Different Regions Of Origin Research Articles

Impact of single-nucleotide variants and individual characteristics on adverse events of L-asparaginase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

L-Asparaginase (L-Asp) is a key drug in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); however, it is commonly associated with the occurrence of adverse events (AE). Risk factors such as age, sex, nutritional status, and some single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in specific genes could be related to hypersensitivity reactions to L-Asp. The objective of this study was to identify the influence of individual characteristics and three SNVs in the GRIA1 and NFATC2 genes on the occurrence of the most significant adverse events caused by the use of L-Asp in Mexican children with ALL. Eighty-five children from ages 0-17years old diagnosed with ALL were included. The patients were treated at two hospital centers in Mexico. The SNV genotypes of the GRI1A and NFATC2 genes studied were examined using real-time qPCR. The evaluation of AE was carried out according to the Common Terminology Criteria for adverse events, and the determination of anti-L-Asp antibodies was conducted using Western blot immunoassay. Homozygosity (AA) of the GRIA1 rs4958351 SNV was significantly associated with the occurrence of AE with the use of L-Asp (OR = 4.05; 95% CI = 1.06 to 15.40, p = 0.04) and was strongly associated with the development of anti-L-Asp antibodies (OR = 3.4375, 95% CI = 1.04 to 11.25, p = 0.04). With this, we found a significant risk association for the SNV rs4958351 of the GRIA1 gene. On the other hand, we did not find significant risk associations for the GRIA1 rs6889909 and NFATC2 rs6021191 SNVs, although other populations have shown a significant risk. Our study has some limitations, such as the small sample size, the heterogeneity in adverse events due to the patients' different regions of origin, and the limited ability to conduct a more detailed follow-up on pancreatitis. Additionally, since no significant associations were found between the NFATC2 rs6021191 and GRIA1 rs6889909 SNVs and the development of adverse events or the presence of antibodies due to the use of L-Asp, it is necessary to investigate new specific SNVs that may improve the efficacy and safety of treatment in Mexican children with ALL.

Differences in the pathogenetic characteristics of prostate cancer in the transitional and peripheral zones and the possible molecular biological mechanisms.

Since the theory of modern anatomical partitioning of the prostate was proposed, the differences in the incidence and pathological parameters of prostate cancer between the peripheral zone and transition zone have been gradually revealed. It suggests that there are differences in the pathogenic pathways and molecular biology of prostate cancer between different regions of origin. Over the past decade, advances in sequencing technologies have revealed more about molecules, genomes, and cell types specific to the peripheral and transitional zones. In recent years, the innovation of spatial imaging and multiple-parameter magnetic resonance imaging has provided new technical support for the zonal study of prostate cancer. In this work, we reviewed all the research results and the latest research progress in the study of prostate cancer in the past two decades. We summarized and proposed several vital issues and focused directions for understanding the differences between peripheral and transitional zones in prostate cancer.

Comparison of Convolutional Neural Network and Artificial Neural Network for Rice Detection

Rice is a staple food for people in tropical countries. Indonesia is a country that needs a lot of rice for its people in providing food. This country has implemented various ways to plant rice properly. Many agricultural fields have implemented harvests up to three times a year, due to the role of technology which has helped a lot in agriculture. Planting to harvest already uses advanced technology and tools. A good rice harvest can improve the welfare of the surrounding community. Meanwhile with lots of rice products because many rice plants produce with lots of rice. The type of rice from different regions of origin, the yield of rice is also different from other regions of origin. But with advances in technology, it is possible to plant rice whose types of plants come from other regions. The rice sold to the public varies, so that people who are unfamiliar with the types of rice find it difficult to detect the types of rice. Machine learning is present in detecting various kinds of rice. Machine learning, especially deep learning can make better detection, because one of the deep learning methods works similar to the human brain. In the human brain there are millions or even billions of neurons. This research uses neural networks in experiments using public datasets. Experiments using Artificial Neural Networks achieve an training accuracy of 98.2%, loss: 0.2351. It takes about 10 minutes of training. Testing accuracy reaches accuracy: 96%, loss: 0.6641. By conducting experiments using the Convolution Neural Network, it achieves an accuracy of 99.3% and the training time requires around 18 hours. The purpose of this research is to classify the rice image dataset and detect the rice image.

Satisfaction with access to health services among foreign-born population in Finland: a survey-based study

BackgroundMany European studies have shown migrants to be less satisfied with health care and find it less accessible than the general populations. The aim of this study was to compare satisfaction with access to health care between migrants from different regions of origin and the general population of Finland.MethodsThis study uses data from two comprehensive survey samples on health and wellbeing of the foreign-born and the general population living in Finland. Three aspects of satisfaction with health care access were measured and predicted by region of origin using logistic regression. ResultsForeign-born population was slightly more dissatisfied with all aspects of the access to health care as compared to the general population. In all aspects of access, migrants from the Middle East and Africa were least likely to be satisfied.ConclusionsAs the satisfaction with access was lowest among migrant groups which are likely to have higher needs for at least some health services in comparison to the general population, these results are alarming. More research is needed to identify the potential development points in the health care system of Finland.

The Motherhood Penalty of Immigrants in France: Comparing the Motherhood Wage Penalty of Immigrants From Europe, the Maghreb, and Sub-Sahara With Native-Born French Women.

To date, relatively few studies analyzed the motherhood penalty as experienced by immigrant women. The principal objective of this research is to establish whether the negative effect of motherhood on wages is higher for immigrants than it is for the native population; and how this effect may vary across different immigrant regions of origin. Using data from the Enquête Revenus Fiscaux et Sociaux from 2009 to 2012 (INSEE, 2009–2012)1, a series of linear regression models were calculated to examine whether the effect of motherhood on wages differs for immigrant women and native women; and to what extent this effect varies across different immigrant origin groups. Specifically, this study explores the effect of motherhood on immigrant labor market integration in France from three regions of origin, as compared to native French women: immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa, the Maghreb (Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco), and from European countries (each and every region of origin is considered separately in comparison to native French women). The results revealed substantial differences in the motherhood penalty between the different regions of origin and assert the existence of an especially pronounced motherhood penalty for mothers from the Maghreb. Given the gap in the research with regards to the cost of motherhood for immigrants in the labor market of the host country, this research sheds light on specific mechanisms influencing the integration patterns of immigrant women. Moreover, by choosing France, which is one of the main immigration destinations in Europe, and a country where the motherhood penalty for the native population is almost non-existent, this study provides a new perspective on the intersection of motherhood, immigration, and region of origin in the immigrants' labor-market integration process.

Features of the production process of soybean varieties from different regions of zoning in the agro-climatic conditions of the Non-Chernozem Zone of the Russian Federation

The aim of the study was to analyze the changes in the dynamic parameters of the development of sowing of early-ripening soybean varieties from different regions of origin – the northern ecotype, southern and Far Eastern in the conditions of the CRNZ of the Russian Federation with sufficient moisture supply of the growing season and in arid conditions. The results of the study. The maximum values of dry biomass in all groups of varieties reached by the end of the bean growth period, which corresponds to phases R5–R6 (the beginning of seed filling – full filling of seeds) and averaged 3400–5700 kg/ha for varieties, this value varied from 3400 kg/ha for varieties of the northern Orca ecotype in arid conditions of the growing season to 5700 kg/ha for the southern Avanta variety in conditions of sufficient moisture. In the extremely dry 2010 the maximum values of dry biomass were reached by the R4 phase – made beans, there was no further increase, the maximum dry biomass decreased by 2 times compared to the growing seasons with sufficient moisture, and ranged from 3250 kg/ha for soybean varieties of the northern ecotype, to 3400 kg/ha for Far Eastern varieties. As a result of the analysis of the production process of soybean varieties of different regions of origin in different conditions of the temperature and humidity regime of the growing season, it was found that the southern early-ripening varieties correspond to the possible variability of the moisture regime of the growing season in the CRNZ of the Russian Federation to a greater extent than the Far Eastern varieties and, along with the varieties of the northern ecotype, can be recommended for cultivation in the conditions of the CRNZ of the Russian Federation. In acutely arid conditions (GTK < 1), there were no fundamental differences between the groups of varieties according to the peculiarities of the production process, all of them formed dry biomass 2 times smaller than the conditions of sufficient moisture.

Mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasms of the gastrointestinal system: An update.

Mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) of the digestive tract are a rare heterogeneous group of tumors that present many challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Over the years, the diagnostic criteria, classification, and clinical behavior of these tumors have been the subjects of ongoing debate, and the various changes in their nomenclature have strengthened the challenges associated with MiNENs. This review is performed to provide an understanding of the key factors involved in the evolution of the designation of these tumors as MiNEN, highlight the current diagnostic criteria, summarize the latest data on pathogenesis and provide information on available treatments. Moreover, this work seeks to increase the awareness about these rare neoplasms by presenting the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors that play important roles in their behavior and discussing their different regions of origin in the gastrointestinal system (GIS). Currently, the MiNEN category also includes tumors in the GIS with a nonneuroendocrine component and epithelial tumors other than adenocarcinoma, depending on the organ of origin. Diagnosis is based on the presence of both morphological components in more than 30% of the tumor. However, this value needs to be reconfirmed with further studies and may be a limiting factor in the diagnosis of MiNEN by biopsy. Furthermore, available clinicopathological data suggest that the inclusion of amphicrine tumors in the definition of MiNEN is not supportive and warrants further investigation. The diagnosis of these tumors is not solely based on immunohistochemical findings. They are not hybrid tumors and both components can act independently; thus, careful grading of each component separately is required. In addition to parameters such as the metastatic state of the tumor at the time of diagnosis and the feasibility of surgical resection, the aggressive potential of both components has paramount importance in the choice of treatment. Regardless of the organ of origin within the GIS, almost MiNENs are tumors with poor prognosis and are frequently encountered in the elderly and men. They are most frequently reported in the colorectum, where data from molecular studies indicate a monoclonal origin; however, further studies are required to provide additional support for this origin.

Determination of caffeine, catechins and gallic acid in black tea of different geographical origin

We present the results of studying and selectiing optimal conditions for the determination of caffeine, catechins and gallic acid in black tea by the method of micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The choice of analytes is determined by the fact that they form the main consumer qualities of tea and, due to their antioxidant properties, have a positive effect on human health. Optimization of the electrophoretic detemination of seven catechins, caffeine and gallic acid in black tea was carried out using the method of ex­ periment design. Optimized conditions — 25 mM phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.4, containing 30 mM SDS and 5% ethyl alcohol — provided a satisfactory resolution of all electrophoretogram peaks, the analysis time was 25 minutes, and the current in the system did not exceed 120 pA. After the assessment of the metrological characteristics of the proposed method the standard deviation of the determina­tion of analytes did not exceed 15%. The samples of black tea from Ceylon, Chinese, Assamese, Indian, Kenyan and Krasnodar regions of growth were analyzed, and an array of data on the contents of the analytes under study was formed. Discriminant analysis was used to develop a model and obtain classifica­tion functions for six tea groups from different regions of the world. Proceeding from the obtained classifi­cation functions, a scatter diagram of canonical values was constructed, which showed that the samples of Krasnodar and Chinese tea were localized from all the studied groups. Indian, Assamese and Ceylon teas formed a single area with close to the Chinese tea group. The correctness of the model was checked and revealed the total predictive force about 92%. It is shown that the content of catechins, gallic acid and caf­feine are suitable markers for the classification of black tea samples from different regions of origin.

Firm performance in the financial industry: the role of foreign entrants and their origin

PurposeThis study aims to provide firm-level evidence on the relationship between the presence of financial services multinationals and indigenous counterparts’ performance, using a comprehensive sample of firms in the emerging financial industry in Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the generalized method of moments with instrumental variables (IV/GMM) to deal with potential endogeneity problem. Of this technique, a pragmatic approach to constructing instruments is adopted, capitalizing on the geographical and industry segmentation of the local market. The empirical analyses also address statistical issues of the overall model significance, heteroskedasticity and multicollinearity.FindingsThe regression results reveal that foreign entrants have a positive and statistically significant association with indigenous firms’ labor productivity and the average wage, with a more pronounced impact on the latter. The increased entry of financial multinationals appears to be uncorrelated with indigenous firms’ profitability. The extended estimations also suggest that investor origin matters in determining spillover magnitude. The average estimate of Asian affiliates in the examined relationship is approximately half that of European affiliates, whereas foreign entrants originating from America show an insignificant role.Originality/valueThis study sheds light on the broader impacts of foreign financial affiliates by simultaneously exploring their impacts on three key dimensions of indigenous firm performance, namely, labor productivity, average wage and profitability. This paper also enriches the existing literature by disentangling the effects of foreign entrants from different regions of origin, which was largely neglected in the context of financial services multinationals.

Evaluation of malting quality of spring barley genetic resources from different regions of origin

A set of 92 genetic resources of spring barley split into groups according to the areas of origin was studied in terms of grain malting quality. The following malting parameters were monitored in this study: nitrogen content in barley grain, malt extract, relative extract at 45 °C, Kolbach index, diastatic power, apparent final attenuation, friability, β-glucans in wort, haze of wort measured at the angles of 15° and 90°. In the studied set, the largest variability was found in the haze of wort (90°), the smallest in the apparent final attenuation. The optimal values of the extract content in the malt dry matter according to the malting quality index were only detected in the genotypes originating from Europe. The group of the genetic resources from South America and Australia, together with the genotypes from the Middle East and Africa, differed statistically significantly in the values of the Kolbach index from other groups. The two-row genotypes differed statistically significantly in the values of the malt extract content, relative extract at 45 °C, Kolbach index, diastatic power, friability and β-glucan content in wort. Although the European and non-European groups differed in a number of traits, the non-European groups also included genetic resources that in their malting parameters approached or equaled the European malting varieties (such as Psaknon). In this study, several significant correlations were found; the strongest correlations were between friability and malt extract (r = 0.85), friability and Kolbach index (r = 0.84).

Evaluation of seed amino acid content and its correlation network analysis in wild soybean (Glycine soja) germplasm in Japan

AbstractWild soybean (Glycine soja) is a valuable genetic resource for soybean improvement. Seed composition profiles provide beneficial information for the effective conservation and utilization of wild soybeans. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the variation in free amino acid abundance in the seeds of wild soybean germplasm collected in Japan. The free amino acid content in the seeds from 316 accessions of wild soybean ranged from 0.965 to 5.987 mg/g seed dry weight (DW), representing a 6.2-fold difference. Three amino acids had the highest coefficient of variation (CV): asparagine (1.15), histidine (0.95) and glutamine (0.94). Arginine (0.775 mg/g DW) was the predominant amino acid in wild soybean seeds, whereas the least abundant seed amino acid was glutamine (0.008 mg/g DW). A correlation network revealed significant positive relationships among most amino acids. Wild soybean seeds from different regions of origin had significantly different levels of several amino acids. In addition, a significant correlation between latitude and longitude of the collection sites and the total free amino acid content of seeds was observed. Our study reports diverse phenotypic data on the free amino acid content in seeds of wild soybean resources collected from throughout Japan. This information will be useful in conservation programmes for Japanese wild soybean and for the selection of accessions with favourable characteristics in future legume crop improvement efforts.

Early Holocene Scandinavian foragers on a journey to affluence: Mesolithic fish exploitation, seasonal abundance and storage investigated through strontium isotope ratios by laser ablation (LA-MC-ICP-MS).

At Norje Sunnansund, an Early Holocene settlement in southern Sweden, the world's earliest evidence of fermentation has been interpreted as a method of managing long-term and large-scale food surplus. While an advanced fishery is suggested by the number of recovered fish bones, until now it has not been possible to identify the origin of the fish, or whether and how their seasonal migration was exploited. We analysed strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) in 16 cyprinid and 8 pike teeth, which were recovered at the site, both from within the fermentation pit and from different areas outside of it, by using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our investigation indicates three different regions of origin for the fish at the site. We find that the most commonly fermented fish, cyprinids (roach), were caught in the autumn during their seasonal migration from the Baltic Sea to the sheltered stream and lake next to the site. This is in contrast to the cyprinids from other areas of the site, which were caught when migrating from nearby estuaries and the Baltic Sea coast during late spring. The pikes from the fermentation pit were caught in the autumn as by-catch to the mainly targeted roach while moving from the nearby Baltic Sea coast. Lastly, the pikes from outside the fermentation pit were likely caught as they migrated from nearby waters in sedimentary bedrock areas to the south of the site, to spawn in early spring. Combined, these data suggest an advanced fishery with the ability to combine optimal use of seasonal fish abundance at different times of the year. Our results offer insights into the practice of delayed-return consumption patterns, provide a more complete view of the storage system used, and increase our understanding of Early Holocene sedentism among northern hunter-fisher-gatherers. By applying advanced strontium isotope analyses to archaeological material integrated into an ecological setting, we present a methodology that can be used elsewhere to enhance our understanding of the otherwise elusive indications of storage practices and fish exploitation patterns among ancient foraging societies.

Strontium and oxygen isotopes as indicators of Longobards mobility in Italy: an investigation at Povegliano Veronese

The arrival of the Longobards in Northern Italy in 568 CE marked a period of renewed political stability in the Peninsula after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The trajectory of the spread of Longobards in Italy across the Alps and into the South is known from many literary sources. However, their mobility and residence patterns at a population level remain to be fully understood. Here we present a multi-isotopic analysis (87Sr/86Sr and 18O/16O) of 39 humans and 14 animals buried at the Longobard necropolis of Povegliano Veronese (VR, Italy; 6th—8th century CE), to address mode and tempo of the spread of this population in the Peninsula. The geographical location of Povegliano Veronese plays a key role: the site lies along the Via Postumia, which was one of the main ancient Roman roads of Northern Italy, representing an important route in post-classical Italy. The integration of isotopic data with the archaeological evidence allowed us to determine the presence of individuals from at least three different regions of origin, building a diachronic map of the dynamics of mobility of this group in northern Italy.

Quercus robur as a Potential Cd Phytostabilizator

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is one of the most important forest tree species in Europe, from both economic and ecological perspectives. Several studies indicate the possibility of using different species of the genus Quercus for afforestation of lands affected by industry, including trace-element polluted areas. The main objective of this research was to determine the Cd accumulation patterns of pedunculate oak seedlings subjected to various Cd treatments. Differences in Cd accumulation ability, mineral nutrients concentrations and observed damage upon Cd treatment of plants derived from different regions of origin are discussed. Obtained results suggest the possible use of pedunculate oak in cadmium phytostabilization.

Personen mit Migrationshintergrund in der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie \u2013 soziodemografische Merkmale und Vergleiche mit der autochthonen deutschen Bev\xf6lkerung

ZusammenfassungHintergrundPersonen mit Migrationshintergrund (PmM) unterscheiden sich als Bevölkerungsgruppe hinsichtlich Morbidität, Mortalität und Inanspruchnahme des Gesundheitssystems meist von der autochthonen Bevölkerung, sie nehmen jedoch seltener an Gesundheitsstudien teil. Die Gruppe der PmM ist sehr heterogen, was in Studien bisher kaum berücksichtigt wird.Ziel der ArbeitEs werden soziodemografische Charakteristika der PmM in der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie (Alter, Geschlecht, Zeit seit Migration, Bildung) dargestellt. Zudem wird exemplarisch untersucht, ob der Migrationshintergrund mit der Nutzung des Angebots zur Früherkennung von Darmkrebs (Hämoccult-Test) zusammenhängt.MethodenDaten der ersten 101.816 Teilnehmenden der NAKO wurden deskriptiv und kartografisch ausgewertet. Die Zuweisung des Migrationshintergrunds erfolgte anhand der Definition des Statistischen Bundesamts und basiert auf Staatsangehörigkeit, Geburtsland, Einreisejahr und Geburtsland der Eltern.ErgebnisseDer Anteil der PmM liegt bei 16,0 %. Die Verteilung über die 18 Studienzentren variiert zwischen 6 % (Neubrandenburg) und 33 % (Düsseldorf). Mit 153 Herkunftsländern sind in der NAKO die meisten Länder vertreten. Bei allen Variablen zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Herkunftsregionen. Am Hämoccult-Test nehmen türkeistämmige Personen (OR = 0,67) und Aussiedler aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion (OR = 0,60) seltener teil. PmM, die in Deutschland geboren sind, unterscheiden sich diesbezüglich nicht von der autochthonen Bevölkerung (OR = 0,99).DiskussionPmM in der NAKO sind eine sehr heterogene Gruppe. Jedoch lassen sich aufgrund der Stichprobengröße einzelne Untergruppen der PmM hinsichtlich ihrer Herkunftsregion separat untersuchen.

Immigration and crime: a time-trend analysis of self-reported crime in Sweden, 1999–2017

ABSTRACT This study investigates the direction and rate of change in self-reported crime over time, based on immigrant status and region of origin. The study is based on eight nationally representive school surveys conducted by the National Council for Crime Prevention between 1999 and 2017, with a sample of 50,657 adolescents. Results in this study showed a decreasing trend in self-reported offending among both first and second generation immigrant youth, and also among immigrant youths from different regions of origin. The results also show that offending has declined at a faster rate among first generation immigrants by comparison with native Swedes.

Antioxidative system response of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings to Cd exposure

The use of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), along with other tree species, for the afforestation of heavy metal contaminated lands is an attractive prospect. Little, however, is known of Q. robur tolerance and its antioxidative system response to heavy metal exposure. The main objective of the study was to determine the cadmium-induced changes in antioxidative system of pedunculate oak in an attempt to identify molecular mechanisms underlying Cd tolerance. This may be of great importance in respect of using Q. robur for phytoremediation purposes. As the response of the antioxidative system to heavy metal contamination can vary within species, the research was conducted on oak seedlings from two different regions of origin. Differences in antioxidative system response of seedlings derived from tested regions of origin were noticed both at the transcript and enzyme activity levels. The obtained results indicate that ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) play a first barrier role in oak seedlings response to the oxidative stress caused by Cd exposure. Catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) is involved in reducing the negative effects of prolonged Cd treatment.

In vitro anticomplementary activity and quality evaluation of dried blossoms of Inula nervosa Wall. from different geographical origins.

Blossoms of Inula nervosa Wall. (BINW) are traditionally used as an analgesic and antitussive in China. In this study, in vitro anticomplementary activities of crude extract from BINW in 21 batches and of extracts of four monomeric compounds were evaluated by the classical pathway. The effect of the region of origin on the quality of BINW was evaluated by fingerprint analysis for the first time. Furthermore, chemometric methods including similarity analysis and principal component analysis were employed to evaluate the quality of BINW. The nine major monomeric compounds were quantitated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. All nine analytes demonstrated excellent linearity with recoveries ranging from 97.25% to 102.76%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.07-12.20 μg/mL and 0.22-40.27 μg/mL, respectively. Results indicate that different regions of origin have a significant effect on the quality of BINW. Fingerprint analysis in combination with chemometrics and multi-ingredient determination is an efficient and reliable approach for quality evaluation. The BINW samples from Yunnan had the highest ratio of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and thymol; they also exhibited significantly higher anticomplementary activity than those from three other areas. This study successfully established a rapid and efficient method to evaluate the quality and biological activity of BINW.

The Effects of Recognition of Foreign Education for Newly Arrived Immigrants

AbstractWe analyze the effects of formal recognition of foreign higher education on employment probabilities and earnings for newly arrived immigrants in Sweden. Prior research has found that immigrants have lower returns on education if it was acquired in the country of origin than if it was acquired in the host country. One reason for this is that foreign credentials work poorly as productivity signals and risk-averse employers avoid employees with credentials they do not fully understand. A formal recognition statement can help overcome this problem by providing credible information about the foreign education, thus reducing uncertainty. Data consists of immigrants who, within the first ten years of residence in Sweden, had their foreign degree formally recognized during 2007–2011. Using fixed effects regressions, we estimate the treatment effect of official recognition to be 4.4 percentage points higher probability of being employed, and 13.9 log points higher wage for those with employment. We also find considerable treatment effect heterogeneity across subcategories of immigrants from different regions of origin, with different reasons for immigration and who obtained recognition during different economic conditions. Our conclusions are that the mechanism of employer uncertainty is real, and that recognition does reduce it. But as the signal of foreign education becomes better, other mechanisms such as human capital transferability problems and quality differences, and the ability to use foreign human capital, become more salient, leading to heterogeneous effects.

Understanding high-skilled intra-European migration patterns: the case of European physicians in Germany

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates migration patterns of European physicians in Germany as an example of high-skilled intra-EU migration. We define migration patterns as the migrants’ original migration decisions and the intended length of stay in their destination country. Our analysis is based on an original mixed-method study that consists of a survey (N = 1,225) and 22 semi-structured follow-up interviews with physicians from throughout the EU. Based on our data, we distinguish three classes of migration patterns: (1) ‘traditional labour migrants’, who emphasise economic and work-related migration reasons and intend to stay in Germany permanently, (2) ‘career seekers’, whose migration was triggered by the quality and content of employment and who only moved temporarily, and (3) ‘family settlers’, who indicate family reasons as crucial factors in their migration decision and mainly intend to remain in Germany. Western European physicians are overrepresented in the family settlers’ class, while Eastern European physicians are more likely to belong to the traditional labour migrants’ class. As an overarching concept to trace intra-EU migration is lacking, we hope to contribute to the emerging field of intra-EU migration research with an in-depth empirical study that accounts for differences in migration patterns with respect to different regions of origin.