Different Schools Of Thoughts Research Articles

Relasi Nietzsche dengan Paulus

Nietzsche’s relation with Christianity, on the the surface, easily defined as antipodal, full of animosity. It is not a simple task to specify which Christianity that can represent a stable concept of Christianity. Numerous branches as well as different school of thoughts in the body of Christianity. Nietzsche had his own view on certain Christianity (coloured by his Lutheran Protestant), he was not seldom launched attack after attack to Christianity and blame it as caused of Nihilism in Europe. Christianity according to his view has become one of the obstacles that hindered the arrival of the Overman, therefore he anointed himself to wage war with the aim to dig deep the foundation of Christianity. He did not merely assault Christianity and belief in God as some concepts that is no longer hold, but he wished to make changes and transvalue all the values which had deeply rooted in the soul of Europe. In order to pull down, to root out, change and inspire Europe, he wrote a seminal book called “Antichrist.” Nietzsche in his war strategy, he always picked a real person as Socrates, Richard Wagner, or even Schopenhauer. For Christianity, he picked Paul and Paulinism which he regarded as promoting the concept of Cross, Resurrection and promise of Hinterwelt which according to him is a great move as well as cunning. He tried to uproot Christainity with his method, which later on he called it as Genealogy. In doing so, he discovered that Paul was a true revaluator, who reevaluated the master morality into slave morality. Nietzsche has his own notion of an ideal man, who has the spirit of Dionysos, in short, he wanted to transvalue the slave morality back to master morality. In suggesting this option to Europe, a better choice, Spirit of Dionysos, he then conducted transvaluation. In that regard, Nietzsche did a similar and kinship “Hegelian Dialectic” with Paul. Therefore, Nietzsche relation with Paul is no longer can be categorized as merely antipodal, since he showed some kind of disguised adoration, an ambiguity.

Place-based pathways for the twin transition: the role of systemic change agents

Purpose The aim of this paper is to understand how systemic change agents influence the twin digital and green transitions. The authors build on agency-based theories to argue that transition pathways are influenced by a combination of place-based characteristics, the mobilisation and preferences of systemic change agents (such as local clusters), and the institutional and economic context. The conceptual framework defines the different steps of the twin transition, and it identifies how systemic change agents and geographic characteristics determine the direction and speed of the transition pathway. Design/methodology/approach This paper starts with a literature review to identify the different schools of thoughts on transition pathways and the twin transition, before developing a conceptual framework and deriving policy implications. Findings First, this paper argues that each transition involves three steps: framing, piloting and scaling. Each of these steps is driven by systemic change agents who engage local actors in trust-based collaboration, pool resources, create network effects and exchange information to source solutions for industry-level challenges. Second, the combination of place-based characteristics and the actions of local systemic change agents define the path of the transition and the new (post-transition) equilibrium. Finally, this paper sets out implications for policymakers who are interested in using systemic change agents to shape transition pathways in their local area. Research limitations/implications Further research is needed to provide robust empirical evidence from a range of territorial realities for the hypotheses in this paper. Specifically, the role of systemic change agents, such as trade associations, regional organisations, clusters or research groupings, needs to be investigated more closely. These agents can play a key role in progressing the transition because they already focus on sourcing solutions to joint challenges and opportunities by exchanging information, engaging local actors in trust-based collaboration, pooling resources and fostering network effects and critical mass. Future research should investigate how policymakers can best leverage on these crucial actors to progress or steer transitions and how this varies depending on place-based characteristics. This could include, for instance, training activities, networking and collaboration (e.g. through the European Cluster Collaboration Platform) or clearer sign-posting the key next steps required for the transition. Practical implications This paper identifies specific ways in which local actors can influence the direction and speed of transitions at each stage of the transition: at the framing stage, political entrepreneurship can be fostered through collaboration and smooth information flows between different levels of governance, at the piloting stage, commercial and social entrepreneurship require effective knowledge sharing and a wide and open search for solutions which, in turn, may require capacity building at the local level and coordination across stakeholder groups and levels of governance and effective scaling up can be fostered through network effects, joint commitment from a broad range of stakeholders and pooling of resources to achieve economies of scale. Social implications An important implication of the framework is that, if several places are undergoing a parallel or joint transition, the result may not be convergence between these places. Instead, different places may choose different end points and they may proceed at different speeds. For instance, in the context of the European Union’s green and digital transitions, it is unlikely that every region will transition to a similar level of digitisation or make steps in the same direction when it comes to sustainability. Originality/value This paper plugs a gap in understanding how systemic transitions unfold and how their speed and direction are influenced by different stakeholder groups. This paper develops a conceptual framework to define twin transition pathways and it analyses prominent place-based factors affecting these pathways.

Building on the Graves and Their Jurisprudential Adaptation (A Comparative Jurisprudential Study)

The issue of building over tombs – or the mosques beside them - is one of the most discussed issues in which the jurists differ in Islamic law in general, and also - in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan - there has been an ongoing debate on this issue for quite some time. Therefore it was necessary to address such an important topic and also to know its permissibility or impermissibility in the light of Islamic Sharia, and in the following lines we will try our best to present different opinions of the Jurists with their evidences and argumentations in this issue, the presentation of the opinions of Islamic Scholars and Jurists having different school of thoughts will enable a common person to understand the disputed issues in a better and broader way. It is notable to mention that collecting the different opinions of Islamic Jurists - regarding this issue - is a primary objective of this research to highlight the greatness of the tolerant Islamic Sharia in its concern for individuals and communities, we have relied on the comparative and analytical methodology which appears in the presentation and discussion of different opinions.

A Comprehensive Siddha review of Kuttam W.S.R to Psoriasis

According to Siddha science the imbalance or disturbance of the trihumours (Vatham, Pitham, Kabam) leads to a disease. The total number of diseases in Siddha system of medicine is said to be 4448, the sub classification, methodology and enumeration differs from one author to other. Skin diseases in Siddha system of medicine can be brought under a common entity Kuttam. Psoriasis is formally termed as Kalanjagapadai in Siddha, and the symptoms of which can be correlated with the aforesaid. The objective of this article is to provide deep descriptive information regarding different school of thoughts on Kalanjagapadai (Psoriasis). A comprehensive literature review to identify the available literary evidences and published data on Kuttam with a particular highlight to Kalanjagapadai (Psoriasis) was carried out. A number of 11 literatures were identified to be dealt about Kuttam and Plaque Psoriasis is alluded in most of the literatures however with different terminologies. Emotional disturbances are the common etiologic factors mentioned in almost all Siddha texts. 17 dissertations have also been identified with two keywords Kuttam and Kalanjagapadai. Out of which 16 of them are Clinical Trials and another one is based on the Siddha diagnostic tool on Psoriasis. This article also elaborates the classical details of Kuttam that can be correlated with the clinical features of Kalanjagapadai along with its modern counterpart.

An Overview of Indian Translations and Interpretations of the Holy Quran (Arranged by: Ghulam Yahya Anjum)

Holy Quran is the primary source of Islamic sciences. This revealed book has been translated and interpreted in hindered of languages of world. A Quranic Tafsir Attempts to Provide elucidation, explanation, Interpretation context or commentary for clear understanding and conviction of God’s will.Principally a tafsir deals with the issue of linguistics,and theology. A huge work has been done in subcontinent as well. Many translations and interpretation has been written in different languages of subcontinent specifically Urdu, Hindi, person, sinsikrat and English too.This article is the critical review of the book ہندوستانی تراجم وتفاسیر کا تقابلی جائزہ authored by a prominent scholor Prof Dr Ghulam Yahya Anjum.The book is an Comparetive and analytical study of the different translationsa and interpretation from different schools of thoughts. The review is comprising more then 600 pages. This article highlights the chareteristics and shortcomings of the review written by the author.

The Methodology of Comparative Jurisprudence in Tibyān al-Qur’ān (In the light of Injunctions for Mehar)

The exegetical literature which has been written since the era of its compilation exhibits various methodologies and approaches. An important methodology is the interpretation of juristic injunctions. The exegetes especially considered their juristic and rationalistic school of thoughts and preferred their opinions by logical reasoning in interpreting the verses of injunctions. Some commentators expanded the vision of such exegeses by quoting the opinions of scholars, not only belonging to their own sect, but also citing the opinions of scholars of other sects. They endeavored to present relatively detailed comparative study of different school of thoughts which is called Comparative Jurisprudence (Fiqh al-Muqāran). The most prominent example of this methodology in Urdu exegetical literature is Ghulām Rasūl Sa‘īdī’s Qur’ānic Commentary “Tibyān al-Qur’ān”. This exegesis is basically a representative of Fiqh al-Ḥanfī. One of the juristic issues discussed in this commentary is the issue of Mehar (Groom’s gift to bride). He cited the dissenting opinions of various jurists about what is Mehar; what should be the amount of Mehar; which commodities can be used as Mehar; in which conditions the amount of Mahar can be changed etc. He tried to prefer a certain opinion out of many. Tibyān al-Qur’ān is a significant addition to Urdu exegetical literature. This article would analyze the injunctions of Mehar in the light of the most prominent attribute of this exegesis which is Comparative Fiqh.

Syntactical semantics and its impact on tuḥfaẗ al-āaḥwaḏī a commentary of tirmiḏī by Abdur–Rehman al Mubarakpuri (1353A.H)

This ariticle aims to explain Syntactical semantics and its impact on tuḥfaẗ al-āaḥwaḏī a commentary of tirmiḏī by Abdur–Rehman al Mubarakpuri (1353A.H). he was a great Indian scholar particularly in the field of Hadith and its sciences,the book tuḥfaẗ al-āaḥwaḏī is a well known commentary and living proof of the expertise of Mubarak poori in the said field. The author wrote an intellectual and useful introduction of Sunan tirmiḏī and the rules applied by imam tirmiḏī in the narration of Prophetic tradition, likewise, he has explained the worth of sunan tirmiḏī in the field of Hadith.
 The method of abdur Rahman Mubarakpuri in this commentary is that he mentions the differences of different school of thoughts of Arabic grammarians in grammatical issues along with preferred opinion, for example he describes first the opinions and intellectual basis of kūfiyin , baṣriyin etc, then he discussed in detail the merits and demerits and gives preference to one of them.,

Analytical Philosophy of Education: A Critique from Marxist Lens

While the school of analytical philosophy of education is often credited for providing Philosophy of Education with a sense of identity, purpose and academic respect and for marking out a legitimate field in which philosophy of education could lay claim to funds and positions in competition with sociologists and psychologists, it has not escaped falling prey to criticism from different schools of thoughts. Whereas analytical traditions propound the idea of liberal education as value free, neutral and irrespective of the context in which the concepts are embedded, Marxist school of thought criticizes the tradition for serving the propaganda of liberal education. Analytical philosophy of education, according to Marxists, is the educational representative of a liberal rationalist world view which has political, economic, historical and cultural manifestations. The paper presents a Marxist critique of the School of Analytical Philosophy of Education as discussed by Michael R. Mathews in his book The Marxist theory of Schooling: A Study of Epistemology and Education (1980).

Comprehensive connotations of siddha external therapy terminologies in T.V. sambasivam pillai siddha medical dictionary

Comprehensive connotations of siddha external therapy terminologies in T.V. sambasivam pillai siddha medical dictionary - IJLSIT- Print ISSN No: - 2582-1555 Online ISSN No:- 2456-9623 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijlsit.2020.016, IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology-IP Indian J Libr Sci Inf Te

Http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/165

Imam Shahab Uddin Al-Alusi(1270 AH) was aditinguished Scholar of 13th century Hijri and he is famous for his Tafseer “Roohul Maani fi Tafseer al Quran al Azeem wa Al-Sabe Al-Mathani” which is considered an encyclopedia of Tafseer due to its comprehensive exaetical discussion. This tafseer include most of the information of the previous exageses. Furthermore Imam Al- Aalusi in his tafseer has criticized and rectified other scholars in various issues with arguments, among them is especially Imam Fakhr Uddin Al-Razi (606 AH) the author of tafseer “Mafateeh ul Ghaib”. Famous by “Al-Tafseer ul -Kabeer, who was prominent scholar of 7th century Hijri and the author of so many books in various field of Islmic Studies such as tafseer, jurisprudence, Fiqh, Al-Kalam, Philosophy, medical etc. In addition he was famous for his reasoning and critical discussion in his books especially his tafseer. So in this article we had discussed few examples of rectification of Imam Al-Alusi in his tafseer on Tafseer Mafateeh ul Ghaib of Imam Fakhr Uddin Al-Razi, from which we know the difference of opinion among scholars and how these Honourable Scholars were maintaining justice and courtesy while dealing with difference of opinion even having different school of thoughts. These honourable scholars were discussing such kind of issues with arguments, respecting each other personalities and opinions, in addition they were mostly impartial and tolerant. These rectifications are related to different kinds such as Exagetical, Jurstical, Grammatical, Linguistical etc. At the end Rectification is a terminology which mean correction of mistake, completion of deficiency and clarification of ambiguity

Religious Education: Contribute to Social Cohesion or Lead to Social Disparity?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of madrassa education in building up a religiously cohesive society. The queries and questions which this research study addressed were: To investigate the social cohesion and disparity in the society. What are the key factors, which contribute to social cohesion or lead to social disparity? What is the understanding of madrasa administrators about social cohesion and social disparity? The study was qualitative in nature; an ethnographic case study was conducted to investigate the research problem, in order to investigate the research questions, administrators of all the 5 madrassa boards were interviewed, Semi-structured interview was conducted from the teachers and students of different school of thoughts to find out the different factors affecting social cohesion

(Re) Examination of Psychological Identities in Selected Kenyan Youth Fiction

This paper examines the fragmented psychological identities among the youth in Kenyan youth fiction. It intends to find out whether psychological developmental stages play an important role in identity formation of an adolescent as portrayed in the selected texts. Identity means the way human being answers to the query that how are they. This question may be asked overtly or covertly. This question also may be asked at personal or at a collective level. Even this question is very applicable to be asked to oneself also. Obviously, it can be asked to others. Different schools of thoughts are present in the identity literature. It generally emphasized either personal or social contents. It also highlights psychological or social processes. This paper highlights that identities are inexorably both psychological and social. This paper also focuses on the process how they are formed, maintained, and changed over time. However, in this paper, I also intend to examine the extensive and interconnected nature of social identity and psychological identity content, and then consider the confluence of psychosexual developmental stages, relational and individual process by which psychological identities are formed, maintained, and change overtime. In order to discuss these issues effectively, the study deems it fit to begin by conceptualizing the notion of psychological identity in order to lay foundation for the debate.

A legal status of paper currency in view of Muslim Scholars in the Sub-Continent

This study was conducted to determine the relevant fatwas of different clerics of different school of thoughts regarding paper currency and further to discuss the pros and cons and explanations regarding it, given by Muslim scholars, in the Sub-Continent. The paper currency is a new concept whose existence and something similar to it did not exist in the era of “Quroon-e-Uoola” (قرونِ اولی) i.e. early days of Islam. Therefore its status is neither mentioned in Quraan nor in Sunna nor discussed in the lives of “Aaima-e-Mujtah-e-deen” implying four ‘fiqhi’ Imam i.e. Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam Shafai, Imam Malik and Imam Hanbal (R.A). Islam is the most comprehensive religion owing to its inclusive teachings that has the capacity and depth to be a shining light for human being in every areas of life through its guidance. The Imams meanwhile have prescribed such principles and rules in accordance with the teaching of Quraan and Sunnah which provides us with resolution of our problems and disputes for good. Therefore, the same guidance (Quran, Sunna and fiqhi rulings) aids us in shedding light on the issue of paper currency after undertaking an analysis at length. The results would be different since different people have different opinions, causing a debate among various scholars, while making it debatable. Our scholars just as well have different point of views about the status of paper currency in light of Islamic jurisprudence since each of them has developed their opinions according to their research carried out by them respectively.

There is Nothing Magical about Bayesian Statistics: An Introduction to Epistemic Probabilities in Data Analysis for Psychology Starters

This paper is a reader-friendly introduction to Bayesian inference applied to psychological science. We begin by explaining the difference between frequentist and epistemic interpretations of probability that underpin respectively frequentist and Bayesian statistics. We use a concrete example—a student wondering whether s/he carries the virus statisticus malignum—to explain how both approaches are different one from another. We illustrate Bayesian inference with intuitive examples, before introducing the mathematical framework. Different schools of thoughts and recommendations are discussed to illustrate how to use priors in Bayes Factor testing. We discuss how psychology could benefit from a greater reliance on Bayesian methods. Finally, we illustrate how to compute Bayes Factors analyses with real data and provide the R code.

The Role of Elected Scholars on Interfaith Harmony in Pakistan - A Research Study

Islam is a humanity based religion and unity plays of a vital role in it. It is not possible for a humane person to deny the importance of unity for a better society. It is the one thing that leads the nations of the world in the way of progress and prosperity. On the other hand chaos and anarchy is such a curse that makes a nation fall into the depths of disgrace. No enemy needs to fight such nation to defeat it. Their own internal conflicts and chaos is enough to dismantle them. Unfortunately this egoism and prejudice has reached its climax among the Muslims of Pakistan. We have failed ourselves in building a balanced progressive and welfare society based on two nation theory. Witnessing this situation many scholars from different schools of thoughts have tried their best towards the progress of inter-Muslim harmony and tolerance. In this regard they have highlighted the evil effects of chaos and positivity of unity. They have also brought forward such advises both in speech and written through which damage caused by sectarianism can be handled.

Limits of Participation in Celebration of Non-Muslim’s Events: An Analytical Study

غیر مسلموں کی تقریبات میں شرکت کی حدود وقیود: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
 This article aims to highlight an important aspect of Islamic Law, which relates to social life of a Muslim. Islamic law promotes social harmony and tolerance, but it makes it balance in the light of basic principles and objectives of Shar'īah. Likewise, Islamic law determines social relation between Muslims with each other as well as the relation of Muslims with Non-Muslim citizens in the Islamic state. Furthermore, it is very significant to know that a Muslim can participate in the traditional and religious functions of Non-Muslim or not? Islamic law has made some parameters in this regard, in this research paper we have focused on this specific issue of Islamic law and tried to explain the legal status of this issue in the light of Quran, Prophetic traditions, and opinions of Muslim Scholars. The research method applied in this paper is descriptive and critical study of different school of thoughts is also provided. Muslims have a long history of mutual contacts with the non-Muslims guided by the Shar’īah principles as they have come together in every age in different political and geographical contexts. In the early days of Islam, Muslims were in the minority. At that time, Muslims participated in the social life of their non-Muslims neighbors. Islam respects other religions. Provides all kinds of facilities to non-Muslims. And allows Muslims to participate in their legitimate programs.۔

Technical Terms of Navya-Nyāya Language and its Methodology

The Navya-Nyāya language1 (Neo-logic) exhibit one of the purest languages of human intellect. It has been assists India’s intellectual academic culture and traditions. From the 10th Century AD Navya-Naiyāyikas emphasized one-step further in intelligentsia and came out with a precise technical language which is a special form of Sanskrit-delimits ultimate mining of each and every word and capture reality as it is, destroy Jalpa and Vitaṇdā kind of dialogues in intellectual countering amid different school of thoughts. Since Navya-Nyāya language is a peculiar language based on logic-thought and reality invented by Great Indian logicians that is why it has been treated an artificial language as well. Due to unique features of Navya-Nyāya language many traditional philosophical problems have been scientifically clarified and resolved. Navya-Nyāya methodology proved to be so multifaceted not just for philosophers, but also in poetics, linguistics, legal theories, and other domains of medieval Indian thought process. Apart from philosophers, Navya-Nyāya style of writing has also been adapted by grammarians, aestheticians and the scholars of rhetoric and poetry. The reason for this could be the ease of putting one’s views methodologically and unambiguously when using Navya-Nyāya language for universal thinking. Navya-Nyāya made the evolution that there was Navya-Vyākaraṇa, Navya-Mīmāṁsā and Navya-Vedānta’s new school of thoughts arose. These terms came into configuration only because of Navya-Nyāya and these other schools followed the footsteps of Navya-Nyāya very systematically. The focus of modern Navya-Nyāya was to define terms in a precise and particular manner and then to formulate or emerge a language which may be called ‘the precise medium of communication’. It was necessary to evolve a new or should we say an artificial language to do away with the possible ambiguity, which is a basic quality of any natural language. Since natural language cannot be totally ambiguity-free, NavyaNyāya can serve the academic needs. To understand our Indian Intellectual Traditions in medieval period or the actual meaning of our Śāstras written after 10 th century AD, this NavyaNyāya language and Methodology is highly efficient device. Without proper knowledge of Navya-Nyāya, intellectual development of aforementioned period cannot be properly known. Hence, this, paper would try to revive the basic features of Navya-Nyāya by analysing its technical terms so that it could serve contemporary academic needs and so on.

Toward Establishing Electronic and Phononic Signatures of Reversible Lattice Oxygen Oxidation in Lithium Transition Metal Oxides For Li-Ion Batteries

The prospect of accessing anionic (oxygen) oxidation and reduction reversibly in lithium transition metal oxides for the positive electrode offers exciting opportunities to greatly boost the energy density of Li-ion batteries. Unfortunately, the physical mechanisms governing oxygen redox in these oxides remain under debate. In this article, density functional theory studies using maximally localized Wannier functions revealed that deintercalation of both lithium ions from Li2–xRuO3 as well as Li1–xNiO2 (Li3/2–xNi3/2O3) was dominated by the oxidation of nonbonding states of oxygen or bonding states of oxygen from metal–oxygen bonds, which was accompanied by moderate Ru/Ni oxidation and reduction in the O–O bond distance, facilitated by high metal–oxygen covalency in oxides. In contrast, deintercalation of lithium ions from Li2–xMnO3 as well as Li2–xTiO3 and Li2–xSnO3 was dominated by the oxidation of nonbonding states of oxygen to form O–O p sigma (σ) and π states with accompanied distinct O–O peroxo-like bond formation but without Mn oxidation, which is facilitated by relatively low metal–oxygen covalency. Remarkably, the average oxygen phonon density of states (phonon DOS) of oxides with high metal–oxygen covalency like Li2–xRuO3, Li2–xIrO3, and Li1–xNiO2 was moved to higher frequencies while that of those with low covalency like Li2–xMnO3, Li2–xTiO3, and Li2–xSnO3 was moved to lower frequencies, which could promote oxygen and metal migration and structural instability, leading to irreversible oxygen redox. It is postulated that high metal–oxygen covalency is essential to enable reversible access of oxygen redox along with metal redox in transition metal oxides, which bridges different schools of thoughts for oxygen redox and provide new insights into design of new oxygen-redox capable positive electrodes.

Investigating the Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth in ASEAN: A Threshold Modelling Approach

In the economic theory, many arguments from the different school of thoughts have been raised to justify the efficiency of economic policy in the view of stabilization. For instance, the correlation between macroeconomic variables and economic performance is a contentious issue. In this paper, we carefully examine and compare the impacts of fiscal (government expenditure) versus monetary policy (broad money and real interest rate) on economic growth using nonlinear regression. In particular, the main objectives include (1) to model the nonlinear threshold effect of broad money in modelling the economic growth by considering the 1997 Asian financial crisis influences and (2) to compare the impacts of both policies on economic growth. The study is based on a panel of ASEAN5 countries for the period of 1995-2015. Panel threshold regression established by Hansen (1999) was employed. The results reported a single threshold effect of broad money on inflation before and after controlling the crisis on determining economic growth. Here we observed that monetary policy through real interest rate caused to lower GDP growth while broad money led to the trade-off between inflation and growth. When broad money is high (above the threshold value), it led to higher economic growth but was compensated with the trade-off cost of higher inflation. Also, the Asian financial crisis caused to the significant drop in economic growth in ASEAN5. Overall, the study reported inefficient fiscal policy and monetary policy in the case of ASEAN countries. Keywords: economic growth; monetary policy; fiscal policy; threshold effects

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Practice of Supportive Psychotherapy.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Practice of Supportive Psychotherapy.