Different Stages Of Life Cycle Research Articles

Anticoccidial Drugs Used in the Poultry: An Overview

Coccidiosis is severe disease and important from an economic point of view in poultry industry. So, proper control measures should be followed for its prevention of occurrence. Control measures include good husbandry, as a prime requirement and the use of anticoccidial drugs for both prophylaxis and treatment. For the drug to be effective anticoccidial, it should be used prophylactically instead of therapeutical ly. Most of the anticoccidials show their greatest efficacy against the 1st and 2nd asexual cycle, some inhibits sexual stages of the life cycle. Selection of a n anticoccidial is based on the ability of the drug to improve weight and feed conversion and to suppress the development of lesions. The emergence of drug resistant strains of coccidia presents a major problem. So, to avoid the development of drug resistance a method is used which include switching around different classes of drugs and the ‘shuttle programme’. In present overview, we are discussing about some anticoccidials used for the prevention and control of coccidial infection by affecting different stages of life cycle of coccidia. The common anticocidials/class of anticoccidoals are ionophores, amprolium, sulphonamides, ethopabate, clopidol and quinolones.

Firm's Obstacles and Survival: The Study of Firm's Life Cycle and Obstacles in Indonesia

Research regarding firms life cycle have been carried out for years with varying models and different emphasis. The purpose of this study is to test differences of obstacles in each different stages of firm's life cycle and differences in perceiveing the level obstacles from top managers' different individual background by using Olawale & Garwe (2010) obstacles indicators and Timmons (2007) model of firm's life cycle. Data was taken from 831 firms covering small, medium, and large firms in Indonesia which experienced all thirteen obstacles. Findings show significant differences on obstacles among firms that are in different stages of life cycle,which firms in maturity and stability stage tend to experience greater level of obstacles compare to firms in earlier stages. Findings also found significant differences on top manager's education in perceiving firms obstacles, with manager from higher education background shows higher score in perceiving obstacles, while gender and length of managerial experience shows no significant differences in perceiving obstacles.

Life cycle of an n-globin pseudogene microsatellite locus

Microsatellites are composed of tandemly repeated short motifs of 1–6 nucleotides. They are common in eukaryotic genomes; in humans they make up as much as 3% of the genome (Lander et al., 2001). These repeat-containing loci tend to be hypervariable with variation occurring among individuals of the same species as well as between species. The origin and evolution of microsatellites remain a major puzzle. The birth of a tetranucleotide repeat (ATGT) in the lineage leading to African apes (gorilla, bonobo and chimpanzee) and humans was documented in the n-globin pseudogene (Messier et al., 1996). To test whether the locus is under further expansion or degeneration or if there are any variations as proposed in the life-cycle of the microsatellites (Buschiazzo and Gemmell, 2006), we analyzed positions chr11:5263801:5263831 (hg19) in 82 samples from the 1000 Genomes Project (Genomes Project et al., 2010). To obtain reliable read coverage for the locus, we selected Illumina exome sequencing data and visually inspected the INDEL length in the reads aligned to the locus. We found a repeat deletion (4 bases) of the 4-mer microsatellite locus in 46 samples (56%) relative to reference allele, as supported by at least two reads in each sample. We assume that the longer (reference) microsatellite allele is ancestral, as at least two mutations are reported in this allele (rs34312249 and rs147740082), suggesting a degeneration process of the pure microsatellite locus. The short allele had 28% frequency in analyzed samples. The genus Homo is believed to have evolved 2.0 Myr (Curnoe, 2010) and modern humans 0.2 Myr (Vigilant et al., 1991) ago. Last evolutionary change in the n-globin pseudogene locus is documented between chimpanzees and humans when the microsatellite locus was expanded in humans. Unfortunately, intraspecies variation in the locus is unknown in chimpanzees and gorillas and we were unable to find the locus in the Neanderthal genome, presumably due to its incompleteness (Green et al., 2006). The locus alteration from orangutan to gorilla took ~7.0 Myr followed by species evolution with no change in the locus (gorilla to chimpanzee). Similarly, the evolution of the chimpanzee to the genus Homo took ~3.0 Myr with an accompanying n-globin microsatellite locus expansion. As time required for subsequent stage of life cycle seems to decrease by about 50% (Birth: ~7 Myr, Expansion: ~3 Myr, Degeneration: 1.8 Myr) (Figure ​(Figure1A),1A), it appears that the plausible death of the n-globin pseudogene microsatellite locus is expected within the next ~0.9 Myr (Figure ​(Figure1B).1B). However, human demography and unknown fitness effects of the microsatellite polymorphism can influence the locus evolutionary dynamics. Figure 1 Evolution and life cycle of an n-globin pseudogene microsatellite locus. (A) Evolutionary time estimate for the species emergence and corresponding change in the n-globin pseudogene microsatellite locus, illustrating different stages of life cycle and ... To test whether the scenario (life cycle of microsatellites) can be applied to other microsatellite loci, we reanalyzed our microsatellite data from multiple species (Galindo et al., 2009). We observed the birth, expansion, and degeneration of several microsatellite loci in four microsatellite motif families in human, chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus macaque, marmoset and mouse genomes. Although, there were few loci that showed deviations from the expected life-cycle, such as AATGG repeat in DMD and HEPH gene that showed stability for an extended period of time, and in PCNXL2 where it showed one repeat diminution in chimpanzee compared to orangutan and human, majority of the repeats arguably followed the proposed life cycle. Overall, it would be of great scientific significance to constantly monitor a number of marker microsatellite loci for genetic deviations as time progresses and more samples are being sequenced.

Research on Selection of Competitive Advantage Orientation of Green Products

According to the different values of companies and different stages of life cycle, this paper analyzed the relationship between the different priority orientation and the combination of competitive advantage, and estimated the effects of different combination on the competitiveness of green products. Used the impact curve and cost curve, we analyzed the most influential factors to the overall competitiveness of green products in the main factors of competitiveness, and ordered them in accordance with the impact of them to established the lasting competitiveness of products. This provided a basis for the focus of future work of companies.

Electrochemical study of LaNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Fe0.75 as negative electrode in alkaline secondary batteries

Cobalt-free AB5-type hydrogen storage alloys have been examined for the purpose of lowering metal hydride raw material costs. For this purpose, the electrochemical behaviour of cobalt-free LaNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Fe0.75 alloy was investigated using chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was shown that the discharge capacity decreases by 50% after fifty cycles. To investigate the capacity decrease, the impedance measurements were conducted during charging at different stages of life cycle. The experimental impedance spectroscopy reveals that the metal hydride electrode exhibits a porous behaviour. The results were then analyzed on the basis of equivalent circuit model involving the porous electrode behaviour according to de Levie's model, i.e. equivalent cylindrical pores connected in parallel. The pore texture of electrode material was then estimated namely by the pore number, mean values of cylinder radius and effective length. The loss of discharge capacity is due to that of the reactivity of the electrode material and not the collapsing of pore texture.

SYSTEM ASPECTS OF THE PRODUCTION AND USE Of MODERN AIRCRAFT

In the article the place which to be retracted to modeling of matching processes direction of operation and achievement at formation of characteristics of an aircraft at different stages of life cycle of an aircraft is ob-served. It allows to increase considerably system efficiency of creation of aircrafts at the expense of carrying over of full-scale experiment on the computer, formation of matching baselines of subject-oriented knowledge and an optimization on this basis of significant number of alternative versions of created perspective aircrafts, a problem solving of optimization of properties and reduction of terms of their certification.

基于生命周期的高新技术企业纳税筹划研究 High-Tech Enterprises Based on the Life Cycle of Tax Planning

新企业所得税法，新增值税、消费税、营业税暂行条例已在全国范围内开始实施，对于迅速崛起的高新技术企业而言，充分利用新税法的相关政策做好纳税筹划工作，是必须关注的重要问题。与一般企业相比，高新技术企业在进行纳税筹划工作的过程中具有其特殊性。论文基于新税法以及高新技术企业的税收筹划特点，分别从增值税、营业税、企业所得税的角度探讨高新技术企业在生命周期不同阶段中的纳税筹划思路。 New enterprise income tax law、the new value-added tax、consumption tax、business tax regulations have been implemented throughout the country, for the rapid rise of high-tech enterprises, the full use of the relevant policies of the new tax law to do tax planning work is an important issue to be concerned about. Compared with the general business, high-tech enterprises have their particularities in the process of tax planning. Based on the new tax law and the tax planning features of high-tech enterprises, from the point of value-added tax, business tax, corporate income tax，this paper discusses tax planning ideas of the high-tech enterprises in different stages of life cycle.

Enterprise Life Cycle's Decision–Making Characteristics in Various Stages and Innovation Management Strategy Analysis

All enterprise show the life body’s behavior and its characteristic. A normal enterprise will experience a birth growth, mature, decline and death period. the policy–making characteristic which every enterprise displays in the life cycle’s different stage hare some general character actually, understanding that which life cycle stage is now in, thus the correct decision–making reprises its own condition , lengthens its own life as long as possible. The enterprise is at the different stage of life cycle, its resources disposition shape is different, and it displays different behavior and policy–making characteristic. In business life cycle’s different stage determines different decision–making and management key and strategy.

Suppression of adipogenesis program in cultured preadipocytes transfected stably with cyclooxygenase isoforms

Prostaglandins (PGs) are known to play a variety of roles in adipocytes and precursor cells, which have the arachidonate cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway to generate several series of PGs at different stages of life cycle of adipocytes. To gain a unique insight into the specific roles of the COX isoforms during the life cycle of adipocytes, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stably transfected with a mammalian expression vector harboring either cDNA coding for murine COX-1 or COX-2. The cloned stable transfectants with COX-1 or COX-2 exhibited higher expression levels of their corresponding mRNA and proteins, and greater production of PGE 2 upon stimulation with free arachidonic acid or A23187 than the parent cells and the transfectants with vector only. However, either type of transfectants brought about the marked reduction in the accumulation of triacylglycerols after the standard adipogenesis program. Unexpectedly, aspirin or other COX inhibitors at different phases of life cycle of adipocytes failed to reverse the reduced storage of fats. The transfectants with COX-2 were sensitive to exogenous 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14-PGJ 2 (15d-PGJ 2) and troglitazone as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists during the maturation phase for restoring the adipogenesis. By contrast, the transfectants with COX-1 were much less sensitive, which was reflected by much lower gene expression levels of PPARγ and the related adipocyte-specific markers. Taken together, the results suggest that the sustained overexpression of either COX-1 or COX-2 resulted in the interference of adipogenesis program through a PG-independent mechanism with a different mode of action of COX isoforms.

Progress of Science from Microscopy to Microarrays (Part 1): Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases

Even though description of the magnifying glass goes back to 1021 by an Arabic physicist in his book, Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first man to improve the then simple microscope for viewing biological specimens in 1674. This suggests that every discovery has scope for improvement, be it physics or be it biology. In the field of biology, scientists have long studied gene expression as a hallmark of gene activities reflecting the current cell conditions and response to host immune defense systems. These studies have been cumbersome, technically demanding and time-consuming. Application of microarrays has revolutionized this field and help understand the simultaneous expression of thousands of genes in a single sample put onto a single solid support. It is also now possible to compare gene expression in two different cell types, different stages of life cycle or two tissue samples, such as in healthy and diseased ones. Thus microarrays are beginning to dominate other conventional and molecular diagnostic technologies. The microarrays consist of solid supports onto which the nucleic acid sequences from thousands of different genes are immobilized, or attached at fixed locations. These solid supports themselves are usually glass slides, silicon chips or nylon membranes. The nucleic acids are spotted or synthesized directly onto the support. Application of microarrays is new for parasites. Most of these applications are done for monitoring parasite gene expression, to predict the functions of uncharacterized genes, probe the physiologic adaptations made under various environmental conditions, identify virulence-associated genes and test the effects of drug targets. The best examples are vector-borne parasites, such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania, in which genes expressed, during mammalian and insect host stages, have been elucidated. Microarrays have also been successfully applied to understand the factors responsible to induce transformation from tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite and vice versa in Toxoplasma gondii. Thus microarrays provide a novel tool for diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management of infectious disease.

The influence of merging and individual storm splitting on mesoscale convective system formation

The aim of present study is to simulate the formation of mesoscale convective system (MCS) through splitting and merging of two single convective storms that is characteristic for mountainous regions by help of cloud-resolving mesoscale model. Features of simulated storms are as follows: they are aligned along leading flow at different stages of life cycle under sharp-sheared condition. The storm in upwind direction (denoted as primary) is initialized earlier as it is a common feature in reality. Formation of MCS passes by several phases as follows: - Primary storm moves faster along leading flow direction than secondary one that is initialized later. Both storms split into right- and left-moving storms in such a manner that primary storm splits at first; - Boundaries of cold air outflows associated by single storms collide. At their intersection air is forced lifted upward, possibly forming a new convection; - As a result the merging process produces the MCS in which the single storms are distributed along curved line. Above results encourage modelers to use more frequently the cloud-resolving models in simulations of great variety of MCS.

Influence of Board Size and Independence on Firm Performance: A Study of Indian Companies

Corporate governance issues have attracted a good deal of public interest because of their apparent importance for the economic health of corporations and society in general, especially after the plethora of corporate scams and debacles in recent times. Corporate governance issues flow from the concept of accountability and governance and assume greater significance and magnitude in the case of corporate form of organization where the ownership and management of organizations are distanced. And, it is in this context that the pivotal role played by the board of directors in maintaining an effective organization assumes much importance. A major part of the debate on corporate governance centres around board composition especially board size and independence. Various committees have mandated a minimum number of independent directors and have given guidelines on board composition. However, the relationship of board characteristics such as composition, size, and independence with performance has not yet been established. This paper addresses this question: Does the board size and independence really matter in terms of influencing firm's performance? The findings suggest that: There is an inverse association between board size and firm performance. Different proportions of board independence have dissimilar impact on firm performance. The impact of board independence on firm performance is more when the board independence is between 50 and 60 per cent. Smaller boards are more efficient than the larger ones, the board size limit of six suggested as the ideal. Independent directors have so far failed to perform their monitoring role effectively and improve the performance of the firm. The guidelines on corporate governance should take into account the ‘cross-board’ phenomenon while defining the criteria for eligibility for appointment as an independent director. Lack of training to function as independent directors and ignorance of the procedures, tasks, and responsibilities expected of them could be reasons for the independent directors' non-performance. A bad performance leads to an increase in board size, which in turn, hampers performance. Guidelines are provided for future studies to include different variables to see which board composition is suitable for different companies at different stages of life cycle.

The Role of Marketing Research for Entrepreneurship

Marketing research is defined as "the systematic and objective process of gathering, recording, and analyzing data for aid in making marketing decision." The essence of marketing research is to provide information used in decision making, and for the entrepreneur; there are fundamental differences between market information needed prior to start up and after a firm is established. Prior to opening for business, the entrepreneur wants to know whether a market exist for a new product or service, who is likely to be a primary customer, how to position the enterprise in a market, and how the product or service will be priced, promoted and distributed. Addressing these issues become part of the pre start up planning process. Once a firm has become established, much of this information is authenticated through actual experience, and market research expands to include a continuous competitive analysis.An effort has been made to demonstrate the above mentioned characteristics of marketing research undertaken by the entrepreneurs. The first half of the article portrays an effective framework of the methodology for marketing research. Entrepreneurial marketing research differs from its normal counterpart. These exclusive features are expressed and discussed in details. In the second part of the article, an effort has been made to narrate the nature of marketing research that can be ideally applied to all the different stages of successful venture life cycle. The functioning of all the different stage of the life cycle are discussed with the corresponding marketing research techniques that can be ideally applied, being expressed.

Antifungal activity of oligochitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant pathogenic fungi in vitro

Antifungal activity of oligochitosan against nine phytopathogens was investigated in vitro. Oligochitosan was more effective than chitosan in inhibiting mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici and its inhibition on different stages in life cycle of P. capsici was observed. Rupture of released zoospores induced by oligochitosan was reduced by addition of 100 mM glucose. The effects of oligochitosan on mycelial growth and zoospore release, but not zoospore rupture, were reduced largely when pH value was above 7. The ultrastructural study showed that oligochitosan caused distortion and disruption of most vacuoles, thickening of plasmalemma, and appearance of unique tubular materials. Plasmalemmasomes in hyphal tip cells were not found in the presence of oligochitosan. These results suggest polycationic nature of oligochitosan contributes only partly to its antifungal activity and multiple modes of action of oligochitosan exist including the disruption of endomembrane system.

Life Cycle Analysis of wind–fuel cell integrated system

After ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, Canada’s Kyoto greenhouse gas (GHG) emission target is 571 Mt of CO 2 equivalent emitted per year by 2010; however, if current emission trends continue, a figure of 809 Mt is projected by 2010 (Cote C. Basic of clean development mechanism—joint implementation and overview of CDM project cycle, 2003 regional workshop on CDM-JI, February 2003, Halifax). This underscores the need for additional reduction of 240 Mt. The Federal Government Action Plan 2000 aims to reduce this gap from 240 to 65 Mt (Cote C. Basic of clean development mechanism—joint implementation and overview of CDM project cycle, 2003 regional workshop on CDM-JI, February 2003, Halifax). In order to accomplish this goal, renewable energy use in all sectors will be required, and this type of energy is particularly applicable in power generation. Traditional power generation is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions after industrial and transportation sectors (Environment Canada. Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–1998. Final submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat, 2002 [Available from: http://www.ec.gc.ca/climate/resources_reportes-e.html]. Although wind energy, solar power and other forms of renewable energy are non-GHG emitting in their operation, there are GHG emissions in their different stages of life cycle (i.e. material extraction, manufacturing, construction and transportation, etc.). These emissions must be accounted for in order to assess accurately their capacity to reduce GHG emission and meet Kyoto targets. The current trend in electricity generation is towards integrated energy systems. One such proposed system is the wind–fuel cell integrated system for remote communities. This paper presents a detailed Life Cycle Analysis of the wind–fuel cell integrated system for application in Newfoundland and Labrador. The study confirms that wind–fuel integrated system is a zero emission system while in operation. There are significant emissions of GHGs during the production of the various components (wind turbine, fuel cell and electrolyzer). However, the global warming potential (GWP) of wind-integrated system is far lower (at least by two orders of magnitude) than the conventional diesel system, presently used in remote communities.

Extrapolating internet users in Taiwan by risk assessment

In a competitive environment, most products usually have different stages of life cycle by different sales; thus, satisfying consumers' requirements could make the product competitive. From the experiences of experts, the analytic hierarchy process has been used to analyze the expected range for a specified PLC stage to enable a decision-maker to derive proper marketing strategies. However, in decision theory, the belfavior of a decision-maker is always affected by her risk perception and risk propensity to result in different decision-making. In order to cope with this problem, a fuzzy forecasting system to the risk perception and risk propensity is derived to extrapolate the Internet users for a specified PLC stage because of uncertainty and unknown system structure in the future.

Sm14 gene expression in different stages of the Schistosoma mansoni life cycle and immunolocalization of the Sm14 protein within the adult worm.

Sm14 is a 14-kDa vaccine candidate antigen from Schistosoma mansoni that seems to be involved in cytoplasmic trafficking of fatty acids. Although schistosomes have a high requirement for lipids, they are not able to synthesize fatty acids and sterols de novo. Thus, they must acquire host lipids. In order to determine whether Sm14 is present in different stages of the life cycle of the parasite, we performed RT-PCR. Sm14 mRNA was identified in all stages of the life cycle studied, mainly schistosomulum, adult worm and egg. Additionally, we used a rabbit anti-Sm14 polyclonal antibody in an indirect immunofluorescence assay to localize Sm14 in adult worm sections. The basal lamella of the tegument and the gut epithelium were strongly labeled. These tissues have a high flow of and demand for lipids, a finding that supports the putative role of Sm14 as an intracellular transporter of fatty acids from host cells.

Atividade anti-ixodídica dos fungos Sporothrix insectorum e Paecilomyces fumosoroseus sobre Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887): bioensaios emicroscopia eletrônica de varredura

In function of the development resistance to the several existent quimiotherapics, biological control has being a promising alternative to the control of Boophilus microplus. In this work, the pathogenic action of Sporothrix insectorum and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus in the different stages of life cycle of Boophilus microplus was evaluated. The fungis in study were cultivated in appropriate culture medium and suspensions in the concentrations of 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 conidia/mL for both fungis were prepared, starling from stock suspension. The eggs and the larvaes were treated by spray, and the engorged tick were immersed in the different conidia suspensions. The pathogenicity of the fungis were appraised for the reproductive performance of the ticks. The experimental was accomplished with five repetitions for each treatment group, in the different fungal concentrations. The fungis S. insectorum and P. fumosoroseus reduced in 50,19% and 49,34%, respectively, the posture of the infected engorged female ticks, in the concentration 108 conidia/mL. In relation to effectiveness, the fungis S. insectorum and P. fumosoroseus, they reached the values 82,99%, in the concentration 108 conidia/mL, and 82,93% in the concentration 109 conidia/mL, for the respective fungis. In the eggs treatment with the S. insectorum and P. fumosoroseus, the fungi P. fumosoroseus presented a superiority with reduction of eclodibility in 79,04%, in the concentration 106 conidia/mL, while the S. insectorum, reduced in only 37,92%, in the concentration 107 conidia/mL. In the larvas treatment there were not significant differences in the larva mortality in both fungi. The electronic microscopy, in different stage of life of the B. microplus, showed the power predatory of the fungi S. insectorum and P. fumosoroseus. With these results, it can be inferred that S. insectorum and P. fumosoroseus presented deleterious action on engorged female of B. microplus in vitro, what reinforces your possibility eventual control of this important tick.

Les dynamiques spatiales des productions légumières : l'évolution récente des bassins endiviers de Nord-Picardie

The author proposes a reflection on the evolution of the French vegetable basin, based on a spatial dynamics analysis of chicory production of Nord-Picardie region. First he explains the relevance of systemic analysis in terms of agro-network and basin of production. He then sets out the specificities of the chicory network, and shows how the chicory basin of northern France has gone through different stages of life cycle in less than five decades.

New cyanophycean remains from the Blaini formation (terminal neoproterozoic sequence) of Mussoorie syncline, Lesser Himalaya, India

A new algal form, Blainiella gen. nov., comparable in its morphological aspects to the modern form Hyella, is recorded from the Blaini Formation, Mussoorie Syncline. The fossil shows linear filament formed of rectangular cells placed end to end; reproduction by endosporulation, thick globular endospores formed towards terminal end of linear filaments, baeocytes formed within endospores by cytoplasm desmochesis and released by wall dissolution of endospores, each baeocyte forms linear filament by vegetative reproduction. This new genus represents different stages of life cycles of microbiota reported earlier from the same formation by Joshi et al., (1988).