Different Types Of Cancer Research Articles

Mechanisms of Toxicity of Heavy Metals and the Microbial Strategies for their Mitigation: A Review

Heavy metals toxicity is a major concern worldwide, especially in areas where untreated industrial effluents are released in the environment. Most important heavy metals in this context are arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, cobalt, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. Some of these are also essential trace elements and play crucial roles in different biological processes. Exposure to high concentration of heavy metals is hazardous for life and can lead to various medical conditions including different types of cancers. The remediation strategies to treat these contaminants involve physical, chemical as well as biological techniques, the latter of which is considered most environment friendly and inexpensive. Bioremediation is the process of removal and detoxification of toxic pollutants using microorganisms. Many microorganisms have evolved different strategies to resist and detoxify such heavy metals. This may include excluding the metals out of the cell, binding of the metals to metal binding proteins to sequester it, conversion of metals into less or non-toxic form by enzymes and alternation of cell components to reduce metal sensitivity. Different genes and proteins are involved in these processes which can be explored for biotechnological interventions and practical applications of bioremediation. This review article discusses the mechanisms of heavy metals’ toxicity, different remediation technologies available, and the various strategies that microorganisms employ to detoxify them.

CLASSIFICATION OF WBC USING CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORKS

Leukocytes, developed within the cartilage of the bone, account for barely 1% of the overall blood cell counts. Erratic flourishing of leukocytes induces an outbreak of blood cancer. Amongst three of the diverse sorts of cancer in blood, the suggested ponder provides a vigorous instrument for the sorting of subtypes of leukemia and multiple myeloma, utilizing the related dataset. White blood cells with leukemia are not normal that grow throughout cells present in the red blood. WBCs, and platelets and affect the blood and bone marrow. Whereas, multiple myeloma is a different type of cancer that affects plasma cells. It develops in the bone marrow instead of the blood stream. The suggested method uses a deep learning technology called as convolutional neural networks to lessen the likelihood of errors occurring during the human method. The model first extracts the leading highlights from the cell imaging by pre-processing it. Next, the model will be prepared using CNN, and lastly, the cancer type can be predicted. Furthermore, the model's accuracy of 97.33% is higher than Yolov8's and Naive Bayes. Keywords: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML), Multiple Myeloma (MM), Deep Learning, CNN

CircCOL1A1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and glutamine metabolism through GLS1 up-regulation by sponging miR-214-3p

BackgroundCircular ribose nucleic acids (circRNAs), an abundant type of noncoding RNAs, are widely expressed in eukaryotic cells and exert a significant impact on the initiation and progression of various disorders, including different types of cancer. However, the specific role of various circRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathology is still not fully understood.MethodsThe initial step involved the use of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess the expression levels of circRNAs and messenger RNA (mRNA) in CRC cell lines and tissues. Subsequently, functional analyses of circCOL1A1 knockdown were conducted in vitro and in vivo through cell counting kit (CCK)-8, colony formation and transwell assays, as well as xenograft mouse model of tumor formation. Molecular expression and interactions were investigated using luciferase reporter assays, Western blot analysis, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and immunohistochemical staining.ResultsThe RT-qPCR results revealed elevated levels of circCOL1A1 expressions in CRC tissues and cell lines as compared to the normal counterparts. In addition, circCOL1A1 expression level was found to be correlated with TNM stage, lymph node metastases, distant metastases, and invasion. Knockdown of circCOL1A1 resulted in impaired invasion, migration, and proliferation of CRC cells, and suppressed tumor generation in the animal model. We further demonstrated that circCOL1A1 could act as a sponge for miR-214-3p, suppressing miR-214-3p activity and leading to the upregulation of GLS1 protein to promote glutamine metabolism.ConclusionThese findings suggest that circCOL1A1 functions as an oncogenic molecule to promote CRC progression via miR-214-3p/GLS1 axis, hinting on the potential of circCOL1A1 as a therapeutic target for CRC.

Exploring the prognostic value of circular RNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using genome-wide expression profiling

Background/ObjectivesMedian survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is around eight months and new prognostic tools are needed. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gained interest in different types of cancer. However, only a few studies have evaluated their potential in PDAC. We aimed to identify the most differentially expressed circRNAs in PDAC compared to controls and to explore their potential as prognostic markers. MethodsUsing frozen specimens with PDAC and controls, we performed RNA sequencing and identified 20,440 unique circRNAs. A custom code set of capture- and reporter probes for NanoString nCounter analysis was designed to target 152 circRNAs, based on abundancy, differential expression and a literature study. Expression of these 152 circRNAs was examined in 108 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical PDAC specimens and controls. The spatial expression of one of the most promising candidates, ciRS-7 (hsa_circ_0001946), was evaluated by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) using multi-punch tissue microarrays (TMAs) and digital imaging analysis. ResultsBased on circRNA expression profiles, we identified different PDAC subclusters. The 30 most differentially expressed circRNAs showed log2 fold changes from −3.43 to 0.94, where circNRIP1 (hsa_circ_0004771), circMBOAT2 (hsa_circ_0007334) and circRUNX1 (hsa_circ_0002360) held significant prognostic value in multivariate analysis. CiRS-7 was absent in PDAC cells but highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment. ConclusionsWe identified several new circRNAs with biomarker potential in surgically treated PDAC, three of which showed an independent prognostic value. We also found that ciRS-7 is absent in cancer cells but abundant in tumor microenvironment and may hold potential as marker of activated stroma.

CPE correlates with poor prognosis in gastric cancer by promoting tumourigenesis

AimsTo investigate the potential functions and mechanisms of tumourigenesis in carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and its prognostic value in gastric cancer, and to develop a predictive model for prognosis based on CPE. ResultsTranscriptome level variation and the prognostic value of CPE in different types of cancers were investigated using bioinformatics analyses. The association between CPE and clinicopathological characteristics was specifically explored in gastric cancer. Elevated CPE expression was associated with poor survival and recurrence prognosis and was found in cases with a later clinical stage of gastric cancer. The CPE was considered an independent prognostic factor, as assessed using Cox regression analysis. The prognostic value of CPE was further verified through immunohistochemistry and haematoxylin staining. Enrichment analysis provided a preliminary confirmation of the potential functions and mechanisms of CPE. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed a significant correlation between CPE and macrophage infiltration. Eventually, a prognosis prediction nomogram model based on CPE was developed. ConclusionCPE was identified as an independent biomarker associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. This suggests that CPE overexpression promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the activation of the Erk/Wnt pathways, leading to proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Targeted therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer may benefit from these findings.

Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of YBX family reveals YBX2 as a potential biomarker in liver cancer.

The Y-box-binding proteins (YBX) act as a multifunctional role in tumor progression, metastasis, drug resistance by regulating the transcription and translation process. Nevertheless, their functions in a pan-cancer setting remain unclear. This study examined the clinical features expression, prognostic value, mutations, along with methylation patterns of three genes from the YBX family (YBX1, YBX2, and YBX3) in 28 different types of cancer. Data used for analysis were obtained from Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. A novel YBXs score was created using the ssGSEA algorithm for the single sample gene set enrichment analysis. Additionally, we explored the YBXs score's association with the tumor microenvironment (TME), response to various treatments, and drug resistance. Our analysis revealed that YBX family genes contribute to tumor progression and are indicative of prognosis in diverse cancer types. We determined that the YBXs score correlates significantly with numerous malignant pathways in pan-cancer. Moreover, this score is also linked with multiple immune-related characteristics. The YBXs score proved to be an effective predictor for the efficacy of a range of treatments in various cancers, particularly immunotherapy. To summarize, the involvement of YBX family genes is vital in pan-cancer and exhibits a significant association with TME. An elevated YBXs score indicates an immune-activated TME and responsiveness to diverse therapies, highlighting its potential as a biomarker in individuals with tumors. Finally, experimental validations were conducted to explore that YBX2 might be a potential biomarker in liver cancer. The creation of YBXs score in our study offered new insights into further studies. Besides, YBX2 was found as a potential therapeutic target, significantly contributing to the improvement of HCC diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Uranium concentrations indicator for cancer patients before and after Radiotherapy

One of the most dangerous diseases facing the world is cancer, and because cancer is closely linked to a high level of uranium in the blood, some governorates of Iraq, especially the southern ones, have witnessed a recorded spread of cancer because they are areas contaminated with uranium because of the wars to which they were exposed. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the uranium concentration. Regarding blood samples taken from people with different types of cancer, the study included 30 45 samples collected from the Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital in Dhi Qar Governorate, and the patients were from various administrative units. The samples were divided into 15 samples for healthy people as a control group, 15 samples for cancer patients who received chemotherapy and then 15 samples the same the patients took samples after they received radiotherapy. A track detection technique using a CR-39 track detector was applied to determine the uranium concentration. The maximum concentration reported in the group of patients following radiation was (3.0579 ± 0.5115) ppb, while the lowest value was in the group of healthy persons (1.3756 ± 0.3257) ppb.

Implants for different types of cancer: an updated review

Cancer, a significant global health concern, accounts for one in six deaths worldwide. The complex landscape of cancer treatment includes conventional approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, as well as recent advances like stem cell therapy, targeted therapy, ablation therapy, and various nanomedicines. Notably, electrospinning has incorporated colloidal nanoparticles into polymeric NFs for drug delivery and cancer treatments. The unique contribution of this review lies in its focus on recent investigations that aim to enhance drug delivery and improve the efficiency of cancer treatments. Biomaterials have been applied to immunotherapies to modulate immune cells and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, aiming to enhance both efficacy and safety. Stem cell therapy shows promise in regenerating tissues affected by cancer, while targeted therapy specifically inhibits the growth of cancer cells with minimal damage to healthy cells. This review provides an updated overview of implant applications in cancer therapies.

MG53/TRIM72: multi-organ repair protein and beyond.

MG53, a member of the tripartite motif protein family, possesses multiple functionalities due to its classic membrane repair function, anti-inflammatory ability, and E3 ubiquitin ligase properties. Initially recognized for its crucial role in membrane repair, the therapeutic potential of MG53 has been extensively explored in various diseases including muscle injury, myocardial damage, acute lung injury, and acute kidney injury. However, further research has revealed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase characteristics of MG53 also contribute to the pathogenesis of certain conditions such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the anti-tumor effects of MG53 in different types of cancer, such as small cell lung cancer, liver cancer, and colorectal cancer; these effects are closely associated with their E3 ubiquitin ligase activities. In summary, MG53 is a multifunctional protein that participates in important physiological and pathological processes of multiple organs and is a promising therapeutic target for various human diseases. MG53 plays a multi-organ protective role due to its membrane repair function and its exertion of anti-tumor effects due to its E3 ubiquitin ligase properties. In addition, the controversial aspect of MG53's E3 ubiquitin ligase properties potentially causing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome necessitates further cross-validation for clarity.

Therapeutic Potential of Clusterin Inhibition in Human Cancer

Clusterin (CLU) protein is involved in various pathophysiological processes including carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In recent years, the role of the secretory isoform has been demonstrated in tumor cells, where it inhibits apoptosis and favors the acquisition of resistance to conventional treatments used to treat cancer. To determine the possible therapeutic potential of inhibiting this protein, numerous studies have been carried out in this field. In this article, we present the existing knowledge to date on the inhibition of this protein in different types of cancer and analyze the importance it could have in the development of new therapies targeted against this disease.

Evaluation of the Antiproliferative Potential of Yellow Jaboticaba (Myrciaria glazioviana) Extracts Against Human Cervical Cancer (HeLa cells line) and the Analysis of Their Chemical Composition by HPLC-HRESIMS.

Cervical cancer is a specific type of cancer that affects women around the world, with an incidence of 604 thousand new cases per year and 341 thousand deaths. There is a high demand for new effective antineoplastic drugs with few side effects. In this sense, recent research highlights the potential of compounds of natural origin in treating and preventing different types of cancer. Myrciaria glazioviana is a Brazilian native species belonging to the Myrtaceae family, which has previously described biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aims to evaluate the anticancer activity of the dichloromethane extract (MGD) and ethyl acetate extract (MGA) of M. glazioviana leaves against human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), as well as to identify their bioactive compounds. Using HPLC-HRESIMS technique, ten compounds were characterized in both samples: quinic acid, ellagic acid, Tri-O-methyl ellagic acid, two derivatives of Tetra-O-methyl flavellagic acid, quercetrin, Di-O-methyl ellagic acid, and three derivatives of pentamethyl coruleoellagic acid. Through MTT assays using HeLa cells and NIH/3T3 cells, it was observed that MGD and MGA were selective against tumor cells, with IC50 values of 24.31 and 12.62 μg/mL, respectively. The samples induced the tumor cell death by apoptosis, as evidenced by the activation of caspases 3/7, cell shrinkage, and pyknotic nuclei. Both samples were also able to inhibit the migration of HeLa cells after 24 hours of treatment, indicating a potential antimetastatic effect. Therefore, the present research highlights the antiproliferative and antimigratory potential of this species against HeLa cells.

ELISA assay for the quantification of ipilimumab in human serum, plasma, milk, and cerebrospinal fluid

Ipilimumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Ipilimumab has become part of the standard of care for different types of cancer. The efficacy of these treatments is limited due to immune-related toxicity and high economic costs. Dose rationalization studies based on pharmacokinetic data may help to address these limitations. For this purpose, more sensitive analytical methods are needed. We report the development and validation of the first enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for sensitive determination of ipilimumab concentrations in human serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and milk. Our assay is based on the specific capture of ipilimumab by immobilized CTLA-4. The lower limit of quantifications of ipilimumab in serum, plasma, and milk are 50 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL in CSF. The ELISA method showed long-term storage stability for at least one year at −80°C and was successfully cross-validated with ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The ELISA method is reliable, relatively inexpensive, and can be used in serum, plasma, CSF, and milk from patients treated with ipilimumab, as evidenced by the analysis of real clinical samples.

Increased Age-Adjusted Cancer Mortality After the Third mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Dose During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, excess deaths including cancer have become a concern in Japan, which has a rapidly aging population.Thus, this study aimed to evaluate how age-adjusted mortality rates(AMRs)for different types of cancer in Japan changed during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022).Official statistics from Japan were used to compare observed annual and monthly AMRswith predicted rates based on pre-pandemic (2010-2019)figures using logistic regression analysis. No significant excess mortality was observed during the first year of the pandemic (2020). However, some excesscancer mortalitieswere observed in 2021 after mass vaccination with the first and second vaccine doses, and significant excess mortalities were observed for all cancers and some specific types of cancer(including ovarian cancer, leukemia, prostate cancer, lip/oral/pharyngeal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer)after mass vaccination with the third dose in 2022. AMRs for the four cancerswith the mostdeaths (lung, colorectal, stomach, and liver)showeda decreasing trend until the first year of the pandemic in 2020, butthe rate of decrease slowed in 2021 and 2022. This study discusses possible explanations for theseincreasesin age-adjusted cancer mortality rates.

Metformin: A Dual-Role Player in Cancer Treatment and Prevention.

Cancer continues to pose a significant global health challenge, as evidenced by the increasing incidence rates and high mortality rates, despite the advancements made in chemotherapy. The emergence of chemoresistance further complicates the effectiveness of treatment. However, there is growing interest in the potential of metformin, a commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as an adjuvant chemotherapy agent in cancer treatment. Although the precise mechanism of action of metformin in cancer therapy is not fully understood, it has been found to have pleiotropic effects, including the modulation of metabolic pathways, reduction in inflammation, and the regulation of cellular proliferation. This comprehensive review examines the anticancer properties of metformin, drawing insights from various studies conducted in vitro and in vivo, as well as from clinical trials and observational research. This review discusses the mechanisms of action involving both insulin-dependent and independent pathways, shedding light on the potential of metformin as a therapeutic agent for different types of cancer. Despite promising findings, there are challenges that need to be addressed, such as conflicting outcomes in clinical trials, considerations regarding dosing, and the development of resistance. These challenges highlight the importance of further research to fully harness the therapeutic potential of metformin in cancer treatment. The aims of this review are to provide a contemporary understanding of the role of metformin in cancer therapy and identify areas for future exploration in the pursuit of effective anticancer strategies.

[99mTc]Tc-labeled HYNIC conjugated chlorambucil as a tumor targeting Agent: Synthesis, characterization and ex-vivo evaluation

Chlorambucil is an alkylating drug that finds application towards chemotherapy of different types of cancers. In order to explore the possibility of utilization of this drug as an imaging agent for early diagnosis of solid tumors, attempt was made to synthesize a 99mTc complex of chlorambucil and evaluate its potential in tumor bearing small animal model. HYNIC-chlorambucil was synthesized by conjugation of HYNIC with chlorambucil via an ethylenediamine linker. All the intermediates and final product were purified and characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques viz. FT-IR, 1H/13C-NMR as well as by mass spectrometry. HYNIC-chlorambucil conjugate was radiolabeled with [99mTc]Tc and found to be formed with > 95 % radiochemical purity via RP-HPLC studies. The partition coefficient (Log10Po/w) of the synthesized complex was found to be −0.78 ± 0.25 which indicated the moderate hydrophilic nature for the complex. Biological behaviour of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-chlorambucil, studied in fibrosarcoma bearing Swiss mice, revealed a tumor uptake of about 4.16 ± 1.52 %IA/g at 30 min post-administration, which declined to 1.91 ± 0.13 % IA/g and 1.42 ± 0.14 %IA/g at 1 h and 2 h post-administration, respectively. A comparison of different [99mTc]Tc-chlorambucil derivatives (reported in the contemporary literature) formulated using different methodologies revealed that tumor uptake and pharmacokinetics exhibited by these agents strongly depend on the lipophilicity/hydrophilicity of such agents, which in turn is dependent on the bifunctional chelators used for formulating the radiolabeled chlorambucils.

Abstract SY08-01: Does exercise or fitness deter cancer progression after diagnosis

Abstract SY08-01: Does exercise or fitness deter cancer progression after diagnosis

'There is still a part of me that would love to be the old me again', how do adolescents and young adults (AYA) experience cancer-related bodily changes: a phenomenological interview study.

Due to the increase in both cancer incidence and overall survival rates, more adolescents and young adults (AYAs) have to live with the effects that their cancer diagnosis and following treatments have on their bodies. This qualitative phenomenological study aimed to gain more insight into the way AYAs experience these effects and how they respond to these effects. Semi-structured interviews with a sample of 11 AYAs with an age range of 25-41years at the time of the interview, who were diagnosed with different types of cancer, were conducted. Participants were recruited via social media and patient associations until data saturation was reached. A topic guide with open-ended questions about lived experiences was used. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was performed to analyse the transcripts. We identified six Group Experiential Themes based on different ways AYAs experience their bodies: (1) self-conscious body, (2) vulnerable body, (3) adapting to the body, (4) uncontrollable body, (5) remembering the body and (6) shared bodies. This study offers in-depth insight into the bodily experiences of AYAs after cancer and how they respond to these changes from a phenomenological point of view. This knowledge could be beneficial to provide more guidance for AYAs during and after their illness, by focussing on personalised psychological (after)care.

Evaluation of multidrug resistance in tumors using 99mTc-doxorubicin

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent used as the first-choice drug in treating different types of cancer, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer, among others. However, the development of multidrug resistance represents a significant obstacle to the successful treatment of tumors. In this study, we assessed whether labeled DOX could be uptaken by susceptible and multidrug-resistant cell lines and by tumors in vivo in animals. The efficiency of DOX labeling was maintained at around 90% in this work. To evaluate the effect of 99mTc-DOX on cells expressing active P-glycoprotein (Pgp), we utilized cultured human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells and the resistant counterpart Lucena 1 cells. Lucena 1 cell line showed overexpression of Pgp that was not observed in K562. Our results suggested that the resistance to labeled or unlabeled DOX can be reversed by Pgp inhibition and can be easily detected. In conclusion, administering 99mTc-DOX into mice enables the differentiation between multidrug-resistant tumors in a non-invasive way and the evaluation of tumor resistance and possible chemosensitizers.

Prognostic implications of MXRA8 expression in colorectal cancer and its role in tumor progression

Matrix Remodeling Associated 8 (MXRA8) is a type I transmembrane protein capable of modulating integrin signaling and regulating cell-cell interactions, and also functions as a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses. Although limited numbers of studies have provided evidence indicating a potential role of MXRA8 in different types of cancer, the potential contrubition of MXRA8 in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, our aim was to conduct a comprehensive analysis elucidating the prognostic value of MXRA8 in CRC. The results revealed that MXRA8 was highly expressed in CRC compared to normal tissue. Notably, there was a substantial correlation with the TNM stage, and elevated MXRA8 expression was indicative of a poorer prognosis in CRC cases. Furthermore, co-expression analysis indicated that MXRA8 is predominantly involved in hypoxia and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential roles of MXRA8 in predicting CRC prognosis and contributes to the elucidation of how MXRA8 might be involved in the mechanisms underlying CRC carcinogenesis.

The effect of indicators of CALLY index on survival in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Recently, research has been published on the potential prognostic indicators associated with different types of cancer. Due to the limited availability of data investigating the relationship between the CALLY index and glioblastoma patients, we aimed to conduct this study. Between January 2017 and December 2023, we conducted a study on patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. We collected demographic data and routine laboratory tests at the time of admission. To calculate the CALLY index, we used the formula (albumin value × lymphocyte count) / CRP value × 104. Parameters were compared for in-hospital mortality across different groups. The study analyzed 202 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 165 (81.7%) were classified as "survivors" and 37 (18.3%) as "deceased." A comparison of hematologic parameters between the two groups showed a significantly lower CALLY index in the "deceased" group (3.05 (4.92)) compared to the "survivor" group (10.13 (13.69)) (p < 0.001). The study compared the parameters between groups with regard to in-hospital mortality. Based on the results of the study, we conclude that the CALLY index can be considered an easily applicable indicator for the mortality of glioblastoma patients.