Different Types Of Fillers Research Articles

Effect of filler on bituminous base layer containing recycled concrete aggregates

Abstract The use of different filler materials is one of the effective techniques adopted to improve pavement quality and performance. The main purpose of this study is to quantify the influence of filler type on the performance of dense graded bituminous mixes containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). This RCA is replacing the coarse portion of the conventional natural aggregates (NA). In this present experimental investigation, the dense bituminous macadam (DBM) mixes according to the relevant Indian specifications are compacted using four different types of fillers, such as cement, stone dust, fly ash and carbon black and conventional VG 30 as binder. Eight different sets of Marshall samples are prepared using RCA and NA representing the coarse aggregate fraction and either of the above four binders. Different mixes thus prepared are evaluated in terms of their Marshall parameters, indirect tensile strength, moisture susceptibility characteristics (tensile strength ratio and retained stability) and resilient modulus. From the experiment conducted in the laboratory, it is found that all the mixes, in general satisfy the requirements in terms of Marshall and moisture susceptibility characteristics. Considering all engineering properties studied the mixes with NA and carbon black (CB) as filler material offered higher results comparable with other mixes. However, the mixtures prepared with RCA also offered a promising result compared to mixtures made with NA.

Evaluation of Recycled Aggregate (RAP) Presence Impact under Indirect Tensile Strength of Bitumen Stabilized Mix with Foamed Asphalt for a Base Layer

Foamed bitumen improves the properties of base layer, increasing the number of equivalent axles allowed, as result of this is a durable pavement. To achieve this, base layer’s design must count with an amount of filler, to increase the stony aggregate fraction. This research consists with two different types of filler, lime and cement, 1% in dosage respect to the stony aggregate weight. Has been discovered now, that the RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement) aggregate in addition to mitigate environmental problems, has a significant impact value on the mechanic resistance of the mix.

Influence of the structure of some types of fillers introduced to the yogurt recipe on changes in its rheological indicators

The data set is obtained regarding changes in viscosity, water-holding capacity, active and titrated acidity of yogurts using natural fillers. The possibility of using vegetable fillers with different types of structure (powder, solid and pasty) in the technology of yogurt is analyzed. The studies are relevant in view of improving the quality of yogurts and giving them the status of natural ones due to removing stabilizers, flavors and aromatic additives from their composition. In addition, the introduction fillers into the recipe of yogurts, as a rule, leads to a deterioration of their rheological parameters: a decrease in viscosity, separation of whey and deterioration of the taste properties of the product. This causes an increase in the amount of flavors and stabilizers introduced into their composition, which negatively affects the population of “living microflora” and the biological value of the product. It is found that all the fillers (strawberry powder, candied beets and strawberry jam) had no negative effect on the fermentation process. The influence of dietary fibers that are part of fillers (candied beets, strawberry powder and strawberry jam) on the rheological properties of the product is investigated. Changes in viscosity, water-holding capacity, active and titrated acidity of yogurts with different types of fillers were determined and analyzed immediately after production and during storage. The positive effect of pectin-containing fillers on the hydrophilic properties of yogurts, which increase the water-holding capacity of the product by 2–3 %, is experimentally shown. Based on the data obtained, the feasibility of using the proposed types of fillers, namely strawberry powder and candied beets, in yogurt production without the use of stabilizers, flavors and other food additives is proved. Storage capacity is found, yogurts are developed and shelf life specified in the regulatory documents is determined

Fabrication and characterization of pullulan-based nanocomposites reinforced with montmorillonite and tempo cellulose nanofibril

Nanocomposite film of pullulan (PULL), tempo cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNs) and, montmorillonite clay (MMT) were prepared using a solution casting method with aqueous solutions. X-ray diffraction data revealed that exfoliated MMT nanoplatelets are distributed within the PULL/TOCNs/MMT film structure. Fourier-transform infrared results revealed that there might be interactions among the TOCNs, MMT and PULL matrix led to improved tensile strength, thermal stability, water barrier properties, and decrease moisture susceptibility while maintained reasonable transparency and biodegradability of the ternary PULL nanocomposites. These excellent properties of the nanocomposites clearly indicate towards a new strategy for developing high-performance PULL-based nanocomposites by using two different types of fillers with various geometric shapes and aspect ratio. This kind of ternary nanocomposite film can be broadly used in food packaging and protection as a green and biodegradable film.

Development and characterization of innovative carbon-based waste ashes/epoxy composites

In this study, carbon based ashes were produced by the wooden biomass pyro-gasification plant CMD ECO20. CMD ECO20 is a micro-scale combined heat and power system powered with biomass, under development by the Italian company Costruzioni Motori Diesel (C.M.D) S.p.A. It is an integrated system combining a downdraft gasifier, a spark ignition internal combustion engine, an electric generator and syngas cleaning devices, and it is able to produce electric and thermal power up to 20 kWe and 40 kWth.Three different types of fillers were produced from ashes starting from innovative green waste: the first type (MA) was obtained by mortar milling, while the second (DBA) and the third (WBA) one were produced by dry and wet ball milling, respectively. MA, DBA e WBA fillers were characterized by several techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Multi-angle light scattering (MALS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectrometry. Each filler was added to epoxy resin EC01 in an amount equal to 1, 3, 5 and 10 wt%. The curing agent (22phr) was added to the resin that was cured for 1 h at 60 °C and 2 h at 150 °C. Finally, the flexural properties and the glass transition temperature of the cured neat epoxy and ashes filled epoxy composites were measured.The elastic modulus of the epoxy resin containing an amount of fillers from 1 to 10 wt% is higher in comparison to that of the neat epoxy. The flexural strength of the epoxy resin containing an amount of DBA of 3 wt% is also higher than that of the neat epoxy.

Polypropylene/carbon nanotubes composite materials with enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding performance: Properties and modeling

The electrical and electromagnetic shielding interference properties of composite materials made of polypropylene (PP) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been investigated in a broad frequency range, both experimentally and theoretically. A remarkably low percolation threshold of only 0.4 vol% and an exceptional shielding performance reaching effectiveness values as high as 90 dB are reported. The shielding effectiveness has been measured between 50 MHz and 18 GHz using two experimental methods (coaxial cell and wave guide cell) and the results were systematically correlated with the conductivity values of our composite materials. Furthermore, an EMI shielding theoretical model was developed and employed to predict the shielding properties of our PP/CNT composite materials as well as of numerous other composite materials reported in the literature and made by employing different polymer matrices and different types of fillers (carbon black, carbon fibers, bamboo charcoal, mesoporous carbon, copper nanowires, reduced graphene oxide). An excellent agreement is found between our theoretical calculations and the experimental data upon systematically varying the frequency of the incident wave, the fillers content and the sample thickness. Our model is allowing one thus to predictively design materials required to exhibit a specific value of EMI shielding effectiveness and operating in a specific frequency range. This can be of significant importance in numerous applications where shielding electromagnetic interference phenomena plays an important role.

Theoretical design proposal for simulated hot asphalt mixture at a temperature below zero degrees Celsius

In the world there are adverse climates, climates that hinder the good construction and paving of roads, generating insecurity among the locals and visitors. This over time affects the economy of a country, as a road boosts tourism, transport and commerce. Therefore, a mixture was designed to mitigate a problem in the placement of hot asphalt mixture at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. That is, a conventional mix design was proposed, but with different types of filler (lime, Portland cement type I and silica) tested with the Marshall and Lottman method which are governed according to the EG-2013 standards [1] and parameters established in the Asphalt Institute [2]. To find the optimum, it was tested with 5.0%, 5.5% 6.0% and 6.5% asphalt cement. Then with the results obtained a comparative analysis was performed. Finally, specimens without any additives were made, the specimens once prepared at 140°C were subjected to freezing, resulting in the three types of filler, that the hot asphalt mixture with incorporation of Portland cement type I to a 5, 90% of asphalt cement is the optimum since, subject to extreme temperatures below 0°C they comply with the parameters required in the standards.

The role of nanomaterials in reducing moisture damage of asphalt mixes

Interest of researchers in using nanomaterials in asphalt mixes is increasing rapidly. In this research, the effects of using various nanomaterials in asphalt mixes were investigated. In addition, the effects of two different types of fillers at their conventional size and their nano-size in asphalt mixes were tested. Four types of nanomaterials, namely nano-CaCO3, nano-hydrated lime, nano-bentonite and nano-silica, and two types of anti-stripping fillers, namely hydrated lime and CaCO3 were selected. Nano-hydrated lime was produced using a planetary ball mill apparatus. In producing nano-hydrated lime, optimum combinations of the main parameters that affect particle size reduction in milling process were determined applying trial and error procedure. Minimum particle size of the produced nano-hydrated lime was determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) tests. From these tests, sizes of 125 and 208 nm were recorded, respectively.With applying Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) technique, homogenous distribution of the additives in a 60–70 bitumen binder was verified. Asphalt concrete mixes were prepared using the above additives and a siliceous type aggregate. Moisture damage of different mixes was evaluated applying modified Lottman test at different Freeze-Thaw (F-T) cycles. F-T cycles results indicated that Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) values were reduced appreciably at the first cycle. In fact, it was shown that 4% nano-hydrated lime exhibited the most resistance against different F-T cycles. In addition, Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus (ITSM) test was performed at 25 °C. From these tests, Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) and Index of Retained Resilient Modulus (IRMr) parameters were determined. Testing results indicated that by adding 20% hydrated lime filler and 4% nano-hydrated lime to the binder, TSR values of mixes increased to some 60%. In the case of using CaCO3 filler and nano-CaCO3, 60% increase in TSR, was achieved when either 5% CaCO3 filler or 4% nano-CaCO3 were used. These results were validated performing resilient modulus test. IRMr of mixes containing 20% hydrated lime filler and 4% nano-hydrated lime increased to 56% and 60%, respectively. IRMr values of asphalt mixes increased to 48% and 54% where 5% CaCO3 filler and 4% nano-CaCO3 were added, respectively.

Enhancing the physico-mechanical properties of irradiated rubber/waste plastic blend via incorporation of different fillers for industrial applications

Abstract The effect of gamma radiation on the physico-mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber/styrene butadiene rubber/waste high density polyethylene blend EPDM/SBR/wHDPE (50/50/30) blend reinforced with different types of fillers 10 phr (part per 100 part of rubber, by weight) of HAF-carbon black, Hisil, and prepared modified organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) clay was investigated. The results obtained showed that the organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) clay is the most effective filler for enhancing the physico-mechanical properties of EPDM/SBR/wHDPE vulcanized composites. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis characteristics were also, studied.

Membranes for CO2 /CH4 and CO2/N2 Gas Separation

AbstractMembrane technology has emerged as a leading tool worldwide for effective CO2 separation because of its well‐known advantages, including high surface area, compact design, ease of maintenance, environmentally friendly nature, and cost‐effectiveness. Polymeric and inorganic membranes are generally utilized for the separation of gas mixtures. The mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) utilizes the advantages of both polymeric and inorganic membranes to surpass the trade‐off limits. The high permeability and selectivity of MMMs by incorporating different types of fillers exhibit the best performance for CO2 separation from natural gas and other flue gases. The recent progress made in the field of MMMs having different types of fillers is emphasized. Specifically, CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation from various types of MMMs are comprehensively reviewed that are closely relevant to natural gas purification and compositional flue gas treatment

Influence of m-sand on the flexural properties of m-20 grade glass fiber reinforced self compacting concrete

Abstract Self-Compacting concrete (SCC) is a high – execution solid that can stream under its very own load to totally fill the structure work and self-solidifies with no mechanical vibration. In this undertaking, the examinations were done on the M20 grade SCC, arranged utilizing four unique proportions (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2%) of polypropylene fiber and a water concrete proportion of 0.47. The measure of the polypropylene fiber is 5 mm. L-Box, U-Box, V-Funnel and J-ring test were performed. Mortar for self-compacting concrete has been tested in a paste viscometer. This model has been used to express the concrete’s rheology in yield stress and plastic viscosity. By this method different types of filler have been investigated [1] , [2] , [3] . Testing has also been done on some types of viscosity agents. The evaluation of the concrete has been done with the so-called slump flow and the L-box. The investigation has given a method and criteria to achieve self compacting concrete. Using the model, different binder, filler and admixture can be evaluated in the process to achieve a mix composition for self-compacting concrete.

Water and brine absorption capacity of epoxy based glass fiber composite modified with CaCO3–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2/CuO filler materials

Glass fiber reinforced composite materials have versatile engineering applications and superior performance for its various level of properties. Different fillers are mixed with the composite materials to enhance product performance. However, improvements on physical properties of this class of materials are still under research for different applications. In this work, with a fixed weight percentage of plain woven glass fiber reinforcement and epoxy composites added with four different types of fillers, such as Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and Titanium Oxide (TiO2) or Copper Oxide (CuO) at different weight ratios (5, 10 and 15 gm) are studied. The composite specimens required for different tests are fabricated in conventional hand lay-up technique followed by light compression molding process as per ASTM standards. These composites are investigated for water and brine solution absorption capacity and significant improvement is observed in case of the composite made of CuO than that of the composite made of TiO2. FTIR, TGA and SEM are also characterized.

Electrical and Chemical Properties of Graphene over Composite Materials: A Technical Review

Graphene is a material that has superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. It has drawn the attention of many scientific researchers for this purpose. In this paper, three different types of fillers, GNPs, MWCNTs and EG reinforced epoxy nanocomposites were mainly studied. Different shear mixing speeds and shear mixing times were considered during the study of the nanocomposites with 0.1 wt% loading of the fillers. The effects of various types of fillers and different shear mixing speeds and durations on mechanical and electrical properties of the final composites were examined. The GNPs-reinforced epoxy nanocomposite was the only one that showed a 13% improvement in elastic modulus as compared to pure epoxy when the shear mixing conditions were 3000 rpm for 2 hours. The research also studied the effects of different loadings of GNPs and the addition of acetone as a solvent on the final mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the composites (with the fixed shear mixing speed and time). The tensile strength of the composites reduced drastically when the loading of GNPs increased while the elastic modulus shows some increase with the growth in GNP loading. The study found that GNPs reinforced composites did not show the percolation threshold even with 5 wt% (with the ratio to the weight of epoxy) loading of the GNPs. The GNPs-reinforced epoxy composites showed an 116% improvement in the thermal conductivity as compared to the pure epoxy samples when the GNPs loading was 5 wt%. The results from the studied literatures also showed that the samples prepared with the addition of acetone had higher thermal diffusivity than the samples prepared without acetone.

Long‐term thermal conductivity of cyclopentane–water blown rigid polyurethane foams reinforced with different types of fillers

AbstractAn understanding of the long‐term thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams presents great interest in the building field considering the conservation of energy efficiency. In this study, the effect of different types of particles (talc, diatomaceous earth and non‐porous silica) on the thermal conductivity of RPU foams blown with cyclopentane and water as blowing agents was investigated during 3 years of aging. The characterization of the cellular structure shows how the addition of particles causes a cell size reduction of the foams, and consequently an enhancement of the thermal properties just after production. However, this initial reduction is not maintained, because each foam shows a different thermal conductivity evolution with time. We have found, for the first time, a relationship between the slope of the thermal conductivity versus time at the first measurements and the internal temperature reached during the foaming process. The evolution of the RPU foams in which higher internal temperatures were reached is more pronounced than in those RPU foams where lower foaming temperatures were observed. This effect is related to the kinetics of the diffusion of the gas occluded inside the cells and imposes a new criterion for the selection of particles to reduce the thermal conductivity of RPU foams; these additives should ideally decrease the temperature reached during the foaming process. Moreover, the effect of aging on the thermal conductivity is explained by using theoretical models. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Fabrication and characterization of a defect-free mixed matrix membrane by facile mixing PPSU with ZIF-8 core–shell microspheres for solvent-resistant nanofiltration

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticles can act as microporous fillers to fabricate high-performance mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) application. However, a high content of MOFs nanoparticles mixed in a polymeric membrane may be easily to form MOFs aggregates and MOFs/polymer interface defects, attributing to the decrease in membrane selectivity. In this study, ZIF-8 core–shell microspheres were synthesized by growing microporous ZIF-8 nanoparticles on the outer surface of macroporous resin microspheres (RMs), and then polyphenylsulfone (PPSU)/ZIF-8@RMs membranes were prepared in order to avoid the nonselective PPSU/ZIF-8 defects and then to improve SRNF performance of PPSU membranes. The effects of different type of fillers and ZIF-8@RMs content in PPSU MMMs were evaluated with respect to structural properties and SRNF performance. The obtained PPSU/ZIF-8@RMs membranes exhibited higher selectivity compared with the PPSU/ZIF-8 and PPSU/RMs membranes, due to the combination of the affinity of ZIF-8 nanoparticles, the microporous and microsphere structure of the ZIF-8 shells is benefit to reduce the defects between ZIF-8@RMs and PPSU. Compared with the pure PPSU membrane (with a rejection of 53% and a methanol flux of 35.2 kg m−2 h−1) for Methyl red (MR) removal, the optimal PPSU/ZIF-8@RMs membrane with filler content of 5.0 wt% significantly exhibited the improved rejection of 88.8% and the methanol flux slightly decreased to 33.0 kg m−2 h−1 at 1.0 MPa. Moreover, the PPSU/5.0 wt% ZIF-8@RMs membrane remained stable in 12-h SRNF process, and the MR rejection exceeding 86.2% was maintained. This method provides a good prospect for the combination of polymeric membranes and more types of MOF core–shell composite materials.

Modeling the electrical resistivity of polymer composites with segregated structures

Hybrid carbon nanotube composites with two different types of fillers have attracted considerable attention for various advantages. The incorporation of micro-scale secondary fillers creates an excluded volume that leads to the increase in the electrical conductivity. By contrast, nano-scale secondary fillers shows a conflicting behavior of the decreased electrical conductivity with micro-scale secondary fillers. Although several attempts have been made in theoretical modeling of secondary-filler composites, the knowledge about how the electrical conductivity depends on the dimension of secondary fillers was not fully understood. This work aims at comprehensive understanding of the size effect of secondary particulate fillers on the electrical conductivity, via the combination of Voronoi geometry induced from Swiss cheese models and the underlying percolation theory. This indicates a transition in the impact of the excluded volume, i.e., the adjustment of the electrical conductivity was measured in cooperation with loading of second fillers with different sizes.

Study on carbonation technology of alkaline uranium mother liquor

The characteristics of the main components of alkaline uranium mother liquor: A small amount of uranium, a certain amount of hydroxide, and a large amount of carbonate. Through the analysis of chemical reaction and diffusion about transfer between mother liquor and CO2, the influencing factors of mother liquor carbonation were determined: Gas-liquid transfer, reactant concentration, reaction temperature, etc. Tower counter-current was selected to investigate the influence of different types of fillers on carbonation effect. The stainless steel triangular spiral filler was optimized. The filling tower device for carbonation of uranium mother liquor was finalized, which greatly improved the gas-liquid distribution efficiency and carbon dioxide absorption rate. The effect of residual alkali concentration and reaction temperature of mother liquor on carbonation effect was investigated. The technology realizes the conversion of sodium hydroxide to sodium carbonate in the mother liquor. When sodium carbonate is converted to sodium bicarbonate, it can be converted to the saturated concentration of sodium bicarbonate, and CO2 is absorbed in both stages. The device can be used to control the degree of carbonation of the mother liquor according to the demand, and be returned as leaching agent or eluent, realized the full reuse of the remaining alkali in the mother liquor.

Filler rhinoplasty based on anatomy: The dual plane technique

Filler rhinoplasty is susceptible to spreading because of the way the nose protrudes away from the face. Often, the well-defined appearance immediately after the procedure is poorly maintained, and the nasion area develops a bulbous appearance. Therefore, I developed a “dual plane technique” to prevent spreading and to maintain the desired shape of the filler rhinoplasty. Dual plane injections were administered in 96 patients. Based on the anatomy of the nose, a highly elastic filler was injected in the deep fat layer and a moderately elastic filler was injected in the superficial fat compartments. The retrograde linear threading technique was used to inject the fillers to prevent mixing with each other. Afterwards, the highly elastic hyaluronic acid filler was injected from the anterior nasal spine into the supracartilaginous layer by a retrograde linear threading technique. All patients were followed up for at least 3 months, during which time there were no major complications and aesthetic satisfaction was high. The dual plane technique is an injection technique based on the anatomical base. Different types of filler can be used according to the plane and filler rheology to obtain an aesthetically pleasing result.

Tailoring the electrical and thermal conductivity of multi-component and multi-phase polymer composites

ABSTRACTThe majority of polymers are electrical and thermal insulators. In order to create electrically active and thermally conductive polymers and composites, the hybrid-filler systems is an effective approach, i.e. combining different types of fillers with different dimensions, in order to facilitate the formation of interconnected conducting networks and to enhance the electrical, thermal, mechanical and processing properties synergistically. By tailoring polymer-filler interactions both thermodynamically and kinetically, the selective localisation of fillers in polymer blends and at the interface of co-continuous polymer blends can enhance the electrical conductivity at a low percolation threshold. Moreover, selective localisation of different filler types in different co-continuous phases can result in multiple functionalities, such as high electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity or electromagnetic interference shielding. In this review, we discuss the latest progress towards the development of electrically active and thermally conductive polymer composites, and highlight the technical challenges and future research directions.

Моделирование поведения тонкостенных труб с разными наполнителями при предельном нагружении применительно к решению проблем пассивной безопасности автомобилей

The article considers issues related to the choice of effective finite-element modeling thin-walled tubes with different types of fillers (imitating elements of car bodies and cabs of frame-type cars) with quasi-static bending load, causing the tube and filler to collapse, in the context of optimal design. Thin-walled pipes made of aluminum alloy AMg6 with aluminum foam fillers; epoxy resin and composite (consisting of Poraver balls and epoxy resin) were the subject of the study. Aluminum foam is an elastoplastic material; it is one of the best fillers for solving the problems of crashworthiness, although it requires expensive technological equipment for filling. Epoxy resin is a fragile material, but inexpensive, affordable and technologically “convenient”. In addition to the influence of the filler on the tube mechanical properties the effects of the constrained behavior of the filler material under the ultimate bending loading of the tube are investigated. To verify the theoretical assumptions, tests were performed on the Zwick Z100 universal testing machine (for a hollow thin-walled tube made of aluminum alloy and similar tubes with fillers). Here there are the results of numerical computations and the results of the experiment (the error of calculations does not exceed 8 %). The most rational material in terms of energy-mass ratio is aluminum foam (with an increase in sample mass of 2.1 times the mechanical properties increased tenfold). Other fillers give much worse results for the same parameters. Using the proposed finite element models (FEM), allows assessment of the effectiveness of existing and being created filler materials for refining the car bodies and cabs according to the requirements of crashworthiness