Different Regions Of Peru Research Articles

2261-PUB: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Debut in Peru: The DDPeru Study

Objective: To describe the clinical and metabolic characteristics of debut type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) Peruvian patients and to evaluate if there are any differences between the different geographical regions. To describe the initial pharmacological treatment of these patients. Methods: Case series study that took place in different regions of Peru, from July 2016 to November 2017. The inclusion criteria were: patient older than 20 years old, ambulatory setting, first time diagnosis of T2D through: fasting glycemia ≥ 126 mg/dl or random glycemia ≥ 200 mg/dl with symptoms, or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥ 200 mg/dl on the 2 hour sample. Also, a description of their initial treatment was registered. Results: Five hundred eighty-one patients were identified, from which two hundred eighty-four (48.9%) were women. The average age of diagnosis was 53.2 ± 12.8 years old. Average weight was 77.3 +/- 16.6 kg, from which 228 patients (39.2%) were over weighted and 178 (30.6%) had type I obesity. Average glycemia was 249.4 mg/dl and average HbA1c was 8.9 %. In those who had abdominal ultrasonography (US), 56.7% had fatty liver. Most of the patients that were from Lima or the northern region of the country, had higher levels of glycemia and HbA1c. The T2D patients that were from high altitude presented more often fatty liver in the US, and lower levels of total cholesterol and LDL-c than those patients from the coast. The younger the patient, more cardiometabolic risk factors were present. Sixty percent of the patients received monotherapy, being metformin the preferred drug. Conclusions: Patients with T2D debut from Lima and the northern region of Peru, and also the younger patients, have more cardiometabolic risk factors than their counterparts from the rest of the country and the older ones. We didn’t find any clinical difference between patients from the coast or from high altitude. Metformin was the most prescribed drug to treat these patients. Disclosure J. Rocca: Consultant; Self; Merck KGaA. Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. M. Calderon: None. A. Whittembury: None. V. Ulloa: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Funding Novo Nordisk Peru S.A.C.

Variation of Aerosol Pollution in Peru during the Quarantine Due to COVID-19

Due to COVID-19, which is a type of pneumonia produced by a coronavirus family virus, the Peruvian government has decreed mandatory social isolation. This isolation is extended until 26 April 2020. Due to this situation, people must stay at home and only go out to make purchases to cover basic needs. This situation, between other things, probably causes pollution reduction that is important for our ecosystem. In Peru, there is not a measurable way to quantify the impact of social isolation on air pollution. The present work aims to show more objectively how much decrease the aerosol pollution in Peru. For this purpose, one uses remote sensing data from Copernicus Data Hub of the European Space Agency, specifically, Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. The results show an essential reduction of aerosol pollution in different regions of Peru, especially in Lima and the Amazon regions.

Flood Analysis in Peru using Satellite Image: The Summer 2017 Case

At the beginning of the year 2017, different regions of Peru suffered from heavy rains mainly due to the 'El Niño' and 'La Niña' phenomena. As a result of these massive storms, several cities were affected by overflows and landslides. Chosica and Piura were the most affected cities. On the other hand, the satellite images have many applications, one of them is the aid for the better management of the natural disasters (post-disaster management). In this sense, the present work proposes the use of radar satellite images from Sentinel constellation to make an analysis of the most-affected areas by floods in the cities of Chosica and Piura. The applied methodology is to analyse and compare two images (one before and one after the disaster) to identify the affected areas based on differences between both images. The analysing process includes radiometric calibration, speckle filtering, terrain correction, histogram plotting, and image binarization. The results show maps of the analysed cities and identify a significant number of areas flooded according to satellite images from March 2017. Using the resulting maps, authorities can make better decisions. The satellite images used were from the Sentinel 1 satellite belonging to the European Union.

Bienestar espiritual y agresividad en internos con adicciones a sustancias psicoactivas en centros de rehabilitación de Lima, Perú

Objective: to determine the relationship between the spiritual welfare and aggressiveness; to describe the spiritual well-being based on religion and gender; to relate the spiritual well-being with anger, hostility, physical and verbal aggression. Method: hypothetical, deductive, non-experimental study. The sample was made up of 306 inmates with addiction to psychoactive substances in rehabilitation centers of Lima, Peru. The subscale of the religious dimension of the Spiritual Well-being Scale by Paloutzian and Ellison and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire were used as instruments. Results: there is a significant relationship between spiritual well-being and aggressiveness. Likewise, there is a significant relationship between spiritual well-being and three of the components of aggression: physical aggression, verbal aggression, and hostility. Yet, with the component of anger, no significant relationship was found. Conclusion: the Internet addiction in relation to aggression in high school students from different regions of Peru is a positive and significant relationship.

Caracterización funcional de almidones nativos obtenidos de papas (Solanum phureja) nativas peruanas

There are many varieties of native potatoes grown in different regions of Peru, usually for farmers´ consumption. However, the possibility of a commercial use has led this work in order to give them added value. To evaluate the possibility of use of native starch from these potatoes, as an ingredient in the food industry, it was presented as objective to determine the physicochemical, functional and viscoelastic native potato starches obtained from Pampacorral properties (Cuzco, Peru): Puka Ambrosio (PA), Combe (CO), Perwanita (PER), Kalis qero (KQ), Qello virondos (QEV), Yana churos (YACH), Pitikina (PI), Yana kusi (YAKU) y Solischa (SOL). For this purpose, slurries were prepared from native starch by heating until gelatinization. Moisture sorption, swelling and solubility showed were correlated with temperature increment. At 90 °C, PI starch showed greater values for swelling power (28.47%), water binding capacity index (22.70) and solubility (20.24%). Syneresis values, at 4 °C, were the lowest for CO and YACH starches, 3.8 and 4.6; respectively. All native potato starch gels showed pseudoplastic behavior (n G”) for varieties tested.

Human Coronavirus-Associated Influenza-Like Illness in the Community Setting in Peru.

We present findings describing the epidemiology of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus-associated influenza-like illness from a population-based active follow-up study in four different regions of Peru. In 2010, the prevalence of infections by human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, NL63, or HKU1 was 6.4% in participants with influenza-like illness who tested negative for influenza viruses. Ten of 11 human coronavirus infections were identified in the fall-winter season. Human coronaviruses are present in different regions of Peru and are relatively frequently associated with influenza-like illness in Peru.

Conocimiento y actitudes de la mujer peruana sobre Climaterio y menopausia

OBJETIVOS.- Establecer a nivel nacional el nivel de conocimiento que tienen las mujeres sobre climaterio y menopausia y su actitud frente a la terapia hormona (TRH). SUJETOS: Mujeres peruanas mayores de 39 años. DISEÑO: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, basado en el desarrollo de una encuesta tomada en diferentes ciudades del país. RESULTADOS.- Muestran una población de elevada paridad, la mayoría con unión estable, ama de casa, dependiente de la pare/a y con grado bajo de instrucción. El 54% define la edad crítica por ausencia de regla, el 51,8% por presencia de síntomas, el 47,3% no identifica la causa. El 86% conoce los síntomas, siendo los más conocidos el bochorno y los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos; el 67,3% presenta síntomas. Si bien el 70,5% conoce que existe tratamiento, sólo 14,9% lo recibe, estando dispuesta a recibirlo el 90%; esta cifra disminuye al 57,3% cuando se habia de tratamiento hormonal. El 38,2% refiere temor al uso de hormonas y el 69,5% temor a salir gestando cuando reinicia el sangrado vaginal. El 75,6% piensa que debe participar el Estado y 68,7% desea saber más sobre los beneficios de la TRH. La mayoría piensa que son importantes los ejercicios físicos, la ingesta baja de sal, de grasa y de consumo de cigarro. Sólo el 17,5% ingiere leche en forma ocasional. CONCLUSIÓN.- Se necesita dar mayor información a la mujer peruana sobre la menopausia; se considera la participación del Estado.

Estado actual de la mortalidad materna en los hospitales del Perú

OBJETIVO: Actualizar las cifras y la causalidad de muerte materna en los hospitales del Perú. DISEÑO: Se elaboró un Manual de Autoevaluación y se seleccionó 31 hospitales, 7 en Lima y Callao y 24 en las diferentes regiones. Se envió anticipadamente a los hospitales el Manual de Autoevaluacíón y se les solicitó preparar informe. El equipo técnico visitó cada hospital en forma programada y llevó a cabo reunión con los directivos. Se recogió información de indicadores correspondientes a los tres años previos a la encuesta. La información recogida se procesó en computadora utilizando el Programa Fox Pro V2,6. RESULTADOS: Diecisiete hospitales correspondieron a la costa, 10 a la sierra y 4 a la selva; 25 al Ministerio de Salud, 3 al Instituto Peruano de Seguridad Social, 2 hospitales integrados entre las dos instituciones anteriores y 1 privado. El total de partos atendidos el año anterior a la encuesta fue 100 063; de los cuales 66,6% correspondió a partos con 16 más controles prenatales; sólo 43,6% de las parturientas había tenido 4 ó más; hubo 20,5% de cesáreas y 2,2% de partos instrumentados; 15,4% de abortos, 6,7% de niños de peso bajo al nacer y 4,3% de recién nacidos deprimidos. Entre un total de 155 797 partos con nacido vivo reunidos en los tres años anteriores a la encuesta hubo 349 casos de muerte materna, lo que da una tasa de 224,04 por cien mil nacidos vivos. A Lima le correspondió una tasa de 120,14 y al resto del país 255,66. En los hospitales de la costa, la tasa encontrada fue 147,11, en la Sierra 145,36 y en la selva 728,00. Los hospitales integrados presentaron una tasa mayor que los otros; asimismo, la tasa fue mayor en los hospitales más pequeños y en los más grandes. Las causas directas fueron responsables del 84,5% de las muertes y las indirectas del 15,5%. Entre las causas directas, la hemorragia fue la más frecuente, siendo seguida por la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo. CONCLUSIÓN: La tasa de mortalidad materna continúa siendo alta en los hospitales del Perú y es la hemorragia su causa más importante.

Invasive avian malaria as an emerging parasitic disease in native birds of Peru

Some species of avian malaria parasites are invaders and responsible for diversity losses worldwide. Here we analyze the prevalence and genetic characterization of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites in Neotropical birds from two different regions of Peru. We detected an overall prevalence of 32.4 % comprising 12 infected bird species. The pathogen Plasmodium relictum SGS1 was widespread and the most prevalent parasite found in our study (39 % of the total infections), infecting 8 host species in both localities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this invasive pathogen in the mainland Americas, thus representing a possible menace to over one-third of all bird species in the world.

Investigación sobre la Presencia de la Enfermedad de Chagas en el Personal de la Policía Peruana

Crecido número de hombres jóvenes procedentes de las diversas regiones del Perú, postulen anualmente su ingreso a diversas dependencias de la Institución Policial. El examen médico de rutina a que son sometidos estos postulantes en el Departamento de Cardiología del Hospital de Policía de Lima, ofrece oportunidad para realizar investigaciones sobre algunos aspectos de la patología nacional. Desde hace 3 años se realiza el despistaje de la enfermedad de Chagas en los sujetos nacidos o procedentes de las regiones chagásicas, habiendo tenido ocasión de emplear nuestro "índice de sospecha" para el diagnóstico de este mal en los sujetos venidos de Tacna, Moquegua, Arequipa, Madre de Dios, Amazonas y San Martín (1).

Sobrepeso, obesidad y desnutrición crónica en niños de 6 a 9 años en Perú, 2009-2010

To determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and chronic malnutrition in 6- to 9-year-old children in Peru. A cross-cutting study based on the 2009-2010 National Household Survey. The size/age ratio was analyzed with references of the National Center for Health Statistic (NCSH) and the World Health Organization (WHO), considering less than two standard deviations for chronic malnutrition (CM); and the Must and WHO reference tables to measure the body mass index with 85 to 95 percentile values for overweight and above 95 for obesity. With Must as reference, overweight was 12.1% and obesity 9.4%, and according to WHO overweight and obesity were 10.2 and 11.3% respectively. The prevalence of CM according to NCSH and WHO is 15.4 and 17.8% respectively. The highest prevalence of CM is in the north (25.2%), center (22.9%) and south of (19%) the Highland, while obesity is more present in the south coast (28%), Metropolitan Lima (22.8%) and the central Coast (22.5%). Of all the children with CM, 6.5% has overweight and 1.2% obesity. CM is decreasing because size averages have improved, however obesity has doubled. The presence of CM and obesity in children aged 6 to 9 years old in different regions of Peru poses a challenge in the planning of food and nutrition policies.

Sistematización de experiencias en un colegio secundario de estudiantes de alto rendimiento académico

This article explores experiences and opinions in relation to the psychological approach used in youth with high academic performance of secondary national association that brings together 900 students from different regions of Peru. It addresses not only the conceptual difference between giftedness and academic talent, but also the way they conducted the process of adaptation of these young people, in an academic space residentado- features, and how multiculturalism transversely exerts its influence in this process.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates from Peru

Classical swine fever (CSF) is considered to be endemic in Peru with outbreaks reported to the World Organization for Animal Health as recently as 2008 and 2009. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the genetic subgroup(s) of CSF virus that are circulating in Peru or their relationship to recent CSF viruses that have been isolated from neighbouring South American countries or other parts of the world. In this study, we molecularly characterize CSF viruses that were isolated from domestic pigs from different regions of Peru from the middle of 2007 to early 2008. All virus isolates were found to belong to genetic subgroup 1.1, consistent with the subgroup of viruses that have been identified from other South American countries. Although the Peruvian isolates are most closely related to viruses from Colombia and Brazil, they form a monophyletic clade, which suggests they have a distinct evolutionary history.

Serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum Isolates from Peru

This study appears to represent the first serotyping study of 24 isolates of Avibacterium paragallinarum obtained from different regions of Peru during 1998-2008. All isolates were characterized as beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent. According to the Page scheme, modified by Blackall, it was found that eight isolates were classified as serogroup A, seven isolates as serogroup B, and five isolates as serogroup C, while four isolates could not be serotyped. Further serotyping, following the same scheme but using rabbit antiserum raised against Argentinean strains of the three serogroups, allowed allocation of these four unclassified isolates to serogroup B. These results suggest that some of the Peruvian B isolates appear to be similar to the previously described variant B isolates from Argentina. Therefore, inactivated vaccines used in Peru should include the three recognized serogroups (A, B, and C), with the addition of at least one of these variant B isolates. Cross-protection trials are needed to compare the protection conferred by vaccines containing traditional B serovar strains to the protection by experimental vaccines containing variant B serovar isolates from Peru.

Molecular detection of trypanosomes in cattle in South America and genetic diversity of Trypanosoma evansi based on expression-site-associated gene 6

In South American countries, trypanosomiasis as a result of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax infections causes significant economic losses in livestock. The objectives of this study were to characterize the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in South America and to draw a comparison between South American and Asian T. evansi isolates based on the polymorphisms in their transferrin receptor encoding gene 6. We assessed the prevalence rates of T. evansi and T. vivax infections in cattle in different regions of Peru and Bolivia using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and found that, in Lima and Pucallpa in the Republic of Peru, T. evansi infection rates were 5.8% (6/104) and 2.5% (5/195), respectively, while in Santa Cruz, Republic of Bolivia, the infection rate for T. evansi was 11.5% (59/510). The prevalence rates of T. vivax in Lima and Santa Cruz were 3.8% (4/104) and 0.9% (5/510), respectively. In T. evansi, uptake of host transferrin is mediated by a receptor derived from the two expression site-associated genes 6 and 7 (ESAG6 and ESAG7). We previously showed that the ESAG6 depicts genetic diversity among different isolates of T. evansi in Asia. In this study, we cloned and sequenced the ESAG6 genes from T. evansi isolates from South America, and found, in addition to some of the previously observed variants, 20 novel variants of ESAG6 genes which could be categorized into three new clades among the various isolates. To conclude, the results obtained in this study suggest that T. evansi isolates from South America are more diverse than the Asian isolates.

Can coca leaves contribute to improving the nutritional status of the Andean population?

Coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca) have been promoted as a food that could address the dietary deficiencies of the Andean population but this is based on analyses of a small sample of leaves. We assessed the nutritional potential of 8 samples of coca leaves from different regions of Peru. We used AOAC to measure nutrients, nutrient inhibitors (phytate, polyphenols, oxalic acid and fiber) and alkaloid concentrations per 100gm dry weight of the ground leaves. Minerals were measured by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry in two independent laboratories. Leaves contained protein 20.28g/100g, lysine was the limiting amino acid; beta‐carotene 3509 mg/100g; vitamin E 16.72/100g; traces of Vitamin D; calcium 990.18 and1033.17 mg/100g, iron 29.16 and 29.16 mg/100g, zinc 2.71and 2.63 mg/100g and magnesium 225.19 and 196.69mg/100g, labs 1 and 2 respectively. Cocaine was the principal alkaloid, 0.56mg/100g, other alkaloids were also identified. Results were compared with other edible leaves and the nutrients in coca powder (5g) and bread made with coca were compared with normal portions of alternative foods. Two spoonfuls of coca leaf flour would satisfy less than 10% of dietary intakes for schoolchildren and adults for critical commonly deficient nutrients in the diet. Coca leaves do not provide significant nutritional benefits and the presence of absorbable cocaine and other alkaloids maybe potentially harmful.

Serologic Evidence of Human Ehrlichiosis in Peru

A serosurvey for human ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum was performed in different regions of Peru by using indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs). Regions included an urban community in a shantytown in Lima (Pampas) and three rural communities located on the northern coast of Peru (Cura Mori), in the southern Peruvian Andes (Cochapata), and in the Peruvian jungle region (Santo Tomas). An overall E. chaffeensis seroprevalence of 13% (21 of 160) was found by IFA. Seroprevalences in females and males was 15% (16 of 106) and 9% (5 of 53), respectively. Seroprevalences in Cura Mori, Cochapata, Pampas, and Santo Tomas were 25% (10 of 40), 23% (9 of 40), 3% (1 of 40), and 3% (1 of 40), respectively. Seroprevalences in Cura Mori and Cochapata were significantly higher than in Santo Tomas or Pampas (P < 0.01). No sera were reactive to A. phagocytophilum. These findings suggest that human infection with E. chaffeensis occurs in Peru. Further studies are needed to characterize Ehrlichia species in Peru, their vectors and their clinical significance.

LA INICIATIVA DE VIVIENDA SALUDABLE EN EL PERÚ

The aim of this paper is to identify key indicators related to the health of families in their homes and surroundings, and so, to understand the importance of inform Peruvian people about the Healthy Housing Initiative promoted by Pan American Health Organization. We have focused on health factors related to housing in different regions of Peru, taking into account the local ways of life, prioritizing the analysis on lower-income socio-economic groups within the cities, and considering that healthy housing is an important component within environmental health. The material presented is resultant of interviews with professionals with experience in the health and housing field, as well as comparing bibliographic information and news with our subjective perception of reality, aiming to reach conclusions and recommendations. Given the status of housing conditions in Peru and their impact on the health of the population, it becomes necessary to encourage the formation of a national network that may bring together various public and private institutions that have been working from different approaches in promoting the improvement of housing and environmental conditions in Peru, in order to complement their capabilities and support each other in their activities. Finally, we believe that healthy housing is a right and an obligation for people, in tune with the right for health and life and it is also a shared responsibility between local governments and the population.

Amplified 16S Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis for Identification of Avibacterium paragallinarum

A molecular technique based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the 16S ribosomal genes amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), referred to as amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), was designed to identify 19 Avibacterium paragallinarum strains isolated from infraorbital sinus and nasal turbinate bone samples of broiler chickens, breeders, and laying hens from different regions of Peru. The 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR using a pair of bacterial universal primers and restriction analysis of 16S rDNA sequences was done to select endonucleases with the highest number of cutting points inside the 16S rDNA. The DNA patterns with DdeI and RsaI endonucleases were identical for the 19 A. paragallinarum strains, but differed from those obtained for Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, a bacterium with a high genetic and phenotypic resemblance to A. paragallinarum, as well as from Escherichia coli, a bacterium associated with infectious coryza. The ARDRA method could prove to be valuable for molecular identification of A. paragallinarum, a microorganism implicated in respiratory diseases in commercial birds.

Distribution of hydatidosis and cysticercosis in different Peruvian populations as demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay. The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (CWG).

A serosurvey for human hydatidosis and cysticercosis was performed in different regions of Peru. Those regions included a known endemic area for cystic hydatid disease, a cooperative in the central Peruvian Andes near the city of Tarma, Department of Junin; three areas endemic for cysticercosis in the Departments of Ancash, Cuzco, and San Martin, where the status of hydatid disease is not well defined; and an urban shantytown near Lima, where neither zoonosis is known to be present. A seroprevalence for hydatidosis 1.9% (6 of 309) was found with both the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) and double diffusion assays in the area endemic for hydatidosis. Seroprevalence in the other zones tested was zero using only the EITB assay. Cysticercosis seroprevalence was high in pig-raising zones but low in the high-altitude, sheep-raising areas and in the seaport of Callao. No cross-reactions between Echinococcus granulosus and cysticercosis were noted in any of the regions studied. Hydatid infection remains a major health problem in the central Peruvian Andes where sheep raising is widely practiced; however, in those regions where mainly swine are raised, human hydatid infection is not a problem.