagation rates for potential and common fuels of interest to internal combustion engines (ICEs) and gas turbines alike. The strict worldwide legislation to reduce emissions has forced many industries to look into alternative fuels with less emissions. One such alternative fuel that has gained much interest recently is the gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel, which is being used in blended forms in several combustion applications. However, detailed combustion characteristic investigations are required before using this new alternative fuel widely in engines (Business, 2018, “Qatar’s Exporters Directory 2018”). In this study, the significant issues associated with the use of fan-stirred bombs are investigated. First, the effect of varying fan speed and geometry is reviewed, and then, the measurement techniques that are commonly used to track flame propagation are discussed. This is followed by the study of the effect of using different types of fuels on combustion characteristics. Furthermore, the use of diesel and gasoline optical engine setups as advanced flame visualization tools have been reviewed extensively.

Feasibility of Fuel Synthesized from Solid Plastic Wastage

The growing human population is increasing the consumption of fuels day by day in order to fulfill the requirement of human activities. This demand is also resulted in hiking the fuel prices. Also, the electric vehicles have not so far able to impress the market since their prices are comparatively higher than their counterparts that is motor fuel vehicles and hence isn't the first choice for people. Also, the rapid growing human population has introduced other problems like pollution and waste produced by humans from different activities like construction, household, industrial, etc. One of the most common waste produced in a large quantity is plastic which is nonbiodegradable. Existing way to deal with the plastic is to recycle it which itself produces toxic wastes. As an alternative pyrolysis method can be applied by treating the solid plastic wastage thermally which will break the long polymeric chain structure of the plastic. This will result in the conversion of plastic into hydrocarbon fuels like jet fuel, kerosene, gasoline, auto-gas and other inflammable products which can be used in aerospace industries, general transportation sector, thermal power plants and other industrial sectors. Different types of fuels with different properties can be obtained from different grades of plastics.

Reserves and Ways to Reduce Energy Consumption in Monolithic Housing Building in the Construction of the Facility Complex

The main types of energy consumers on the construction site are: construction machines, processes and infrastructure of the construction site. According to research and practical experience, more than 50 varieties of construction machines and mechanisms are used at various stages of construction of the property. Construction machines and mechanisms are integral elements of construction production. For each of them use different types of fuels: liquid fuel, gas, electricity, etc. Also various types of energy processes and maintenance of the construction site. The integral estimation and correct comparison of all energy consumption allows to carry out only their representation in the form of conditional indicators to which all others are given. In comparison with the point construction, the construction of a complex of buildings is characterized by a high integral level of energy consumption. The choice of the method of work production is decisive. This method determines the simultaneous operation of a large number of construction equipment, which leads to a significant increase in energy costs. Analysis of the parameters of organizational and technological models and their corresponding schedules of energy consumption allows you to choose rational organizational and technological solutions for the construction of complex buildings that reduce energy consumption during the construction of buildings.

Defect states and kinetic parameter analysis of ZnAl2O4 nanocrystals by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermoluminescence

Defect states in ZnAl2O4 have a significant role in its applicability as a luminescent material. To understand the nature and distribution of defects in its crystal lattice, thermoluminescence (TL) study has been carried out. Excellent TL response is observed from γ- and ultraviolet-irradiated samples at different doses and exposure durations, respectively. Different type of fuels employed in combustion synthesis show a remarkable effect on the trap distribution and hence luminescence properties. Shallow and deep traps are observed in crystals attributed to O− vacancies and F+ centers. The mechanism of trapping, retrapping and recombination have been depicted through schematic band model diagram. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the presence of various types of defects specifically AlZn antisite defect, oxygen and zinc vacancies which are further upheld by photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy. All results when summed up, predict ZnAl2O4 to be a quality material for dosimetry.

Assessing the Function of Palaeolithic Hearths: Experiments on Intensity of Luminosity and Radiative Heat Outputs from Different Fuel Sources

Assessing the function of Palaeolithic hearths is a key research issue that can benefit from the application of experimental archaeology when examining whether the behaviourally related purposes of fire, e.g. heat, light and cooking, could be correlated with combustion features in the archaeological record. Not all species of wood and types of fuel burn the same way. Variability exists in the amount of ash and smoke produced, along with differences in speed of burning and outgoing light and heat. This paper examined the light and heat properties of nine different types of fuels (eight individual species of wood and fresh bone) by assessing intensity of luminosity and radiative heat outputs using a lux metre and thermal imaging camera. Results show that there is considerable variation between bone and wood in terms of light and heat output and between the individual species of wood. In order to assess whether heat efficiency may vary seasonally, experiments were performed overnight and repeated at ambient air temperature ranges of 11 to 13 and 0 to 3 °C. Results show that in the current data set fuels that emit lower to intermediate heat outputs could be more efficient at colder temperatures in terms of warmth. This represents a preliminary step forward towards attributing behaviourally relevant functions such as light and heat to Palaeolithic combustion features with regard to fuel selectivity.

Fenton\u2019s reaction-based chemical oxidation in suboptimal conditions can lead to mobilization of oil hydrocarbons but also contribute to the total removal of volatile compounds

Fenton’s reaction-based chemical oxidation is in principle a method that can be utilized for all organic fuel residues thus making it a potential all-purpose, multi-contaminant, in situ application for cases in which storage and distribution of different types of fuels have resulted in contamination of soil or groundwater. Since peroxide breakdown reactions are also expected to lead to a physical transport of the target compound, this secondary physical removal, or rebound concentrations related to it, is prone to be affected by the chemical properties of the target compound. Also, since soil conditions are seldom optimal for Fenton’s reaction, the balance between chemical oxidation and transport may vary. In this study, it was found that, with a high enough hydrogen peroxide concentration (5 M), methyl tert-butyl ether–spiked groundwater could be treated even under suboptimal conditions for chemical mineralization. In these cases, volatilization was not only contributing to the total removal but also leading to rebound effects similar to those associated with air sparging techniques. Likewise for diesel, temporal transport from soil to the aqueous phase was found to lead to false positives that outweighed the actual remediation effect through chemical mineralization.

Seasonal and spatial variability of secondary inorganic aerosols in PM2.5 at Agra: Source apportionment through receptor models.

The present study was conducted at sub-urban and rural site of Agra. The main aim of this study was to characterize WSII in terms of spatial, seasonal and formation characteristics and identify the major sources responsible for the pollution of WSII in PM2.5 particles using different source apportionment models. Since biomass burning is one of the most important sources of PM2.5 pollution in Agra, a case study was also conducted at rural site to investigate the contribution of biomass burning from cooking activities using different types of fuels. PM2.5 mass concentrations were higher at sub-urban site (91.0 ± 50.8 μg/m3) than at rural site (77.1 ± 48.6 μg/m3). WSII contributed 50.0% and 45.8% of annual average PM2.5 mass at both sites. The aerosols were ammonium rich and were therefore alkaline in nature. Aerosol acidity characteristics studied using AIM-II model showed that the aerosols were slightly less acidic at rural site than at sub-urban site. SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ were the major contributors of WSII and their formation was favoured mainly in winter. Although, WSII showed slight variations in seasonal and spatial characteristics, the major sources of pollution were found to be similar. Four sources were identified as biomass burning (29.1% and 27.4%), secondary aerosols (26.2% and 22.5%), coal combustion (22.3% and 26.9%) and soil dust (22.4% and 23.1%) at sub-urban and rural sites. The results of case study showed that among different types of biomass fuels cow dung cakes showed maximum PM2.5 emissions while LPG showed minimum PM2.5 emissions.

Primary particulate matter emissions and estimates of secondary organic aerosol formation potential from the exhaust of a China V diesel engine

Vehicle emissions contribute to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution directly via emissions of PM and indirectly by secondary aerosol formation, as a result of trace gas emissions. In this paper, we determined the emission factors of primary pollutants and estimated the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of a China V heavy-duty diesel engine tested under ETC (European Transient Cycle) and ESC (European Stationary Cycle) with different types of fuels using an engine dynamometer. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission factors were 55.7–121 mg/kwh, while primary PM emission factors were 15.0–26.8 mg/kwh. These values were substantially lower than those of older diesel vehicles that met pre-China V standards. Based on the SOA yields of the measured VOCs, the SOA formation potential of diesel engines were estimated to be 2.8–15.9 mg/kg fuel. The ratios of potential SOA/primary PM ranged from 0.07 to 0.16. We further showed that VOCs emission factors, SOA formation potential and the ratios of SOA/primary PM were highly dependent on the test cycle, whereas the primary PM emission factors on both test cycles and fuel quality.

On the role of potassium as a tar and soot inhibitor in biomass gasification

The work investigates in a drop tube furnace the effect of potassium on carbon conversion for three different types of fuels: an ash lean stemwood, a calcium-rich bark and a silicon-rich straw. The study focuses on an optimal method for impregnating the biomass with potassium. The experiments are conducted for 3 different impregnation methods; wet impregnation, spray impregnation, and dry mixing to investigate different levels of contact between the fuel and the potassium. Potassium is found to catalyse both homogenous and heterogeneous reactions. All the impregnation methods showed a significant effect of potassium on heterogeneous reactions (char conversion). The fact that dry mixing of potassium in the biomass shows an effect reveals the existence of a gas-induced mechanism that supply and distributes potassium on the char particles. Concerning the effect of potassium on homogenous reactions, it is found that potassium in the gas phase leads to much lower yields of C2 hydrocarbons, heavy tars and soot. The results indicate that potassium reduces the likelihood of light aromatic to progress toward heavier polyaromatic hydrocarbons clusters, thereby inhibiting the formation of soot-like material. A moderate interaction between the added potassium and the inherent ash forming elements is also observed: Potassium has a smaller effect when the fuel is naturally rich in silicon. The combined results are of interest for the design of a gasification process that incorporates recirculation of naturally occurring potassium to improve entrained flow gasification of biomass.