Different Schools Of Thoughts Research Articles

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Practice of Supportive Psychotherapy.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Practice of Supportive Psychotherapy.

Pozisyon Okulu mu, Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşım mı? Yöneticilerin Stratejik Konulara İlişkin Görüşleri Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, seçilmiş üst düzey yöneticilerin stratejik kararlarında Pozisyon Okulu ile Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşımın iddialarından hangilerine yakın durduklarını belirlemektir.Yöntem: Çalışma hem konunun bağlam ile ilişkisinin kurulmasını hem de odaktaki olgunun ayrıntılı olarak sorgulanmasını gerektirdiği için nitel yöntem mantığına ile tasarlanmıştır. Kasti örneklem tekniği ile farklı endüstrileri temsil eden büyük ölçekli altı firma araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Firmaların kuruluşundan günümüze gelişimini ve bu sürede alınan stratejik kararlara ilişkin bilgi sahibi olan yedi üst düzey yönetici ile yüz yüze mülakat yapılmıştır. Veriler, Pozisyon Okulu ile Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşımın görüşleri doğrultusunda nitel içerik analizi tekniği ile çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular: Bulgular şunlara işaret etmektedir: a)Yöneticiler stratejik ve yönetsel kavramlara farklı içerikler atfetmektedir; b) Yöneticiler stratejik konular hakkında konuşurken ikili bir dil kullanmakta ve ‘mektebi’ ve ‘mesleki’ dilleri ayrışmaktadır, c) Türkiye’de kamu ve özel sektörün stratejik yönetim uygulamalarının yaygın olarak Pozisyon Okulunun görüşlerine göre biçimlenmesi, yöneticilerin formel ifadelerini bu okulun görüşlerine yaklaştırmaktadır, d) Yöneticiler Pozisyon Okulu ile Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşımın görüşleri arasında geçiş yapabilmektedir. Sonuç: Çalışmada, yöneticilerin strateji anlayışlarının Pozisyon Okulu’nun görüşlerine yakın olduğu saptanmıştır. Dahası, tercih ettikleri kavramların da belirgin biçimde Pozisyon Okulunun söylemini yansıttığı anlaşılmıştır. Buna karşın, yöneticilerin terminolojiye hâkimiyetlerini sergileme eğilimindeyken Pozisyon Okulunun, kendi uygulamaları ile ilgili değerlendirmeler yaparken ise daha çok Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşımın söylemine yakın ifadeler kullandıkları saptanmıştır. Bu durum ortaya mektebi ve mesleki olmak üzere ikili bir dil çıkarmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu ikili dilin ileriki çalışmalarda sorgulanması önerilmektedir. Ayrıca, yöneticilerin söylemsel tutarlılıktan çok pratik sonuçları önceleyerek pragmatist bir tavır sergiledikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, bu iki yaklaşımı birleştirme gereğini savunanlar ile farklı kalmaları gerektiğini iddia edenlerin tartışmalarını destekler yahut reddeder nitelikte çıkarımlar yapmayı mümkün kılmamıştır. Yine çalışma sonrasında görülmüştür ki yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlarla elde edilen veriler yöneticilerin biçimsel ifadelerinin arkasındaki örtük anlamları açığa çıkarmada yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu sebeple, gelecekte alanda yapılacak çalışmalarda farklı mülakat tekniklerinin yanında zengin ikincil veri setlerinin de kullanılması gerekliliğine dikkat çekilmektedir.

(حقِ انتفاع وانتفاعی ملکیت(ایک فقہی تحقیقی جائزہ

There is quite difference between ownership and right of use in other words usufruct, at present this term is widely used in Islamic financial institutions for beneficial ownership. But the use of this term is entirely changed from western law and Islamic law. Particularly in Islamic law, legality of a product or things depends on its objectives. In this article it has been discussed in detail in the light of different school of thoughts of Islamic jurisprudence.

Standardization or Customization of the Marketing-Mix Strategy? Evidence Drawn from FMCG MNCs in UAE

To standardize or to customize? This question has always been the dilemma of numerous companies that decide to operate beyond the national boundary. This sensitive and ambiguous issue has caught the attention of several marketers and scholars resulting in emergence of different school of thoughts. The standardization school of thought attributed the world as a homogeneous place, hence advocating standardization of the elements of the marketing-mix strategy to yield numerous advantages to both the consumer and the marketer. Contradicting the standardization school of thought, the believers of adaptation approach argued that the world is a heterogeneous place and MNCs need to adapt the differences in the market environment in order to appeal to its target market in the host country, hence customization of marketing-mix strategy is imperative. Further, what has amplified the dilemma is the degree of adaptation or standardization required. Is it necessary to customize or standardize all the elements of marketing- mix (product, price, place and promotion)? The purpose of this study is to draw an insight into the level of standardization or customization of various elements of marketing mix of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) MNCs in the UAE. The results of the study indicated that the FMCG MNCs operating in UAE have adapted a mixed approach to the marketing-mix strategy wherein they standardize critical elements of the marketing-mix and customize the rest in order to respond to the host country differences.

Employing Gamification Methods to Increase Customer Engagement in Digital Marketing

As “Gamification” quickly becomes a hot topic across industries and academia, it deserves more thorough study through qualitative and quantitative research. There was a definite feeling of infancy of gamification, be it the definition of gamification or the effectiveness of gamification. This document provides a survey of this recent phenomenon of “gamification”: a concept that has been applauded as a “game changing layer” and derided as a “useless buzzword”. It provides a comparative review of different schools of thoughts on the effectiveness of applying game mechanics to non-game contexts. Both industry implementations and academic research is reviewed and analyzed. Most of gamification thought leaders agree that the current state of gamification is mainly focus on extrinsic rewards. While some see the bigger potentials of sustainable gamification with deeper researches in the intrinsic rewards from good game designs.

COMPATABILITY BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND ISLAMIC LAW OR WAR (JIHAD)

This study investigates the matter of the compatibility between International Humanitarian Law and Islamic concept of Jihad. The proponents of the theory of the acceptability of International Humanitarian Law in an Islamic context have been presenting the similarities between International Humanitarian Law and Islam. The opponents have been trying to point out the differences between International Humanitarian Law and Islam, especially on the violent concept of Jihad. This study looks at the theories of the existence or non-existence of a fundamental conflict between International Humanitarian Law and Islam by analysing the views of different schools of thoughts and rules of International Humanitarian Law in the context of Islamic Law of War (Jihad). The lack of the availability of a satisfactory study on the matter provides justification for the present study that aims to address the gap by making an important contribution to the knowledge in this area. 
 The data for this study has been collected by using both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The primary data has been collected through this study. The available literature on the same topic has been collected as secondary data through libraries, books, journals, articles and using the internet sources. The analyses of the data lead us to the point where the relationship between International Humanitarian Law and Islam becomes clear and an assessment is made about the compatibility of International Humanitarian Law with Islam, on the Islamic concept of Jihad, that rejects the existence of a fundamental conflict between International Humanitarian Law and Islam.

Application of Talfiq in Different School of Thoughts: Research Study of Fatwas Issued by AAOIFI

To juxtapose various components in one issue or various issues, and to adopt various jurists’ points of views is called “Talfiq.” In the present radical age of science and technology, each and every social faculty is being radicalized particularly in finance; there are certain complications in the monetary systems of various countries. In this scenario, to concentrate on one school of thought and deduce the solution of these financial issues has now become impossible. That is why, Majlis-e-Shar’ii concentrate on “Talfiq between different school of thoughts”, where various parallel issues are solved. The Majlis has prepared a sharia standard where practicable and beneficial financial issues are elaborated. The jurists have elaborated various principles of “Bae-e-Salam”, and presented various relevant issues taking the insight from various scholars of Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi and Hambli schools of thoughts and focused on “Talfiq”. The present research paper the decrees related to Talfiq will be explored, where the jurists have adopted it. Whether it is allowed or prohibited. If it is allowed, to what extent?

SHIFTING PARADIGMS OF CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BLENDED LEARNING AND E-ENABLED PLATFORMS FOR 21ST CENTURY TEACHING AND LEARNING

The article addresses the different definitions and view of different schools of thoughts concerning blended learning. It also outlined brief history of blended learning and reasons for blended learning. The procedure for designing course of instruction and the guiding question to the considered while designing blended learning were outlined. Due to the increased access to information through new technologies along with the need to prepare students to compete in an emerging information-based global economy call for the need for a pedagogical approach to professional development of teachers for the paradigm shift. The article further enumerates the elements that need to be considered in the professional development of teachers. The advantages and limitations of the blended instructions were equally listed. It was concluded that despite the need and demand to adopt blended mode of instructions in education, the knowledge base of blended instruction is still in its infancy stage hence there are myriad areas that call for better understanding before setting upon a definite mix of web based instruction and its face-to-face counterpart.

Manipulating Eryptosis of Human Red Blood Cells: A Novel Antimalarial Strategy?

Malaria is a major global health burden, affecting over 200 million people worldwide. Resistance against all currently available antimalarial drugs is a growing threat, and represents a major and long-standing obstacle to malaria eradication. Like many intracellular pathogens, Plasmodium parasites manipulate host cell signaling pathways, in particular programmed cell death pathways. Interference with apoptotic pathways by malaria parasites is documented in the mosquito and human liver stages of infection, but little is known about this phenomenon in the erythrocytic stages. Although mature erythrocytes have lost all organelles, they display a form of programmed cell death termed eryptosis. Numerous features of eryptosis resemble those of nucleated cell apoptosis, including surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, cell shrinkage and membrane ruffling. Upon invasion, Plasmodium parasites induce significant stress to the host erythrocyte, while delaying the onset of eryptosis. Many eryptotic inducers appear to have a beneficial effect on the course of malaria infection in murine models, but major gaps remain in our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. All currently available antimalarial drugs have parasite-encoded targets, which facilitates the emergence of resistance through selection of mutations that prevent drug-target binding. Identifying host cell factors that play a key role in parasite survival will provide new perspectives for host-directed anti-malarial chemotherapy. This review focuses on the interrelationship between Plasmodium falciparum and the eryptosis of its host erythrocyte. We summarize the current knowledge in this area, highlight the different schools of thoughts and existing gaps in knowledge, and discuss future perspectives for host-directed therapies in the context of antimalarial drug discovery.

La pleine conscience incarnée : un concept unificateur entre les traditions orientales et occidentales de la pleine conscience

ObjectiveThe interest in mindfulness as a concept continues to grow as shown in the increase in the number of publications pertaining to mindfulness in the last four decades. This increase is also a reflection of the fact that the term “mindfulness” is currently used as an umbrella for a variety of approaches that assign different meanings to the same word. Although differences among varying conceptualizations and definitions of “mindfulness” have been previously highlighted, few efforts have attempted to compare these varying conceptual approaches as a means to address commonalties between them. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review different conceptualizations of mindfulness in order to understand their common and distinctive components. MethodIn order to investigate commonalities and distinctions among different mindfulness conceptualizations, we conducted a thorough qualitative review of theoretical and empirical papers belonging to three approaches in mindfulness: Eastern Buddhist traditions, Western modern mindfulness meditation programs, and Langerian mindfulness. Each of these approaches is presented first at a conceptual level (i.e., how it defines mindfulness) and then at a practical level (i.e., how to operationalize mindfulness). Empirical research pertaining to the effectiveness of each approach is presented and discussed. As Buddhism incorporates different schools of thoughts, this paper focuses primarily on the conceptualization of mindfulness outlined within Theravada Buddhism. It operationalizes mindfulness through an engagement in intensive and daily meditative practice, which includes both concentrative and open-monitoring meditation. In addition, Buddhism includes a set of ethical principles. Western modern mindfulness meditation programs are conceptualized according to Kabat-Zinn and other western scholars. Definitions varied to some extent according to different scholars, each including a different set of components (e.g., attention, awareness, acceptance, nonjudgement, observation). Western modern mindfulness meditation programs are operationalized though the development and implementation of structured psychosomatic interventions, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Langerian mindfulness is conceptualized as a general style or mode of functioning through which individuals actively reconstruct their environment by creating new categories or distinctions, and seeking multiple perspectives. Langer operationalized mindfulness through a set of sociocognitive tasks. The role of the body in these three approaches and more specifically the mind-body connection is highlighted through the analysis of clinical, behavioral, and neuroscientific research findings. Results and DiscussionDefinitions from both eastern and western approaches share self-regulation of attention and awareness as central common elements. Both attention and awareness processes increase interoceptive and exteroceptive body awareness and mind-body connection, therefore suggesting a role of embodiment in conceptualizing and operationalizing mindfulness across different approaches. We therefore introduce the new concept of Embodied Mindfulness as an integration of top-down and bottom-up processes and argue for its utility in the empirical study of mindfulness across the three conceptual approaches. ConclusionsThe new notion of embodied mindfulness integrates different conceptualizations of mindfulness by allowing a common understanding of the mechanisms of change across these conceptualizations. This new notion has also both research and clinical implications. This new notion suggests further emphasizing the body and mind-body connection in both studying/measuring mindfulness and in developing/validating clinical interventions.

Contributions of Scholars of District Haripur in Research and Publications (Part: 1)

If you have a relationship with the past, a sustainable plan can be done for future. Islamic personalities, especially the introduction of the scholars, intensify the path of progress in the field of scientific and research as well as the continuous hard work in the practical world. Similarly, when introduction of the people with historical roles have reached to the next generation, it is easy to define pathways and take lessons from the opponents to work hard for them. Introducing individuals with a specific region is worth a king's ransom investment for all its geographically entrusted and external roles and a leading rule for a new generation of races. In the underlying article, efforts are being made to present brief introduction of the scholars of the District Haripur who have written in various sciences and fictions, so that people of this region can know that this area also remained the base of Islamic scholars. Due to this article, depicting the introduction of the scholars of different school of thoughts will undermine an enormous and sectarian ideology, and the strength of tolerance and brotherhood will be strengthened.

An Analysis of the Commandments about Retribution for Theft in the Light of Awjazul Masalik

In this paper theft liable to Had-e-Saraq’ah-retribution for theft- has been discussed in detail in the light of “Awjazul Masalik”. This paper also discusses opinions of different schools of thoughts regarding different type of theft and Had-e-Saraqah according to shariah. It has also been made clear that how many kinds of theft liable to “Had”, within the terms and condition . The article further discussed some kinds of theft where retribution of theft is not applicable. While mentioning the limit of theft required for imposition of Had-e-Saraqah. Keywords: had-e-Saraq’ah, Awjazul Masalik, Shari’ah, Imposition

A Comparative Study of the Opinions of Allama Jurjani and Allama Taftazani about the Existence of Allah

In short every intelligent person understands it and every one who is able to see, recognizes the fact that the whole universe is a finite entity by nature and without a creator it is impossible to come into existence. Is there is anyone who created it? This somebody or creator is Almighty Allah (SWT), the one who has no partner, the one who has no equal neither in his person nor in his attributes. He is unique as far as excellence is concerned. He is self sufficient and not susceptible to anyone and every thing that exists and every practice in the universe depends upon him for its existence. The well known scholar Allama Maskueh has adopted an excellent method for proving the existence of Almighty Allah through rationality and other renowned scholar Allama Taftazani proved it in two ways. One method he employed is that of the classical scholars and other of the Muslim theologians, while Allama Jurjani has explained the existence of Almighty Allah in detail using the point of views of different schools of thoughts. In this article an analytical review of the opinions of Allama Jurjani and Allama Taftazani has been conducted in proving the existence of Almighty Allah. Keywords: Jurjani, Taftazani, Existence of God, Theologians

Towards an integrated framework of intrinsic motivators, extrinsic motivators and knowledge sharing

PurposeThis paper aims to develop an integrated framework to demonstrate the individual and combined effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators on two forms of knowledge sharing behaviors – in-depth knowledge sharing and routinized knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approachA range of work on the use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators and the differential degrees of costs and risks involved in the two forms of knowledge sharing is being reviewed with the aim to locate gaps and problems arising from propositions of different scholars. An integrated framework is then proposed to connect different schools of thoughts into a single, unifying framework.FindingsKnowledge sharing behaviors among employees are subject to both attractive and distractive forces. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivators might interact positively or negatively depending on the type of extrinsic motivator and the form of knowledge sharing. While enhancing the intrinsic enjoyment of employees along with outcome-based extrinsic motivators can promote in-depth knowledge sharing, the use of behavior-based extrinsic motivators is more appropriate for fostering routinized knowledge sharing.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper mainly focuses on the sharing of knowledge without examining the receiver side in knowledge sharing. Also, the use of punitive means by superiors in encouraging knowledge sharing is not discussed in the framework. Future research can also add into the authors’ integrated framework the effects of personal traits in knowledge sharing.Originality/valueThis paper narrows the gap between existing theories on the use of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators and offers an integrated theoretical framework for those interested in examining the inter-relationship among intrinsic motivators, extrinsic motivators and knowledge sharing behaviors.

Principle of Digestion, Metabolism and Bioenergetics in Ayurveda

Energy transformation is matter of essentiality to sustain life on earth. Photochemical energy stored in chlorophyll of plant food and biochemical energy stored in animal food undergoes digestion and metabolism to yield energy currency in the form of ATP in the living body. ‘ Tridosha Theory’ implies physiological interplay of mutually reciprocal mechanism viz. Vata, Pitta and kapha , to maintain homeostasis at cell, tissue, body and system level of human body. According to Ayurveda Pitta is a factor which is responsible for digestion, metabolism, heat production and thus channelizing the flow of energy within living body and, between living system and its environment. This paper is an effort to comprehend physiological function of Pitta in the living human body in an integrated manner to find out how digestion and metabolism, production and channelization of energy is performed according to two different schools of thoughts viz. Ayurveda and Biomedicine.

Financial Inclusion and Distributive Justice

The major focus of the Union Budget for the financial year 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 was to achieve the larger aim of the financial inclusion. It focuses on the poor who do not enjoy the formal financial institutional support and get them out of the clutches of local money lenders. The objectives of the study are to scrutinize the achievement of the Government of India in pursuing the goal of the financial inclusion. Simultaneously the research work focuses on in-depth study of different school of thoughts of distributive justice and to explore the common interfaces between the financial inclusion and distributive justice. The methodology used for the proposed study is based on secondary information available from several research articles prevalent in the different reputed national and international journals in the sphere of financial inclusion. Apart from these, the data has been collected from the database of the Reserve Bank of India and the Ministry of Finance, Government of India as well as from the different published reports. The proposed study has identified the gap between the Pareto Optimality and Social Optimality. The Pareto Optimality organisation is one in which any change that makes some people better off makes some others worse off. Social Optimality implies maximisation of social welfare. The same can be achieved when efficient allocations of resources are accompanied with distributive justice. The dream of real financial inclusion will be materialized only when the entire population of the nation will be able to become the beneficiary from the different financial reforms made by the different regulatory apex bodies of the country such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Security Exchange Board of India and Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India.

Performance, Compliance and Reliability of Waste Stabilization Pond: Effluent Discharge Quality and Environmental Protection Agency Standards in Ghana

Measuring performance has been arguerably, one of the metric with many facets with different school of thoughts, as there exist different approaches of measuring it. Several of the existing approaches measure such metric by comparison with standards esherined in policy documents and as a result, takes less look to its compliance and reliability of values being matched to an established standards. This study seeks to integrate reliability and compliance into measuring of performance of Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP) and Treatment Plant (TP) as well as to generate the appropriate standard chart tables using the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved discharge values for physico-chemical and some biological parameters to account for these shortfalls on over reliance of EPA discharge standards. Probability distribution density function was applied on the lognormal distribution function to establish the relationship between the statistical coefficient of variation and the coefficient of reliability based on rth moment about the origin in the moment of generation function to generate the functions of the mean and standard deviation, properties of the standard Z normal distribution were used to establish the coefficient of reliability relationship depending on the coefficient of variation influenced by the standard of deviation. Discharge values of Physico-chemical Parameters measured from the WSP were found be performing acceptably based on the EPA standards, whereas only four of the TP were acceptable. Discharge Values of physico-chemical and biological parameters which are found to be accepted under comparison with EPA standards were found to have compliance levels below what is generally accepted for Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP) designed compliance. Based on these shortcomings, reference charts were develop to serve as reference points in assessing the various characteristics of compliance and performance of WSPs in Ghana on (28) physico-chemical and biological parameters. These charts are intended to make it easier to assess the performance of WSPs and its corresponding reliability and compliance level to compensate for overreliance on EPA standards alone.

On Pronunciation Teaching and Semiotics

Pronunciation was defined as “the act or result of producing the sounds of speech, including articulation, intonation, and rhythm” by McArthur (1992, p. 810). However, different approaches and methods have held different and sometimes controversial views concerning pronunciation and its instruction throughout the language education history since the beginning of the grammar-translation method. One viewed pronunciation as irrelevant to teaching, the other regarded it as “meaningless non-communicative drill-and-exercise gambits” (Morley, 1991, pp. 485-486). Yet, the other saw little connection between teaching and learning of pronunciation and acquiring sufficient level of pronunciation competency. It can be also stated that the scope of teaching pronunciation has been significantly affected by different school of thoughts of that particular time. Current pronunciation teaching trends have been affected by varying disciplines such as psychology, sociology, computer technology and semiotics to a great extent. This paper aims at emphasizing the importance of semiotic elements in pronunciation teaching and suggests ways to implement it appropriately in language classrooms. Then, it describes a lesson plan of a pronunciation class for pre-intermediate level preparation class in detail.

Characterizing Co-movements between Indian and Emerging Asian Equity Markets through Wavelet Multi-Scale Analysis

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)I. INTRODUCTIONWith significant reforms in the financial sector in India initiated in 1991, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) and Non Resident Indians (NRIs) gained access to Indian stock markets. Additionally, beginning in 1993, the Indian corporate sector also could seek channels of financing and investment in the global markets with the help of Global Depository Receipts (GDR), American Depository Receipts (ADR) and Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCB). All these financial opportunities contributed to strong improvements in market capitalization, liquidity and the efficiency of the Indian capital market. In addition, there has been a significant increase in its cross-border flows (capital as well as financial) and as a result, India is currently witnessing an unprecedented level of economic interdependence with both developed and developing nations. The study of economic and market interdependence hold important implications for the theory of financial economics which posits that portfolio risk can be reduced through international portfolio diversification provided that the returns in different markets are weakly or negatively correlated (Markowitz, 1952). A major argument regarding stock market interdependence was laid by (Stulz, 1999) who asserted that increased market integration leads to international risk sharing resulting in lower cost of equity capital. Since the first empirical work on the advantages of internationally well-diversified portfolio (Grubel, 1968), there has been a substantial debate in international finance on the linkages between stock markets and their effects on diversification. Since then, a number of studies have emerged on the co-movements among international equity markets (Levy and Sarnat, 1970; Shiller, 1989; Kasa, 1992; Richards, 1995; Forbes and Rigobon, 2002; Johnson and Soenen, 2003; Brooks and Del Negro, 2004; Syriopoulos, 2007). Initially the investigations on stock market linkages were pursued through simple correlation (Granger and Morgenstern, 1970; Brooks and Del Negro 2004; Mukherjee, 2007). Recently more advanced tools like rolling window correlation (Brooks and Del Negro, 2004), switching regimes (Hassler, 1995) and cointegration methods (Arshanapalli and Doukas, 1993; Voronkova, 2004) have also been used. In Asian markets, empirical works based on co-integration of equity markets have examined the extent to which such markets in the region are correlated, in order to scrutinize the diversification opportunities (Mills and Mills, 1991; Huang et al., 2000; Masih and Masih, 2001; Ratanapakorn and Sharma, 2002). Other studies like (Corhay et al., 1993; Chung and Liu, 1994; Islam, 2014) incorporated vector auto-regression, vector error correction model, impulse response analysis, forecast error variance decomposition and granger causality techniques. Additionally, bivariate GARCH models have been used to investigate the degree of market integration (Kang and Yoon, 2011). The idea was to bring different kinds of tools so as to capture an unambiguous linkage between the underlying markets. However, the methodological experimentations led the authors to two different schools of thoughts. Some propounded that there is essentially a long run relationship, while others argued that the relationship is exclusively short-term. But the fact remains that the authors have overlooked the fact that the problems hinged on co-integration, error correction techniques and the like. For instance, these models have been constructed to deal with not more than two time frequencies.After the significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990's, the Indian equity market is swiftly integrating with the rest of the world markets. India is active in various bilateral trade agreements with several countries and regional groups across Asia and Europe. The interdependence and integration of its market is clearly reflected in the rising volatility from spillover turmoil emerging from international markets. …

Effective Gamification Design: A Literature Review

As Gamification quickly becomes a hot topic across industries and academia, it deserves more thorough study through qualitative and quantitative research. There was a definite feeling of infancy of gamification, be it the definition of gamification or the effectiveness of gamification. This document provides a survey of this recent phenomenon of gamification: a concept that has been applauded as a changing layer and derided as a useless buzzword. It provides a comparative review of different schools of thoughts on the effectiveness of applying game mechanics to non-game contexts. Both industry implementations and academic research is reviewed and analyzed. Most of gamification thought leaders agree that the current state of gamification is mainly focus on extrinsic rewards. While some see the bigger potentials of sustainable gamification with deeper researches in the intrinsic rewards from good game designs.