Different Tiers Of Government Research Articles

Understanding Allocation and Farmers’ Access to Varied Level of Agricultural Input Subsidies from Different Tiers of Government: A Case Study in Kavrepalanchowk District, Nepal

Government support for essential agricultural services, such as agricultural input subsidies, is vital for empowering smallholder farmers. This study explores distribution and the factors affecting farmers access to varied level of government agricultural input subsidies in Kavrepalanchowk district, Nepal. The study relied on survey data from 219 randomly selected households. Results showed that 72 percent, 8 percent, and 20 percent of sampled households received less than NRs 15,000, NRs 15,000 to 30,000, and more than NRs 30,000 in input subsidies per year, respectively. Among the recipients of the input subsidy, the mean subsidy for electricity, chemical fertilizers, agricultural machinery, interest subsidy, and cash subsidy for the GI tunnel were NRs 4,061, 7,143, 35,633, 67,500, and 4,72,000, respectively. Results from a multinomial regression show that households with higher income, farms near roads, and registered farms receive a higher level of input subsidies. It is recommended that farmers register their farms either as a firm or company or as farmer's groups or cooperatives. To effectively perform their roles, there is a need to review the subsidy delivery mechanism, ensuring its reach to the most constrained farmers.

Research on the Development of the Size and Structure of Government Financial Outlay in China

As an important component of government allocation, fiscal outlay not only serves as the financial foundation for maintaining government functions but also provides a comprehensive overview of the scope and content of government activities in a market economy. This article analyzes the dimensions and structure of China's government fiscal outlay by reviewing existing literature and research data. It has been observed that the overall fiscal outlay by different tiers of government in China has witnessed a consistent rise over the years, with particular emphasis on the substantial fiscal deficit rates at the local level. This phenomenon has subsequently resulted in a persistent deterioration of the fiscal imbalance. There are also numerous problems in China's fiscal outlay structure, which lags behind developed countries and needs constant optimization. In response to these fiscal issues, this article proposes measures to alleviate fiscal outlay pressure, such as further increasing fiscal system reform, appropriately adjusting the tax system, strengthening supervision of fiscal outlay, and rationally optimizing fiscal outlay structure, taking into account China's actual situation.

Ten Years of Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Punjab (Pakistan): What Have We Learned?

ABSTRACT This article adopts a process evaluation approach to identify the challenges and opportunities in scaled implementation of early childhood education (ECE) in Pakistan’s most populous province, Punjab. It reports findings from mixed methods, including surveys administered to head teachers, ECE teachers, and parents across 386 schools, and focus groups and in-depth interviews with 25 participants across the different tiers of government. Using the RISE framework as an analytical lens, the article specifically explores issues of delegation, finance, information, and motivation across two accountability relationships – Compact and Management – to assess the extent to which the province’s early learning system is coherent around the goal of scaling quality early learning. Research findings reveal multiple incoherences within each relationship of accountability as well as incoherences within similar elements across the two accountability relationships. The resulting insights indicate the need to strengthen the province’s early learning system and improve the flow of accountability through effective delegation, including improved coordination, communication, and feedback mechanisms; effective finance, including resources for capacitating actors across all tiers of government; effective information, especially collection and utilization of data on process quality; and effective motivation to address weaker links in teacher allocation, incentives, professional development, and academic support.

‘Moving from protest to policy’: civil society responses to carceral governance

Baltimore’s exclusionary divisions are palpable in the city's long-standing concentration and segregation of its African American population and in its institutions of governance. The city is synonymous with carceral governance, or governance via the criminal justice system and other practices of control, which constrains the political expression of urban citizenship. A focus on the period since the city uprising in 2015, triggered by racist police violence, underlines that the fundamental struggle concerns the democratisation of the city’s governance and how this is envisaged. The research affirms a key schism between incremental change, associated with co-option into the status quo, and visions of radical, transformative change. But considering the choices and activities of three civil society organisations refines this bifurcated understanding of civil society responses to carceral governance. The organisations move from protest to policy by combining outsider strategies, focused on youth leadership development, with insider strategies of collaboration with, and policy advocacy targeted at, different tiers of government. In making choices about when they work with and when they work against the state and city elites, the organisations navigate the co-optive risks of incrementalism when it is perceived as contributing towards their vision of transformative change.

Spatio-temporal patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and effectiveness of mitigation in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal.

Human-wildlife interactions occur where human and wildlife coexist and share common resources including food or shelter. Increasing wildlife populations within protected areas also can increase interactions with humans living adjacent to these areas, resulting in conflicts including human casualty, livestock depredation, crop damage, and property loss. We analyzed six years human-wildlife conflict data from 2016-2021 in the buffer zone of Shuklaphanta National Park and conducted questionnaire survey to investigate factors influencing human-wildlife conflicts. Nineteen people were attacked by wildlife, primarily wild boar (Sus scrofa). Ninety-two livestock were killed by leopard (Panthera pardus), and among these most were sheep or goats killed near ShNP during summer. Crops were most frequently damaged by Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), followed by wild boar. Greatest economic losses were from damage to rice, followed by sugarcane and wheat. Asian elephant was the only reported species to cause structural damage to property (e.g., homes). Majority of respondents (83%) considered that the mitigation techniques that are currently in practice are effective to reduce the conflicts. However, the effectiveness of the mitigation techniques are the species specific, we recommend use of more efficacious deterrents (e.g., electric fencing) for large herbivores and mesh wire fencing with partially buried in the ground. Effective collaboration among different tiers of government, non-governmental organizations, civil societies and affected communities are important to share the best practices and continue to apply innovative methods for impactful mitigation of human-wildlife conflicts in the region.

Principles of regional self-government according to Council of Europe reference framework for regional democracy

The purpose of the article is to determine the general principles of regional self-government in accordance with the Framework recommendations of the Council of Europe on regional democracy. Ingenerak, this paper is intended to the content of Council of Europe Reference Framework for Regional Democracy, which in general form contains European standards of regional self-government, is examined. For a more complete presentation of the Reference Framework, the regulative acts of the Council of Europe relating to regional self-government were studied. The Reference Framework is presented as a means of transcending the scope of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in order to help governments strike the best possible balance in the apportionment of powers and responsibilities among different tiers of government. The Reference Framework is also analyzed on the basis of the principle of subsidiarity, the principle of social and territorial cohesion and the need for solidarity. The nature and principles of regional democracy are revealed. The characteristics of local and regional authorities which reflect the key principles of democracy and public participation in the management of living environments are examined. It is concluded that the essence of the principles of democracy constitute the combination of all principles and «rules for living» within a state. A comparison of the European standards of regional self-government with the regulatory practice of self-government functioning at the level of the regions of Ukraine has been carried out. The author’s vision on the introduction of regional self-government in Ukraine is presented.

The state of South Africa’s public–private partnership practices in transport projects: Problems and potential

Background: Despite growing calls for public–private partnerships (PPPs) to supplement diminishing investment in South Africa’s transport sector, the uptake of transport PPPs in the country was low over the past 15 years compared with Brazil, Russia, India and China which performed well in this regard. This low uptake poses several consequences in light of the positive correlation between transport capital investment and economic growth. Objectives: The study aimed to describe the problems faced in the South African PPP process, firstly by comparing and contrasting PPP practices of South Africa to its counterparts in the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) multilateral forum in view of understanding the reasons for the low uptake of transport PPPs in the country and, secondly, by interviewing transport PPP experts on their opinions on constraints and possible solutions for PPPs in the country. Method: In light of the limited research on transport PPPs in South Africa, as well as the low level of PPP implementation, secondary data analysis was followed by an exploratory qualitative research design used to obtain rich data from subject experts on the topic at hand. Results: The main findings reveal that the politicisation of infrastructure through party politics, political risk and domination of the state in the delivery of strategic infrastructure contributes to the low uptake of PPPs. Conclusion: A need exists to strengthen political commitment for PPPs by centralising and coordinating planning across different tiers of government, while easing the regulatory burden, making them simpler to implement and more attractive to investors and promoting inclusivity. Policymakers can utilise these findings to improve areas of practice requiring intervention.

Agency Theory: Its Discourse and Practice in the Selected Public-Sectors

This research investigates the discourse and practice of Agency Theory (AT) in the selected public-sectors of Ethiopia. The Agency Theory is assumed to bring about efficiency and accountability of the public-sector by adopting a contract and Pay-for-Performance (PFP) scheme; however, performance and citizens-cum-customers satiety was not improved as envisioned. Thus, to investigate this problem, the researcher has employed the mixed methods approach and, hence the cross-sectional design, where data has been collected at a point in time from selected public-sector employees to respond to the research problem and questions. To gather data, measurement scales like Binary and Likert Scales and research instruments like Self-Completion Questionnaires (SCQ), Semi-Structured Interviews (SSI), and Secondary Sources (SS) have been carried out at different tiers of government. The results indicated that the complex contexts like “Diverse Objectives, Public Values, and Diffuse Power” in the selected public-sectors required the co-existence of different initiatives and approaches based on what works and what does not work standard. Therefore, this study recommended adopting the home-grown reform system: The needed competencies that include the Traditional Public Administration (TPA), New Public Management (NPM), or Public Service Motivation (PSM) in the selected public-sectors based on the fitting contexts could increase the likelihood of performance enhancement.

Critiquing the Concept and Practices of Domestic Tourism in Nepal

Nepal is a very rich country in terms of its natura beauty along with cultural variety. It has been an attraction for not only the foreigners but also domestic travellers. However, the contribution of domestic tourism in the development of this sector has been overlooked. After the Covid-19 pandemic, domestic tourism is in the stage of commercialisation. In this context, this paper aims to critique the concept and practices of domestic tourism in Nepal in view of the analysis of the existing problems and prospects in fostering domestic tourism in Nepal. This study is based on reviewing the various related literatures. The study finds lack of strategic plan, lack of meaningful collaboration and consensus in policy development among the various tiers and actors of the government, less travel culture of the people, inadequate infrastructures, insufficient organisation, lack of forward and backward linkages and human resource capability as major problems whereas natural and cultural diversities, increasing focus of different tiers of government, popularisation of new destinations through social media, growing interest in domestic tourism, indefinite pandemic, growing travel culture in urban areas, popularity of home stays, growing number of skilled manpower in the sector are the prospects of domestic tourism in our country.

Dynamic ARDL Simulations Effects of Fiscal Decentralization, Green Technological Innovation, Trade Openness, and Institutional Quality on Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from South Africa

Fiscal decentralization and green innovation are important to a country’s economic progress, but the externalities of increased pollution as a result of a rise in the energy used and economic growth must not be overlooked. The destruction of the environment presents a serious threat to human existence. South Africa, like several nations, has been working on reducing its dependence on fossil fuels such as coal by utilizing modern energy-efficient technologies that allow to establish a more carbon-neutral economy. Several attempts have been made to identify the major sources of environmental deterioration. Within the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) framework from 1960 to 2020, this study aims to check empirically the effect of fiscal decentralization (FD), green technological innovation (GI), trade openness (OPEN), population size (POP), per capita GDP (GDP), per capita GDP squared (GDP2), institutional quality (INS), and energy consumption (EC) on carbon emissions (CO2) in South Africa, as given its fast economic progress the country is facing problems with CO2 emission. The recently developed novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-simulations framework has been used. The outcomes of the analysis indicate that (i) FD, GI, and INS improve environmental sustainability in both the short and long run; (ii) OPEN deteriorates environmental quality in the long run, although it is environmentally friendly in the short run; (iii) per capita GDP increases CO2 emissions, whereas its square contributes to lower it, thus validating the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis; (iii) POP and EC contribute to environmental deterioration in both the short and long run; and (iv) FD, GI, OPEN, POP, GDP, GDP2, INS, and EC Granger cause CO2 in the medium, long, and short run, suggesting that these variables are important to influence environmental sustainability. In light of our empirical evidence, this paper suggests that the international teamwork necessary to lessen carbon emissions is immensely critical to solve the growing trans-boundary environmental decay and other associated spillover consequences. Moreover, it is important to explain responsibilities at different tiers of government to effectively meet the objectives of low CO2 emissions and energy-saving fiscal expenditure functions.

Patterns of Post-socialist Urban Development in Russia and Germany

Since 1990, urbanization in post-socialist countries has frequently resulted in a loss of urban density in the existing building stock while land use patterns at the outskirts of growing city regions began to sprawl. Formerly state-planned and controlled housing forms as well as industrial and business enterprises were suddenly exposed to new market interests and finance-led investments in a globalizing world. In the initial adaptation to socio-economic transformation pressures after the fall of the iron curtain, the countries in question took different approaches in the governance of urbanization trends. The comparison of urban development between Russian and Eastern German city regions showcases two contrasting examples. Urban development in Russian city regions is largely driven by action-oriented political control of land market interests on the project level. Today's Eastern German city regions have adopted the spatial planning regime of former West Germany. Where the German planning regime aims to coordinate long-term planning and decision-making between different tiers of government with an emphasis to empower land use management on the local community level, land use decisions in Russia are formally free of such regulatory frameworks. According to urban metrics that monitor the sustainability of urban development, both approaches result in increasing urban sprawl and related potential adverse impacts on multiple public goods. Experts interviewed for this article frequently attribute this outcome to “catch-up development” that prioritizes economic development over other land use interests. The cumulative negative effects of urban sprawl on land use efficiency are increasingly being recognized, but they are still frequently subordinate to urban development interests.

Impact of Change in Structure of Government on Health Service Delivery: A Case Study of Dang District of Nepal

INTRODUCTION: Nepal has changed its structure of governance from a centralized into decentralized system to improve its health service delivery to people. This paper aims to highlight the impact of this changed structure in health service delivery during this transition phase. Thus a cross sectional study was performed to study the impact, where semi-structured interviews in Nepali with officials of different health institutions under different tiers of government was conducted.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: An input-process-output framework was applied to study the components of health service delivery. The data obtained was transcribed into English language and content analysis was executed under several headings.
 RESULTS: After analyzing the findings, mixed impact was observed with various challenges and opportunities in the way ahead for improving the health service delivery. A positive impact on the physical infrastructure was seen along with opportunities as well as challenges in human resource procurement. Management of budget as well as logistics have become difficult. Plan as suitable as possible are being made meanwhile, organizing the health system is becoming haphazard. Staff management along with training them and coordination among agencies have become more tedious. However a good outcome was present in aspects of service utilization and community participation.
 CONCLUSIONS: Nepal as a developing country has been making an effort in the way forward on improving its health service delivery and further research on this field is necessary. Also robust framework and policies to drive the country in delivering an improved health service is required.

Aspirational Principles in African Federalism: South Africa, Ethiopia and Nigeria Compared

Finding a balance between diversity and social cohesion is a common concern in constitutional design: in divided societies, such a balance has often been sought through federalism. But the need to reconcile diversity and social cohesion can also be addressed through aspirational values embedded in a constitution. In fact, constitutions may entrench fundamental principles directing policies to foster equality, eliminate obstacles or require the different tiers of government to collaborate harmoniously in the performance of their functions. In exploring solidarity between different communities and cooperative government in South Africa, ethnicity as foundational value in Ethiopia, and the federal character in Nigeria, this article offers a comparative account of the three most important federations in Africa to assess how their constitutions reconcile diversity and social cohesion through aspirational principles related to federalism.

India's Goods and Services Tax: A Unique Experiment in Cooperative Federalism and a Constitutional Crisis in Waiting

It has long been argued that federal countries, especially those with strong subnational taxing powers, might face difficulty in implementing a federal value-added tax (VAT) because of coordination issues involved, and therefore might be reluctant to adopt one. This article provides insights on how VAT structures are evolving in federal systems, where different tiers of government have separate (and sometimes overlapping) taxation powers. While the author focuses mainly on India's recently enacted goods and services tax (GST), he also offers a comparative perspective, with reference to the GST/VAT systems in Canada, Brazil, and the European Union, thus adding to the hitherto limited body of scholarly work on VAT coordination in federal jurisdictions. The GST is arguably India's biggest tax reform in several decades. Introduced primarily to create a unified national market and bring an end to tax wars and economic distortions, the tax reform's chief slogan was "GST—one-nation-one-tax-one-market." This article takes a closer look at a unique institutional design feature of the Indian GST—a centre-state body called the GST council. What makes this body unique is that it is envisaged as functioning on the principles of cooperative federalism. But can a concurrent tax system, whose very survival is based on cooperative federalism, guarantee a unified national market? If yes, for how long? The author highlights the role of the GST council in market integration and explains why the council has succeeded on several fronts while failing on others. He also addresses an unresolved constitutional issue that could affect the GST council's ability to function as the fulcrum for cooperative federalism—namely, the question of whether its decisions are binding. The uncertainty surrounding this issue could lead to a constitutional crisis if one or more states decide to opt out. The author discusses four possible ways to deal with this impending crisis.

Impact of State Government Development Scheme for Economic Empowerment on Community Dwellers of Anambra State Nigeria

The study examined the impact of Anambra Government’s Grassroots Development Scheme on economic empowerment of community dwellers especially the youths and women, in all the local governments of Anambra state, in Southeastern Nigeria. The purpose was to assess the major beneficiaries of the development scheme and determine the impact of the scheme on the common people especially the youth and the women. The work is anchored on community development theory which emphasizes holistic approach to development through participation of all tiers of government, from the federal administrative office to the regional and local governments to community dwellers at grassroots level. Primary data was used for the study. The questionnaire was used for collection of data. The number of respondents for the study is 975. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The result of the study showed that a lot of the common people benefitted from the grassroots development scheme of the Anambra state Government. The hypothesis stated was tested at 0.05 level of significance to determine if the development scheme was beneficial to community dwellers of Anambra State using one sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Z test and it was rejected because the p value was less than 0.05 (Z=0.6.913, p=0.00). The research findings also showed that the development scheme of the Anambra state government had also impacted positively on the people of the state, especially the youth and the women. The statistical significance of this result was determined using Pearson Chi square coefficient. The hypothesis was because the p value was less than 0.05 (χ2=887.779, df =125, p=0.00). The study, therefore, concludes that the first tier of the grassroots development scheme of government in Anambra state impacted positively on the life of the community dwellers of Anambra state, particularly the youth and women. The study recommends that more of such development scheme should be embarked upon by different tiers of government and other states in Nigeria should replicate same in their own states. This will be a way of boosting the economy, reducing unemployment, and diversifying economic activities.

Fiscal Decentralization and Macroeconomic Outcomes in Nigeria

This study examined the fiscal decentralization-economic growth nexus in Nigeria, with the objective of establishing the causal relationship between measures of fiscal decentralization and economic growth covering the period 1981-2019. Employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique of econometrics, the analyses revealed that fiscal decentralization variables employed in the study vis-a-vis federal government, state government and local government expenditures have a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria except for local government expenditure which was not significant at any level. This behaviour is adduced to be a function of poor governance, corruption and other underlying structural challenges at that level. Also, it was observed that while real GDP has a positive and significant impact on private consumption expenditure, its impact on unemployment was not significant at any level. The study therefore concludes that the nature and pattern of growth in Nigeria has not been inclusive. Consequently, it is recommended that fiscal relations governing the different tiers of government be reviewed to meet existing realities while coordinated fiscal policy measures and improved governance will enhance growth and the fiscal space in the country.

English

One subject that has remained contentious since the introduction of federalism in Nigeria has been how the revenue accruing to the nation will be shared between the federating units, namely, the federal, state and local government and among the states and the local government councils. The over centralization of power and resources in the first tier of government, has weakened other levels of governments, and undermined their capacity to fulfill the raison d’etre for their establishment. The principle of independence and co-ordinate jurisdiction of different tiers of government that is a prerequisite of federalism has substantially been eroded, thus, exacerbating various forms of revolts. This paper reviews fiscal federalism, sub-national political revolt and internal colonialism in Nigeria. It utilized secondary data and content analysis as its methodology. The paper observed the structural imbalance in Nigeria’s federal system occasioned by colonial experience amongst others as the causes of sub-national revolts and recommends restructuring of the Nigeria as the panacea for the survival of federalism in the country. Key words: Corruption, federalism, fiscal federalism, sub-national, internal colonialism, Niger Delta, Revolt.

Multi-level climate change planning: An analysis of the Italian case

As recognized by the Paris Climate Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), local and subnational regions are crucial actors to achieve international mitigation and adaptation commitments. Scientific literature and empirical evidence point at multi-level climate governance as a crucial factor to engage subnational levels in the achievement of national and international objectives. This work focuses on the multi-level climate governance arrangements in Italy to investigate how Italian regions/provinces/cities are contributing to the achievement of national commitments. To this purpose, the paper undertakes a review of the climate policies of different tiers of government adopted to date and of the interrelationships among them. The results of the analysis show that the effective coordination between the different government levels should be strengthened to further incentivize and support initiatives at the local level. Results also show the relevant role played by international regional and city climate networks in boosting local and regional climate planning in Italy.

The Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Courses

This study was carried out to enlighten students about the effects of apical bud pruning on the growth of axillary buds, as well as determine if this learning model can be implemented in the learning process for horticulture courses in IKIP Saraswati. A fully randomised design method was used to evaluate the effect of apical bud pruning on the growth of axillary buds in spinach plants. samples were assigned to the following groups: the first group (J0) served as the control for the experiment while the experimental groups had varying lengths of pruned apical buds (J1- 3cm, J2- 6cm, J3-9cm and J4- 12 cm). Each test was replicated four times to reduce variability in the experimental results. findings of the study showed that the pruning of apical buds led to an increase in the formation of leaves and the growth of axillary buds. Although the numbers of axillary buds in spinach plants from each treatment group were significantly different, the most notable disparity was observed in J1 plants with an average axillary bud growth of 66. use of this experiment-based learning approach enhanced the students’ ability to use their cognitive, social, psychomotor, and problem-solving skills in the acquisition of knowledge, as well as the analysis and interpretation of data. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the practical experiment on the effect of apical bud pruning on axillary bud growth should be implemented in the learning process for horticulture courses in IKIP Saraswati. Despite the benefits of the experimental based learning approach, there are certain limitations to its successful implementation in the education system. Some of these include the integration of the experimental learning method to the existing curriculum for horticulture courses, the need to develop new assessment methods in order to evaluate the efficacy of this method, and the insufficient support of teachers and administrators at different tiers of government. This paper also provides recommendations on effective ways to address these challenges and maximize the benefits provided by the experimental based learning methods in the education system. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana. Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Courses. SRP. 2019; 10(1): 247-256. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41 Web Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana. Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Courses. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=302644993 [Access: March 28, 2021]. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana. Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Courses. SRP. 2019; 10(1): 247-256. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana. Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Courses. SRP. (2019), [cited March 28, 2021]; 10(1): 247-256. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41 Harvard Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana (2019) Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Courses. SRP, 10 (1), 247-256. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41 Turabian Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana. 2019. Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Reviews in Pharmacy, 10 (1), 247-256. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41 Chicago Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana. The Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Courses. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 10 (2019), 247-256. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana. The Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Courses. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 10.1 (2019), 247-256. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Dewa Nyoman Oka, Herry Maurits Sumampouw, Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana (2019) Implementation of Experiments on the Effect of Apical Bud Pruning on the Growth of the Axillary Buds of Tahun Spinach (Amarantus hybridus L.) in Horticultural Reviews in Pharmacy, 10 (1), 247-256. doi:10.5530/srp.2019.1.41

Ethiopia: Ugly Mathematical Unit Cost Fiscal Equalization Formula; Beautiful Findings

Purpose: Grant allocation formulas used to allocate fiscal resources among different tiers of government have proved to be useful in many countries around the world. This article provides a unit cost approach equalization formula that was used in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) to transfer resources from the regions to the woredas (districts) in 2007. Study methodology: The study approach involved gathering and reviewing of pioneering literature; identifying six representative sectors; field visits to collect and collate data; and data analysis. Findings: The developed model was highly equalizing. The FDRE adopted the study recommendations and the regional governments used the formula, or a modified version thereof, to transfers resources to woredas. Research limitations: It was not easy to access the required data. Furthermore, the representative sectors may not holistically reflect the actual budgetary needs of the Local Governments (LGs) due to their heterogeneous tax bases and expenditure needs. This can be addressed with future research to further refine the model presented and granularity of data used. Practical implications: The study developed and specified a mathematical unit cost equalization model, which was applied to Tigray region in FDRE. The model’s ability to equalize was tested and evaluated econometrically. Social implications: The paper identified six representative sectors that have high synergies in terms of poverty eradication via improved social service delivery. These sectors attracted large budgetary allocations.