Different Types Of Changes Research Articles

Perceptions of Tailored Dietary Advice to Improve the Nutrient Adequacy of the Diet in French Pregnant Women.

Tailored dietary counseling could be specifically efficient during pregnancy, a period accompanied by a rise in nutrition awareness, but little is known about the expectations of pregnant women in this regard. We studied these expectations regarding tailored dietary advice in French women during their pregnancy, as well as their motivations and the perceived barriers and enablers. In French pregnant women, we evaluated the perceptions of tailored dietary advice provided by stepwise dietary counseling based on three types of dietary changes, consisting of: (1) a modification of the amounts consumed, (2) substitutions within the food subgroups, and (3) substitutions between food subgroups. A sequential explanatory mixed-method approach was designed. Using qualitative data from a focus group study (n = 40), we intended to explore in depth the women’s expectations regarding dietary advice and adherence to a tailored approach. These were combined with quantitative and qualitative data from a 6-week online longitudinal study (n = 115), using questionnaires designed to assess the modifications of dietary habits during pregnancy and to evaluate each type of dietary change. Both studies confirmed that most women in our samples did indeed intend to institute changes regarding healthier dietary practices during pregnancy. The principal motivation behind changes to their habits was to ensure the health and well-being of both their babies and themselves. The proposal of dietary advice that is tailored to both the current diet and the specific needs of pregnant women, but that is also positive and credible, was perceived as enabling implementing healthier dietary practices during pregnancy. Regarding the implementation of the dietary changes proposed, the enablers and barriers identified differed between modifications of the amounts consumed and substitutions. The women displayed interest in all types of dietary changes. This gave relevance to combining different types of changes in order to propose dietary counseling during pregnancy. Tailored dietary counseling was identified by French pregnant women in our samples as enabling them to adopt a healthier diet. However, perceived barriers might limit the implementation of dietary changes, especially when they involved marked modifications to their usual diet.

Personal Social Networks of Community-Dwelling Oldest Old During the Covid-19 Pandemic-A Qualitative Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its related restrictions have affected the everyday life of older people. Advanced age is a significant predisposing factor for a more severe COVID-19 infection, increasing the risk for hospitalization and mortality. Even though restrictions have been, thus, well-grounded, they may also have had detrimental effects on the social well-being of older people. Personal networks and social activity are known protective factors against the premature decline in health and functioning, and it is widely acknowledged that social isolation increases feelings of loneliness, poor quality of life, and even the risk for diseases and disabilities among older adults. This qualitative study investigated changes in personal networks among community-dwelling oldest-old individuals (persons aged 80 and over) during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland. The data is part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE85+) study, which is an ongoing large longitudinal population-based study in Finland. In this qualitative sub-study, we analyzed fifteen in-depth telephone interviews using directed content analyses and identified five types of changes in personal social networks during the pandemic. In type 1, all social contacts were significantly reduced due to official recommendations and fear of the virus. Type 2 included modified ways of being socially active i.e., by deploying new technology, and in type 3, social contacts increased during the lockdown. In type 4, personal social networks were changed unexpectedly or dramatically due to a death of a spouse, for example. In type 5, we observed stable social networks, which had not been affected by the pandemic. At an individual level, one person could have had different types of changes during the pandemic. These results highlight the heterogeneity of the oldest olds' personal social networks and changes related to them during the exceptional times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social activity and personal networks play an important role in the well-being of the oldest old, but individual situations, needs, and preferences toward personal social networks should be taken into account when planning social activities, policies, and interventions.

Multiscale framework for rapid change analysis from SAR image time series: Case study of flood monitoring in the central coast regions of Vietnam

Recently, the frequency of natural and environmental disasters has increased significantly, causing constant changes on the Earth's surface. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have been proved to be useful for operational change monitoring tasks. The multiscale framework presented in this paper aims at detecting and analyzing changes using SAR image time series composed of large-size images. Spatio-temporal changes are initially detected at the subimage scale analysis stage to determine regions and image acquisition dates related to the change occurrence. Detailed changes are then identified at the pixel scale analysis stage between selected acquisitions at each recognized region. This framework was used for flood monitoring over a large area along the central coast of Vietnam (from Thua Thien Hue province to Quang Nam province). We exploited a Sentinel-1 image time series acquired during two rainy seasons and typhoon seasons in the Western Pacific (from September to December of the two years 2017 and 2018). The proposed framework detected flooded areas with a high overall accuracy of 90.4% and could analyze different types of changes that occurred in this time series, i.e. dirac, periodic, chaotic changes, and temporal stability.

LOKUS KONTROLE I PERCIPIRANA SOCIJALNA PODRŠKA KAO PREDIKTORI NIVOA STRESA KOD ADOLESCENATA

Adolescence brings with it different types of changes in people – such as physical, emotional and cognitive, which can be quite stressful. Some of the factors that can be protective against stress in the transition period of high school completion are the locus of control and perceived social support. The aim of the study is to examine whether, and to what extent, stress levels in adolescents can be predicted based on the locus of control of adolescents as well as based on perceived social support. The research examined 190 adult high school students (Nmale = 80; Nfemale = 110) from six municipalities in Serbia. The following instruments were used: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and The Multidimensional Locus of Control (IPC). The results showed that the dimensions Internal locus of control (β = - .30, p < .000), Family support (β = -.21, p = .002) and Powerful others (β = .190, p = .020) contribute statistically significantly to explaining the level variance stress in adolescents. Considering the intergroup differences by gender, it can be concluded that boys and girls differ statistically significantly only on the variable Stress, i.e., that girls have a higher level of stress compared to boys, t (188) = -2.411, p =.017. The only statistically significant intergroup difference when it comes to the order of birth is observed in the variable Internal locus of control, t (188) = -2.116, p =.036, where in first-born children a statistically significantly lower level of internal locus of control can be found compared to children born later. Key words: stress, adolescence, locus of control, perceived social support

Production and Evaluation of Agricultural Biodegradable Mulch through Heat and Moisture Distribution in Soil

The need to increase agricultural production in proportion to population growth and water crisis management requires initiatives that can increase the quantity and quality of crops by using soil moisture storage methods while preserving the environment. According to problem presented, in order to simulate the temperature, humidity and radiation of the farm environment, a control system, along with laboratory facilities were designed and constructed. Then, the production and evaluation of different types of soil mulches from biodegradable and petroleum polymers were performed by aiming investigate the effect of these soil mulches on soil temperature and moisture at different depths. Produced mulches were placed in a laboratory soil bed. The average molecular weight, the gel content and the percentage of elongation at the breakpoint for biodegradable mulches were 4906.56 g mol-1, 4.68% and 4.63%, respectively and the mean values of tensile strength and the percentage of elongation before the ultraviolet aging process were 13.41MPa and 396.71%, respectively. Acceptable values of statistical indicators were calculated with the response surface method. In conclusion of the soil temperature and humidity changes for different types of mulch, the velocity of temperature rise is reduced in deep levels due to the resistance made by soil moisture. The amount of moisture reduction for dark and uncoated mulch by moving from surface to depth was far more when compared to other mulches, and there was no significant change at the depth of transparent mulches.

Pidgin and Creole: Concept, Origin, and Evolution

Every language has a history, and, as in the rest of human culture, changes are constantly taking place in the course of the learned transmission of a language from one generation to another. Human culture and animal behavior contain differences. Language changes in all their aspects, in their pronunciation, word forms, syntax, and word meaning (semantic change). These changes are mostly very gradual in their operation becoming noticeable only cumulatively over the course of several generations. Pidgins and creoles (p & c) are not different- They are also undergoing different types of changes. This paper tries to investigate the concepts of p & c by analyzing different linguistic views and tracing back the origin of these contact languages with the help of different theories. This study throws some light on the evolution of p & c and aims at attaching proper value to them.

Semantics-aided 3D change detection on construction sites using UAV-based photogrammetric point clouds

As the key to the construction progress monitoring, methods and strategies for change detection using 3D point clouds from various sources have been investigated for years. However, how to achieve object-level change detection with uncertainty evaluation is still an unsolved topic. Occlusions and noise in 3D points and other attribute information, such as colors, lead to problems in the task of change detection. In this paper, we present a semantic-aided change detection method aimed at monitoring construction progress using UAV-based photogrammetric point clouds. Our framework consists of two key parts, which identify changes in a progressive manner: The first part consists of the detection of geometric changes using occupancy-based spatial difference identification, which indicates the changes of occupancy in 3D space, comprising changes in appearance or shape of building objects. In occupancy-based change detection, occupancy conflicts of occupied space and empty space along the viewing rays of cameras can be detected by considering the sensor positions. At the same time, occlusions can be handled implicitly. The second part involves changes in semantics, which are used to detect changes where the occupancy-based change detection is not sufficient for presenting changes, due to limitations of parameter settings or lack of attribute information. By utilizing semantic segmentation results presented by class probabilities, the uncertainty of the semantic changes can be estimated. For the detection of geometric and semantic changes, Dempster–Shafer theory is applied to fuse information from data acquired in different time epochs to detect changes. Using the two different types of changes, we can fully consider the changes that may happen at the construction sites and define the differences between the changes. By utilizing the proposed change detection methods, changes with different characteristics, including geometric changes and semantic changes, can be correctly identified. In a specific example, for a construction period from Dec 12, 2014 to Jan 16, 2015, 97.8% of the changed areas could be successfully detected. For the other construction period, from Jan 16, 2015 to Feb 26, 2015, 93.6% of changes were correctly detected.

The complex association between social media use intensity and adolescent wellbeing: A longitudinal investigation of five factors that may affect the association

The present study examined five possible explanations for the mixed findings on the association between adolescents' social media use (SMU) intensity and wellbeing. Particularly, it investigated whether the association between SMU intensity and life satisfaction depended on (1) the type of SMU activity the adolescent engaged in, (2) the (non)linearity of the association, (3) individual differences, (4) inclusion of SMU problems, and (5) the level of analysis. Data from four waves of longitudinal data among 1419 adolescents were used (Mage(T1) = 12.51 (0.60), 45.95% girl). Multilevel analyses showed that at the within-person level, on average, changes in different types of SMU activities were not associated with changes in life satisfaction. Within individuals, the associations ranged from negative to positive across adolescents. In general, this variation could not be explained by adolescents' engagement in upward social comparisons. At the between-person level, the higher adolescents' average intensity of certain SMU activities, the lower their average level of life satisfaction. However, these associations were confounded by adolescents’ SMU problems. No curvilinear associations were found. Overall, the findings underline that to enhance our understanding of the association between SMU and wellbeing in adolescence, it is important to acknowledge the heterogeneity of effects, distinguish between SMU intensity and SMU problems, and disentangle within-from between-person effects.

Structure Analysis of Proteins and Peptides by Difference Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy.

Difference circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used here to characterize changes in structure of flexible peptides upon altering their environments. Environmental changes were introduced by binding to a large target structure, temperature shift (or concentration increase) or so-called membrane-mimicking solvents. The first case involved binding of a largely disordered peptide to its target structure associated with chromatin remodeling, leading to a transition into a highly helical structure. The second example was a short 8HD (His-Asp) repeat peptide that can bind metal ions. Both Zn and Ni at μM concentrations resulted in different type of changes in secondary structure, suggesting that these metal ions provide different environments for the peptide to assume unique secondary structures. The third case is related to a few short neuroprotective peptides that were largely disordered in aqueous solution. Increased temperature resulted in induction of significant, though small, β-sheet structures. Last example was the induction of non-helical structures for short neuroprotective peptides by membrane-mimicking solvents, including trifluoroethanol, dodecylphosphocholine and sodium dodecylsulfate. While these agents are known to induce α-helix, none of the neuropeptides underwent transition to a typical helical structure. However, trifluoroethanol did induce α-helix for the first peptide involved in chromatin remodeling described above in the first example.

Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analysis on Metabolic Characteristics of Oral Lichen Planus.

ObjectiveTo explore metabolic biomarkers related to erosive and reticulated oral lichen planus (OLP) by non-targeted metabolomics methods and correlate metabolites with gene expression, and to investigate the pathological network pathways of OLP from the perspective of metabolism.MethodsA total of 153 individuals were enrolled in this study, including 50 patients with erosive oral lichen planus (EOLP), 51 patients with reticulated oral lichen planus (ROLP), and 52 healthy controls (HC). The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was used to analyze the metabolites of 40 EOLP, 40 ROLP, and 40 HC samples, and the differential metabolic biomarkers were screened and identified. The regulatory genes were further screened through the shared metabolites between EOLP and ROLP, and cross-correlated with the OLP-related differential genes in the network database. A “gene-metabolite” network was constructed after finding the key differential genes. Finally, the diagnostic efficiency of the biomarkers was verified in the validation set and a diagnostic model was constructed.ResultCompared with HC group, a total of 19 and 25 differential metabolites were identified in the EOLP group and the ROLP group, respectively. A total of 14 different metabolites were identified between EOLP and ROLP. Two diagnostic models were constructed based on these differential metabolites. There are 14 differential metabolites shared by EOLP and ROLP. The transcriptomics data showed 756 differentially expressed genes, and the final crossover network showed that 19 differential genes were associated with 12 metabolites. Enrichment analysis showed that alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were closely associated with the pathogenesis of OLP.ConclusionThe metabolic change of different types of OLP were clarified. The potential gene perturbation of OLP was provided. This study provided a strong support for further exploration of the pathogenic mechanism of OLP.

Formation of religious (Islamic) structures of civil society in the North Caucasus in the XX–XXI centuries on the example of the Republic of Dagestan

The article is devoted to the problem of formation and development of religious structures of civil society in the North Caucasus. The end of the twentieth century brought a rapid surge of religiosity to the region, there was a rapid Re-Islamization of people, various numerous religious organizations began to appear, between which there was a struggle for influence over the consciousness of the population. Religious Muslim organizations are the dominant (in terms of influence and numerical composition) institution of civil society. Only in Dagestan, the number of registered organizations is almost two and a half thousand. In addition to the registered organizations, there are informal Sufi communities, Salafist groups and communities in the republics. Therefore, the question of the existence of civil society in non-classical conditions, and even more so in the Muslim environment, has recently become more relevant and it is important to trace its specifics and dynamics of development in the region, in the context of the increasing activity of civil society structures of an Islamic nature and the peculiarities of their practical manifestation (Islamic councils, organizations, network communities, etc.). We use the results obtained by the author in the course of sociological research in the Republic of Dagestan, as well as the results of research by scientists and sociologists from Dagestan, which show that religious organizations actively work in the social sphere, influence the moods and behavior of believers, and also act as driving forces of change in different types of societies. Their activity, role in political transformations, and opportunities for mobilization require expanding the concept of civil society in relation to non-Western societies, especially Islamic ones, where there is a very controversial environment and conditions that differ from the classical ones. Islamic organizations, as structures of civil society, have their own potential, they use modern tools, forms and achievements, and at the same time they are based on the principles of justice, mutual assistance, charity (zakat, “waqf” (donations), consultation, and civic engagement.

A Comparative Analysis on Changing of Different Properties of Greige Woven Fabric (3/1, 2/1 Twill) After Scouring & Bleaching and Mercerizing

The aim of the project was to compare the change of different types of physical and chemical properties like tensile strength, tear strength, GSM, EPI, absorbency and Pʰ of greige woven fabric after the pretreatment processing. That will ease the process of product development, assume the properties of the final product, and minimize textile wastage. The research included woven 2/1 and 3/1 twill fabric. Fabric samples were tested after every process except desizing. Gradual increase in EPI from greige to mercerizing of 11.75% and 20.75% in average respectively for 2/1 twill and 3/1 twill has been noted. The overall decrease in width from greige to mercerizing noted 13.09% and 16.93% respectively for 2/1 twill and 3/1 twill. GSM of the samples tended to increase after mercerizing than scouring and bleaching. Fabrics tend to have a Pʰ value around neutral after mercerizing and alkaline after scouring & bleaching. Absorbency of fabric decreases after mercerizing than scouring and bleaching. Tensile strength, Tear strength also have been tested for comparison.

Somatosensory Deviance Detection ERPs and Their Relationship to Analogous Auditory ERPs and Interoceptive Accuracy

Abstract. Automatic deviance detection has been widely explored in terms of mismatch responses (mismatch negativity or mismatch response) and P3a components of event-related potentials (ERPs) under a predictive coding framework; however, the somatosensory mismatch response has been investigated less often regarding the different types of changes than its auditory counterpart. It is not known whether the deviance detection responses from different modalities correlate, reflecting a general prediction error mechanism of the central nervous system. Furthermore, interoceptive functions have been associated with predictive coding theory, but whether interoceptive accuracy correlates with deviance detection brain responses has rarely been investigated. Here, we measured ERPs to changes in somatosensory stimuli’s location and intensity and in sound intensity in healthy adults ( n = 34). Interoceptive accuracy was measured with a heartbeat discrimination task, where participants indicated whether their heartbeats were simultaneous or non-simultaneous with sound stimuli. We found a mismatch response and a P3a response to somatosensory location and auditory intensity changes, but for somatosensory intensity changes, only a P3a response was found. Unexpectedly, there were neither correlations between the somatosensory location deviance and intensity deviance brain responses nor between auditory and somatosensory brain responses. In addition, the brain responses did not correlate with interoceptive accuracy. The results suggest that although deviance detection in the auditory and somatosensory modalities are likely based on similar neural mechanisms at a cellular level, their ERP indexes do not indicate a linear association in sensitivity for deviance detection between the modalities. Furthermore, although sensory deviance detection and interoceptive detection are both associated with predictive coding functions, under these experimental settings, functional relationships were not observed. These results should be taken into account in the future development of theories related to human sensory functions and in extensions of the predictive coding theory in particular.

What changes with coaching? Investigating within‐person changes in reflection, the predicting role of implicit person theory and the effects on perceived utility of coaching

AbstractCoaching literature assumes that people undergo personal change through coaching. We contend that different types of change may occur with coaching and investigate whether this is the case in reflection (a key competence in coaching). Results from our sample of 61 coachees indicate that three types of change (alpha, beta, gamma) are observed across participants. Alpha change refers to a substantive change in reflection (i.e. an increase or decrease), beta to a recalibration of one's assessment of reflection and gamma to a re‐conceptualization of reflection. We further examine implicit person theory (IPT) as a predictor and perceived coaching utility as a correlate of the three types of change. We observe a higher probability that incremental IPT will associate with alpha change versus other types of change, and that beta and gamma changes correlate positively and negatively, respectively, with perceived utility for work. No significant correlations are observed between types of change and perceived utility for personal development. Our study represents an exploratory contribution to a better understanding of the within‐person changes in reflection following coaching intervention, and has implications for both theory and practice, which we discuss along with indications for future directions.

The Relevance of Women’s Economic Marginalization to Recidivism

This study examines whether changes over time in women’s criminogenic needs, particularly their financial needs, predict recidivism. In a 9-year longitudinal study, 304 women were interviewed repeatedly during 4.5 years after probation/parole began. Women provided data on both their gender-specific and gender-neutral criminogenic needs. Women’s average standing on each need and an index of their change in the need over time were computed and used to predict subsequent recidivism over the 3.4 years after the final interview. Women whose financial needs decreased were less likely to be rearrested and convicted relative to other women. The findings highlight the importance of considering a multifaceted and gender-specific definition of economic marginalization in both theory and practice. At the policy level, there is a need to reduce justice-involved women’s financial needs. In addition, further longitudinal research should be conducted to understand how different type of changes in women’s lives impact recidivism.

A key elements influence discovery scheme based on ternary association graph and representation learning

Key elements refer to the elements that play a crucial role in disseminating information in social networks. The influence discovery of key elements can guide a series of works, such as public opinion control, user recommendation, and marketing promotion. Recently, there have been many studies on the influence of elements, but at present, many methods focus on either the influence discovery of key elements of different types or the dynamic influence discovery of a certain type of element alone, and rarely consider the combination of the two. Therefore, this study proposes a key element discovery algorithm based on a ternary association graph and representation learning, which can detect the influence of paths, users, and user groups. Additionally, the changes of different types of key elements can be analyzed according to the influence of elements in each stage of topic communication.

Transformational strategies in diaphasic translation: three case studies

ABSTRACT This article is concerned with a special case of translation, namely the registerial transformation of specialized LSP discourse into lay-oriented texts. This type of rewriting is intralingual mostly, but may also occur in combination with an interlingual element. Since previous research has mainly been concerned with one specific genre (Patient Information Leaflets as products of registerial rewriting), the present study investigates and compares three additional genres, all belonging to the field of medicine. Using the classic ‘coupled-pairs’ method, the investigation uncovers the lexical and grammatical changes underlying the interregisterial derivation of targets from sources. The three genres turn out to be remarkably similar in terms of transformational strategies, with largely the same types of lexicogrammatical changes manifested in all target texts. However, a comparison of the different types of changes with each other reveals remarkable heterogeneity in terms of stylistic effect. In fact, different groups of strategies turn out to contribute very differently to the lay-oriented ‘skopos’ of the target texts. To capture these differences, a superordinate typology of five ‘genera’ of strategies (each subsuming a small handful of ‘species’) is proposed and arranged on a cline according to their degree of lay-orientedness.

Transcranial Doppler Assessment of Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Migraine Patients

Background: Migraine is considered as a neurovascular coupling disorder where the cerebral vascular reactivity is malfunctioning and measuring hemodynamic changes during migraine without causing more disturbances has always been a challenge. Objective: This study aimed to detect the role of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in assessing the vasomotor reactivity of cerebral blood vessels in migraine patients. Patients and Methods: This case control study included thirty-two migraine patients and thirty-two healthy individuals that were recruited from Neurology Department at Zagazig University Hospital and Neuropsychiatry Department at El-Sahel Teaching Hospital Outpatient Clinics during the period from April to December 2020. We performed Transcranial Doppler (TCD) on all participants and Breath Holding Index (BHI) was measured on both sides from the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Results: There was a significant decrease in breath holding index in patients of migraine. There was a statistical significance decrease in BHI and Maximum flow velocity in the left MCA (Max. FV Lt MCA) among severe patients compared to moderate patients. Conclusion: Migraineurs have significantly lower BHI compared to control group. The noninvasiveness of TCD and the possibility it provides for obtaining instantaneous information about cerebral blood flow changes indicates its usefulness in the study of vascular changes in different types of migraine.

Response shift after coronary revascularization

PurposeThe aims of this study were to investigate (1) the extent to which response shift occurs among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) after coronary revascularization, (2) whether the assessment of changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL), controlled for response shift, yield more valid estimates of changes in HRQoL, as indicated by stronger associations with criterion measures of change, than without controlling for response shift, and (3) if occurrences of response shift are related to patient characteristics.MethodsPatients with CAD completed the SF-36 and the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ7) at baseline and 3 months after coronary revascularization. Sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial variables were measured with the patient version of the New York Heart Association-class, Subjective Significance Questionnaire, Reconstruction of Life Events Questionnaire (RE-LIFE), and HEXACO personality inventory. Oort’s Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was used to investigate response shift.Results191 patient completed questionnaires at baseline and at 3 months after treatment. The SF-36 showed recalibration and reprioritization response shift and the SAQ7 reconceptualization response shift. Controlling for these response shift effects did not result in more valid estimates of change. One significant association was found between reprioritization response shift and complete integration of having CAD into their life story, as indicated by the RE-LIFE.ConclusionResults indicate response shift in HRQoL following coronary revascularization. While we did not find an impact of response shift on the estimates of change, the SEM approach provides a more comprehensive insight into the different types of change in HRQoL following coronary revascularization.

The Long-Term Change of Arrhythmias after Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects.

Objectives To observe and analyze the long-term change of different types of arrhythmias after transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect (pmVSD). Methods We retrospectively collected the data of patients who underwent pmVSD closure in our institution from March 2002 to December 2010. Results One hundred thirty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 265 (25.5%) had early arrhythmia. They were classified into two categories: conduction abnormality (191/1039; 18.4%) and origin abnormality (94/1039; 9.0%), including 20 patients with both types of arrhythmias. The median follow-up time was 84.5 months, and 103 patients (103/191; 53.9%) with early conduction block got permanent arrhythmias, while only three patients (3/94; 3.2%) with early anomalous origin arrhythmias still had an abnormal electrocardiogram. Serious arrhythmias (28/1039; 2.7%), including II° atrioventricular block (AVB), III° AVB, and complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB), can appear immediately in the early postoperative period (21 patients) or in the late outset (seven patients) after several months or even years (6 months to 8.3 years). Twenty patients (20/21; 95.2%) with serious arrhythmia in the early postoperative period improved after early treatment, but six patients relapsed or worsened during follow-up. At the endpoint, severe arrhythmia persisted in 13 patients, of which four patients got permanent pacemaker implanted, and one patient with recurrent CLBBB died from heart failure. Conclusions The probability of delayed CAVB or bundle branch block after VSD closure is low but often occurs several years after surgery. Therefore, long-term ECG follow-up should last for several years or even decades. Serious arrhythmias that appear early after transcatheter pmVSD closure may impose a risk of recurrence although they have been cured already. Close attention should be paid to the changes of cardiac function in patients with CLBBB after VSD closure, and the severity of such arrhythmia should be taken seriously and reexamined.