Different Times Of Day Research Articles

Time of day influences stress hormone response to ketamine.

Over 50% of depressed patients show hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Conventional therapy takes weeks to months to improve symptoms. Ketamine has rapid onset antidepressant effects. Yet its action on HPA axis activity is poorly understood. Here, we measured the corticosterone (CORT) response to ketamine administered at different times of day in the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat. In male rats, blood was collected every 10min for 28 h using an automated blood sampling system. Ketamine (5/10/25 mg · kg) was infused through a subcutaneous cannula at two time points-during the active and inactive period. CORT levels in blood were measured in response to ketamine using a radioimmunoassay. WKY rats displayed robust circadian secretion of corticosterone and was not overly different to Sprague Dawley rats. Ketamine (all doses) significantly increased CORT response at both infusion times. However, a dose dependent effect and marked increase over baseline was observed when ketamine was administered during the inactive phase. Ketamine has a robust and rapid effect on HPA axis function. The timing of ketamine injection may prove crucial for glucocorticoid-mediated action in depression.

Effects Of Resistance Training At Different Time Of Day On Eating Disorder Of Female Undergraduates

Effects Of Resistance Training At Different Time Of Day On Eating Disorder Of Female Undergraduates

Diurnal decline in the photosynthetic capacity of uppermost leaves in an eggplant canopy grown in a horticultural greenhouse

Parameters representing leaf photosynthetic capacity, namely, the maximal carboxylation rate (Vcmax), maximal electron transport rate (Jmax), and triose phosphate-utilization rate (Tp), can vary depending on various factors. The present study investigated diurnal variations in Vcmax, Jmax, and Tp of uppermost leaves of soil-grown, well-watered eggplant in a greenhouse based on the simultaneous measurements of leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. The values of net photosynthetic rates and electron transport rates plotted against intercellular CO2 concentrations were noticeably higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Significant differences were detected among the values of Vcmax, Jmax, and Tp obtained at different times of day (08:30, 11:00, 13:30, and 16:00 h). All three parameters tended to decline as the time of day advanced; compared to the values at 08:30 h, Vcmax, Jmax, and Tp declined by approximately 15% at 16:00 h. Among the three parameters, Tp appeared to be the most sensitive to time.

Conditions Affecting Wind-Induced PM10 Resuspension as a Persistent Source of Pollution for the Future City Environment

Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) in cities is an ongoing problem with increasing severity. The biggest PM contributors are traffic and domestic fire burning. With the shift towards electromobility and the use of low-emission fuels, attention should be shifted to less mentioned sources of pollution. Such sources of pollution include wind-induced resuspension. This study focuses on determining the threshold wind speed causing the resuspension of particulate matter (TWSR) with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm. A methodology is introduced that examines how data could be treated to identify its characteristics (for locations where only PM10 data are available). The most significant monitored parameters are air humidity, wind direction, time of the day, and surface type. The characteristic wind speeds causing resuspension are identified in four locations for different times of day. It was proven that at times of intense human activity, particles are lifted by wind more easily. The mean threshold wind speed causing resuspension in the studied urban environment was identified as 1.58 m/s at a height of 2 m above the surface. The wind speeds were also compared with experimental studies of resuspension. The results proved correspondence between the identified wind speeds and the experimental results.

Diurnality in the defensive behaviour of African honeybees Apis mellifera adansonii and implications for their potential efficacy in beehive fences

AbstractAcross the range of African elephants Loxodonta spp., negative interactions with people are prevalent, and the impact of the resulting economic losses on farmers calls for solutions. The use of beehive fences, a mitigation method with ecological and socio-economic benefits, is gaining momentum in African savannah landscapes. We assessed the diurnal and nocturnal defensive behaviours of African honeybees Apis mellifera adansonii in response to visual and physical disturbances in the Campo–Ma'an conservation area, Cameroon. We examined six bee colonies, assessing their activity level, aggressive behaviour and ability to defend themselves when disturbed at different times of day. We found that activity levels varied between colonies and that colonies were more active during the day and inactive at night. The defensive perimeter around the hives also varied between the colonies and was generally greater during morning and evening periods. Bee colonies did not defend their hives around midday and at night. In response to a threat, bees were more likely to fly out from the hive during daytime than at night, with variation amongst colonies. Overall, as elephant intrusions occur mostly at night, beehive fences alone may not be an adequate mitigation method against crop damage caused by forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis. We suggest combining beehive fences with other mitigation methods to improve crop protection.

Sex Differences in Diurnal Sodium Handling During Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats.

Emerging evidence over the past several years suggests that diurnal control of sodium excretion is sex dependent and involves the renal endothelin system. Given recent awareness of disruptions of circadian function in obesity, we determined whether diet-induced obesity impairs renal handling of an acute salt load at different times of day and whether this varies by sex and is associated with renal endothelin dysfunction. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks before assessing renal sodium handling and blood pressure. Male, but not female, rats on high fat had a significantly reduced natriuretic response to acute NaCl injection at the beginning of their active period that was associated with lower endothelin 1 (ET-1) excretion, lower ET-1 mRNA expression in the cortex and outer medulla as well as lower ETB receptor expression in the outer medulla of the high-fat rats. Obese males also had significantly higher blood pressure (telemetry) that was exacerbated by adding high salt to the diet during the last 2 weeks. While female rats developed hypertension with a high-fat diet, they were not salt sensitive and ET-1 excretion was unchanged. These data identify diet-induced obesity as a sex-specific disruptive factor for maintaining proper sodium handling. Although high-fat diets induce hypertension in both sexes, these data reveal that males are at greater risk of salt-dependent hypertension and further suggest that females have more redundant systems that can be productive against salt-sensitive hypertension in at least some circumstances.

Circadian programming of the ellipsoid body sleep homeostat in Drosophila.

Homeostatic and circadian processes collaborate to appropriately time and consolidate sleep and wake. To understand how these processes are integrated, we scheduled brief sleep deprivation at different times of day in Drosophila and find elevated morning rebound compared to evening. These effects depend on discrete morning and evening clock neurons, independent of their roles in circadian locomotor activity. In the R5 ellipsoid body sleep homeostat, we identified elevated morning expression of activity dependent and presynaptic gene expression as well as the presynaptic protein BRUCHPILOT consistent with regulation by clock circuits. These neurons also display elevated calcium levels in response to sleep loss in the morning, but not the evening consistent with the observed time-dependent sleep rebound. These studies reveal the circuit and molecular mechanisms by which discrete circadian clock neurons program a homeostatic sleep center.

Personal exposure to various size fractions of ambient particulate matter during the heating and non-heating periods using mobile monitoring approach: A case study in Augsburg, Germany

In this study, the exposure to ambient particulate matter metrics (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), particle number concentration (PNC), and lung deposited surface area (LDSA)) were measured along a fixed walking route with specific focus on three typical micro-environments (park, central business district (CBD), and traffic) in different time of day during the non-heating (May–Oct.) and heating (Nov.–Apr.2nd year) periods from 2018 to 2020 in the downtown Augsburg, Germany. The spatio-temporal exposure to ambient PM metrics exhibited substantial heterogeneity during the observation period, with park environment having lowest exposure and traffic area having the highest exposure. Generally, the higher LDSA concentrations were found in traffic area and CBD during the observation periods, while the lower concentrations were found in the park, which is similar with other ambient PM metrics (PMX, eUVPM, eBC, and PNC). The correlations between LDSA and other ambient PM metrics were higher during the heating than non-heating period in most of investigated environments, indicating the different PM sources. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of personal exposure that complements fixed-site ambient PM metrics measurements in the context of health risk assessment and epidemiological studies.

927 MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS SHOWS A CAUSAL EFFECT OF NOISE EXPOSURE ON ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE RISK

Abstract Introduction Epidemiological studies suggested that exposure to transportation noise and long-term community noise was associated with a higher incidence of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease (ad). However, since subjects with low education and low income were also more likely to live or work in noisy environments, the association observed between noise exposure and ad may be distorted by education level, income level, and hearing impairment. Thus, whether noise exposure was causally associated with ad risk remained to be further clarified. Method A bidirectional Mendelian randomization (BMR) analysis was performed leveraging genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics of noise exposure (N = 456,380, UK Biobank) and ad (N = 54,162, IGAP) from the OpenGWAS database. Those single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a P value less than 1E-05 were selected as instrumental variables (IVs). The TwoSampleMR package (version 0.5.6) was used to do BMR analysis using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method with default parameters. Results The IVW results howed that exposure to noise at different times of day was causally associated with increased risk of ad (daytime: odds ratio [OR] = 2.2113, P = 0.0326; evening: OR = 2.2127, P = 0.0324; nighttime: OR = 2.2110, P = 0.0326; 16-hour: OR = 2.2114, P = 0.0325; 24-hour: OR = 2.2128, P = 0.0324). No obvious pleiotropic effects and heterogeneity were found in the BMR analysis, suggesting good reliability of the causal effect of noise exposure on ad. Moreover, the BMR results remained significant despite removing IVs associated with an education degree, average income, and hearing impairment. There was no reverse causal effect of ad on noise exposure in BMR analysis, which has been deposited in FigShare (https://figshare.com/s/09e30a1a0ccff450246b). Conclusion The results BMR analysis demonstrate that noise exposure is causally associated with an elevated risk of ad, independently of education degree, average income, and hearing impairment. Further studies are needed to confirm the underlying mechanism of this effect.

Juvenile Fish Associated With Pondweed and Charophyte Habitat in the Curonian Lagoon

Submerged macrophytes are essential elements of sublittoral ecosystems to maintain a diverse fish fauna. The aim of this study was to assess juvenile fish associated with macrophyte habitats in the Curonian Lagoon by means of modified pop net method. We focused on two dominant littoral habitats with different structure (pondweed and charophyte stands). The pop nets sampling was carried out on two study sites located in the freshwater and oligohaline part of the lagoon in July and September 2019-2020. Our upgraded pop nets reduced the risk of under sampling and are recommended for monitoring fishes since this method has relatively low disturbance on fish behavior and on the habitat itself. The most efficient time of sampling with pop nets in shallow macrophyte habitats is at night, where at least 4 samples collected are sufficient to represent the biggest part (> 70%) of the fish assemblage, but the sampling covering different times of day is recommended. In total, 14 juvenile species were recorded, where perch and European roach dominated (respectively 48% and 24%). Half of the species (8) were associated with macrophyte stands, although water salinity and temperature were the most important factors explaining the variance of fish abundance followed by the sampling time and the biomass of macrophytes. Based on the abundance and the duration of species within these habitats, European roach, nine-spined and three-spined stickleback were mainly associated with the pondweed biomass and stands, while spined loach, round goby, perch, ruffe and gudgeon were mainly associated with the charophyte biomass and stands. The increase of charophyte stands since 2005 affected the fish assemblage where it should have enhanced the abundance of perch, ruffe, spined loach and partly round goby.

Sleep deprivation makes mosquitoes groggy too

No one enjoys that groggy feeling the day after a disturbed night. Everything feels like wading through mud, from your movements to your thoughts; the following bedtime can't come soon enough. And we are not alone, even honeybees and fruit flies struggle after a sleepless night. But what about one of our arch nemeses: mosquitoes? How do these blood sucking pests cope after a disturbed night's sleep? Joshua Benoit and Clément Vinauger, from the University of Cincinnati, USA, with colleagues also from Cincinnati and Virginia Tech, USA, filmed three species of mosquito (Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens and Anopheles stephensi, which actively feast on blood at different times of day) to find out more about their slumber and how sleep loss affects them.Although most alert mosquitoes stand on four of their six legs, the slumbering insects slumped on all six limbs while the abdomens of sleeping Cx. pipiens and An. stephensi – which tilt up while conscious – drooped. The insects were also groggy, taking longer to arouse when woken by an intruder. Also, the mosquitoes nodded off more slowly (2 hours) than frenetic fruit flies, which drop off in just 5 minutes. In addition, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, which tend to dine through the day, were sleepiest at night, Cx. pipiens, which prefer to suck blood at dusk, slept during the latter half of the night and the nocturnal diners, An. stephensi, snoozed through the day.But how well did the insects cope when Oluwaseun Ajayi repeatedly nudged them into wakefulness every 5 minutes? Not very well. Aedes aegypti and An. stephensi both had to make up for lost slumber the following night (or day for An. stephensi), sleeping several hours more, and when the team tested how badly sleep deprivation affected Ae. aegypti, the insects dined 54% less often than when well rested.Mosquitoes definitely sleep, and they suffer as badly as us after a disturbed night, which could have implications for some of the diseases transmitted by these pernicious pests. ‘To acquire a pathogen, mosquitoes must feed when an animal is available and the pathogen is in the blood. If sleep deprivation shifts this process, transmission can be increased or decreased, but follow-up studies will be needed’, says Benoit.

Numerical investigation for effects of natural light and ventilation on 3D tomato body heat distribution in a Venlo greenhouse

Maintaining suitable temperature level around tomato in the greenhouse is essential for the high-quality production. However, in summer, the temperature level around the tomato is usually unclear except using a high-precision temperature imager. To solve this problem, thermal performance of 3D (three-dimensional) tomato model built based on SolidWorks was investigated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. To assess the effect of temperature distribution around the tomato, a simplified 3D tomato numerical model was firstly validated by a set of field measurement data. The light intensity and indoor ventilationwere regarded as the mainly environment factors in the Venlo greenhouse, thermal stratification around tomatoes at different time of day was further studied. The numerical results illustrated the different temperature distribution around tomato body under different radiation intensity. It was found that ventilation could obviously adjust the temperature gradient around the tomato, and alleviate high temperature effect particularly in summer. Suitable ventilation could create a suitable thermal environment for the tomato growth. This study clearly demonstrated 3D temperature distribution around tomatoes, which is beneficial to provide the reference for accurate detection of 3D tomato temperature and appropriate thermal environment design.

Modeling Injury Severity for Nighttime and Daytime Crashes by Using Random Parameter Logit Models Accounting for Heterogeneity in Means and Variances

Understanding the factors contributing to crash severity, along with their influence degrees across different times of day, can assist in better highway design and in developing effective countermeasures for ameliorating highway safety (especially during nighttime). This study examines the influences of risk factors on crash severity, based on comparisons of nighttime and daytime crashes. By using a random parameter approach to account for unobserved heterogeneity, multivariate logit (RPML) models are proposed to analyze the crash severity based on the explanatory factors in terms of the crash, traffic, speed, road geometry, and sight characteristics. The goodness-of-fit and predictive measures highlight the better performance of the proposed models relative to standard models, as the proposed models reduce the unobserved heterogeneity and yield higher precision. In addition, the elasticity effects of the factors are calculated to investigate and compare their impact degrees in daytime and nighttime crashes. The findings could potentially be utilized to guide highway design and policies and to develop specific safety countermeasures.

Flexible management and decarbonisation of rural networks using multi‐functional battery control

To support the electrification of heat and transport, distribution network operators are looking to adopt network management solutions which can exploit local flexibility to advance their decarbonisation efforts in line with the evolving management requirements of the network. This paper develops a multi-functional battery control strategy that integrates constraint management with carbon-intensity linked control dispatch – carbon control – to support decarbonisation of rural distribution networks in Scotland by displacing last resort backup diesel generation and facilitating low carbon network balancing in the drive towards self-sustaining local distribution networks. The interplay between the different functionalities is considered to understand the challenges, and opportunities, of adopting multi-functional battery storage as an alternative management solution based on an operational distribution network in Scotland. Case studies are presented which consider network constraints at different times of day and year for various generation, demand and carbon intensity profiles to support this investigation. The findings of this work provide for the near-term, realisation of self-sustaining carbon-neutral local distribution networks that are in keeping with both the operational objectives of incumbent network operators, smart local energy systems and also low carbon policy objectives.

Stress Responses to One-Day Athletic Tournament in Sport Coaches: A Pilot Study.

Simple SummaryJudo coaches respond to stress during one-day tournaments, as evidenced by significant changes in hormonal status. The cumulative effect of stressful stimuli was noticeable especially at the end of the day. The results of the present study indicate the usefulness of using tools and a way to study stress among coaches. A similar research protocol can be used to assess stress responses to single-day stimuli associated with other social and occupational roles in healthy middle-aged men.Background: Watching athletic tournaments induces emotional and physiological responses in sports fans and coaches. The aim of the study was to investigate hormonal and cardiovascular responses in judo coaches observing the fights of their athletes during one-day, high-level tournaments. Material and methods: We studied the biological responses of a group of seventeen judo club coaches between the ages of 39 and 57 years to a one-day judo tournament attended by the adult male and/or female athletes that they coached. At the time of the tournaments and also in neutral conditions, the coaches’ capillary blood and saliva samples were collected concurrently two times a day, both at 7:30 a.m. and after completion of the tournament (at about 8:00 p.m.). Cardiovascular parameters were also determined at the same times of day. Sleep quality (SQ) was assessed on a 6-point scale both on the night preceding the tournament and in neutral conditions. Cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) levels were determined from serum and saliva samples. The results for both days at different times of day were compared. Results: Statistical calculations showed higher concentrations of cortisol and a greater reduction of testosterone levels in serum and saliva at the end of the day during the tournament compared with those on a neutral day. Morning and evening cardiovascular indices were higher during the tournament. Conclusion: The study showed that during one-day tournaments, judo coaches were exposed to stress that induced intermittent hormonal changes in blood and saliva and activated the autonomic nervous system.

0008 University-wide chronotyping shows late-type students have lower grades, shorter sleep, and more absenteeism

Abstract Introduction A person’s preferred timing of nocturnal sleep (chronotype) has important implications for cognitive performance. Students who prefer to sleep late may have a selective learning disadvantage for morning classes due to inadequate sleep and circadian desynchrony. We tested whether late-type students perform worse only for morning classes, and we investigated factors that may contribute to their poorer academic achievement. Methods Chronotype was determined objectively in 33,645 university students (early, n = 3,965; intermediate, n = 23,787; late, n = 5,893) by analysing the diurnal distribution of their logins on the university’s Learning Management System (LMS). Linear mixed models were used to test for differences between chronotype groups in grade point average (n = 33,645), actigraphy-estimated sleep behaviour (n = 261), and class attendance estimated using Wi-Fi connection data (n = 17,356). Results Late-type students had lower grades than their peers for courses held at all different times of day, and during semesters when they had no morning classes. Actigraphy studies confirmed LMS-derived chronotype was associated with students’ sleep patterns. Nocturnal sleep on school days was shortest in late-type students because they went to bed later than the other chronotype groups and woke up earlier compared with non-school days. Wi-Fi connection logs for classrooms revealed that late-type students had lower lecture attendance than their peers for both morning and afternoon classes. Conclusion Large university-archived datasets can be used to assess relationships between chronotype and academic performance. Late-type students had lower grades, shorter sleep, and were more likely to miss classes. Shifting classes later may improve sleep and circadian synchrony in late-type students. However, this probably will not eliminate the performance gap because they still had lower grades when they only had afternoon classes. Interventions that focus on improving students’ well-being and learning strategies may be important for addressing the late-type academic disadvantage. Support (If Any) Data storage and management were supported by the NUS Office of the Senior Deputy President & Provost and ALSET. The work was funded by the Ministry of Education, Singapore (MOE2019-T2-2-074) and the National Research Foundation, Singapore (NRF2016-SOL002-001).

Chronotype, Shift Work, and Sleep Problems Among Emergency Medicine Clinicians

Introduction: Extensive research has demonstrated that shift work can be detrimental to sleep. Chronotype, the preference for time of day to sleep or be active, can influence how we function at different times of day and how shift work impacts us. This study was designed to assess the chronotype of emergency physicians (EPs) and emergency advanced practice providers (EAPPs) and examine how chronotype was related to sleep problems and shifts worked over a three-month period. Methods: A survey assessing chronotype and sleep quality was sent to 225 EPs and EAPPs in a single, large academic Department of Emergency Medicine. An archival database indicated the shifts worked during the prior three months and the percentages of day, evening, and night shifts for each practitioner were calculated. Results: 127 people completed the survey (56.4%). Of the three chronotypes (morning, intermediate, evening), most EM clinicians were categorized as intermediate chronotype (56/127, 44.1%), followed by morning type (39/127, 30.7%) and then evening type (32/127, 25.2%). Those with an evening chronotype were more likely to report daytime dysfunction (a lack of enthusiasm and propensity to fall asleep during activities) (p < 0.01) and worked a greater percentage of night shifts than other chronotypes (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the effect of evening chronotype on daytime dysfunction was no longer significant when controlled for the relatively greater percentage of night shifts worked, suggesting that the observed dysfunction was more likely an artifact of the night shifts worked, rather than purely chronotype driven. Conclusion: This is the first study of a large cohort of EM practitioners investigating chronotype and its influence on shift preference and sleep quality. In this pilot investigation, most of the surveyed clinicians were categorized as an intermediate chronotype. Working night shifts was associated more closely with daytime dysfunction than was chronotype, strengthening the latent literature that working night shift carries with it significant challenges to the EM clinician. Future research should evaluate the relationship between chronotype malalignment to practitioner burnout and well-being.

Glucocorticoids differentially regulate the skeletal muscle transcriptome in response to acute aerobic exercise at distinct times of day

Adaptations to the skeletal muscle following long term aerobic exercise training are mediated at least in part by transcriptional changes that occur in response to each bout of exercise. There is evidence that glucocorticoids induce transcriptional changes in the skeletal muscle in response to a bout of aerobic exercise, but the extent of these changes and whether time of day exercise affects the glucocorticoid transcriptional response is unknown. The purpose of this study was to define changes to the skeletal muscle glucocorticoid transcriptome in response to acute aerobic exercise at different times of day. A secondary purpose was to define the role of Regulated in Development and DNA Damage 1 (REDD1) in mediating these changes as REDD1 is not only a transcriptional target of the glucocorticoid receptor, but it can also modulate glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity. A list of glucocorticoid target genes whose expression is altered in the skeletal muscle at various times of day in response to acute exercise was generated by comparing published genomic data sets from rodents subjected to acute aerobic exercise in the light or dark cycles to published genomic data sets from C2C12 myotubes treated with Dexamethasone. The role of glucocorticoid receptor signaling to the genomic changes was assessed in exercised mice treated with RU‐486. The role of REDD1 in mediating the changes to the glucocorticoid transcriptome was assessed in mice lacking REDD1. Glucocorticoids modulated expression of numerous genes in the skeletal muscle in response to acute aerobic exercise in the light and dark cycles, including those that are a target of, or contribute to, ubiquitin conjugation. The extent of changes to the glucocorticoid transcriptome was greater when exercise was conducted in the dark cycle compared to the light cycle. Only some genes encoding proteins involved in ubiquitin conjugation were induced by exercise at both times of day. REDD1 is required for the induction of these genes, whereas those only induced in the light cycle did not require REDD1. The time of day at which aerobic exercise is conducted dictates the extent of changes to the glucocorticoid transcriptome in skeletal muscle. REDD1 is a transducer mediating the time‐of‐day changes to the glucocorticoid transcriptome in skeletal muscle.

Aeroscapes and the Sensory Ecology of Olfaction in a Tropical Dry Forest

Aeroscapes—dynamic patterns of air speed and direction—form a critical component of landscape ecology by shaping numerous animal behaviors, including movement, foraging, and social and/or reproductive interactions. Aeroecology is particularly critical for sensory ecology: air is the medium through which many sensory signals and cues propagate, inherently linking sensory perception to variables such as air speed and turbulence. Yet, aeroscapes are seldom explicitly considered in studies of sensory ecology and evolution. A key first step towards this goal is to describe the aeroscapes of habitats. Here, we quantify the variation in air movement in two successional stages (early and late) of a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We recorded air speeds every 10 seconds at five different heights simultaneously. Average air speeds and turbulence increased with height above the ground, generally peaked midday, and were higher overall at the early successional forest site. These patterns of lower air speed and turbulence at ground level and overnight have important implications for olfactory foraging niches, as chemotaxis is most reliable when air movement is low and steady. We discuss our results in the context of possible selective pressures and observed variation in the foraging ecology, behaviors, and associated morphologies of resident vertebrates, with a focus on mammals. However, these data also have relevance to researchers studying socioecology, invertebrate biology, plant evolution, community ecology and more. Further investigation into how animals use different forest types, canopy heights and partition activities across different times of day will further inform our understanding of how landscape and sensory ecology are interrelated. Finally, we emphasize the timeliness of monitoring aeroecology as global wind patterns shift with climate change and human disturbance alters forest structure, which may have important downstream consequences for biological conservation.

Aerobic exercise-mediated changes in the expression of glucocorticoid responsive genes in skeletal muscle differ across the day

Glucocorticoids are released in response to acute aerobic exercise. The objective was to define changes in the expression of glucocorticoid target genes in skeletal muscle in response to acute aerobic exercise at different times of day. We identified glucocorticoid target genes altered in skeletal muscle by acute exercise by comparing data sets from rodents subjected to acute aerobic exercise in the light or dark cycles to data sets from C2C12 myotubes treated with glucocorticoids. The role of glucocorticoid receptor signaling and REDD1 protein in mediating gene expression was assessed in exercised mice. Changes to expression of glucocorticoid genes were greater when exercise occurred in the dark cycle. REDD1 was required for the induction of genes induced at both times of day. In all, the time of day at which aerobic exercise is conducted dictates changes to the expression of glucocorticoid target genes in skeletal muscle with REDD1 contributing to those changes.