Different Regions Of Earth Research Articles

The Structure of the Cusp Diamagnetic Cavity and Test Particle Energization in the GAMERA Global MHD Simulation

AbstractElectrons with energies ≥40 keV can be found at low density in many different regions of Earth's magnetosphere. A litany of fundamental questions in space physics have focused on the acceleration mechanism of these particles, given that the sources of plasma are the relatively cool ionosphere and solar wind (∼1–100s eV). Upgraded global solar wind‐magnetosphere simulations which can resolve mesoscale dynamics have the ability to enhance our understanding of these high energy particles. This is because the energization of particles often takes the form of a sequence of discrete steps, potentially occurring in different regions of the magnetosphere and due to both meso‐ and global‐scale processes. First, brief results are presented from the Grid Agnostic MHD for Extended Research Applications (GAMERA) global simulation on the structure of the cusp diamagnetic cavity for northward and southward IMF. Then, the Conservative Hamiltonian Integrator for Magnetospheric Particles (CHIMP) framework, with both guiding center and full Lorentz integrators, evolves necessary parameters such as the energy and pitch angle of electron test particles to investigate particle acceleration inside the cavity, as well as the ultimate fate of electrons accelerated inside the cavity. The simulation shows that particles can gain ≥ 10 keV inside the cavity and subsequently leak into the magnetosheath or onto dipolar field lines where they execute different types of bounce motion. The distribution of test particles initialized inside the cavity is compared with Magnetospheric Multi‐Scale (MMS) observations.

Modulation of COVID19 Epidemiology by UV-B and - A Photons from the Sun

It is well known that 200-290 nm ultraviolet photons (hereinafter UV-C radiation) photo-chemically interacts with DNA and RNA and are endowed with germicidal properties that are also effective on viruses (1-8). Fortunately, Solar UV-C photons of this wavelength are filtered out by the Ozone layer of the upper Atmosphere, at around 35 km (9). Softer UV photons from the Sun with wavelengths in the range 290-320 nm (UV-B) and 320-400 nm (UV-A), however, do reach the Earth’s surface. The effect of these photons on Single- and Double-Stranded RNA/DNA viruses (9-12) and the possible role they play on the seasonality of epidemics (13), are nevertheless little studied and highly debated in alternative or complementarity to other environmental causes (14-20). Notably though, the effects of both direct and indirect radiation from the Sun needs to be considered in order to completely explain the effects of UV radiations in life processes (with e.g. the UV virucidal effect enhanced in combination to the concomitant process of water droplets depletion because of Solar heat). Herein we present a number of concurring circumstantial evidence suggesting that the evolution and strength of the recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) pandemics (21, 22), might be have been modulated by the intensity of UV-B and UV-A Solar radiation hitting different regions of Earth during the diffusion of the outbreak between January and May 2020. Out findings, if confirmed by more in depth data analysis and modeling of the epidemics, which includes Solar modulation, could help in designing the social behaviors to be adopted depending on season and environmental conditions.

Indium Oxynitride (InNO) Radiation Sensors Calibration

Aerosol effects evaluation on Earth’s radiation budget demands knowledge of its concentration, spatial, and temporal distribution. Therefore, long-term measurements of aerosol properties in different regions of Earth are very important. In this paper, indium nitride (InN)- and indium oxynitride (InNO)-based photodiodes calibration was realized. A pyranometer was used in this paper. Calibrated InN and InNO Schottky photodiodes will be used for aerosol detection. According to the calibration tests, it was found that the most suitable sensors for the continuation of an aerosol statistical study in the atmosphere are those made with the InNO deposited with oxygen 10% and 20%; their correlation coefficient values are almost one. Besides, their measures do not reach the saturation point. In future, we intend to use these devices in a quantitative study of aerosols present in the center of a large city, to get a sense of human interference in the atmosphere composition and its consequences.

Climatic Variability and its Implications on Agricultural Productivity in Central Punjab

Enhanced greenhouse effect due to anthropogenic activities has resulted in climatic changes and their adverse impacts on agricultural productivity. Different regions of earth are experiencing climatic changes of varying magnitudes. To deal with the situation; there is a dire need of temporal analysis of climatic records to quantify the climatic changes and their likely impacts on agricultural productivity. In the present investigation, long term climatic records of central Punjab (Ludhiana) w.r.t. maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), sunshine hours (SSH) and open pan evaporation (PE) for a period of 47 years (1970 to 2016) were analysed on monthly, seasonal and annual basis. Analysis indicated significant annual increase in mean minimum temperature (@0.06°C), relative humidity (@1.3per cent) and decrease in wind speed (@0.67 km day−1), sunshine hours (@0.03 hr day−1) and open pan evaporation (@ 6.0 mm), whereas no significant trend has been observed in maximum temperature. Monthly variability in minimum temperature indicated the highest rate of increase (0.7°C per decade) during reproductive growth and maturity period of rabi (February and March) and Kharif (September and October) crops, which can have adverse effects on their productivity. Similarly increase in relative humidity and decrease in wind speed and sunshine hours can have serious implications on occurrence of insect-pests, rate of crop photosynthesis and yields indicating a dire need of exploring genetic and agronomic manipulations to counterbalance the adverse effects of climate change, minimize climatic risks and sustain agricultural productivity in the region.

Climate Change and Sustainability of Agriculture-A Review

Climate is one of the most important input factors for agricultural productivity all over the world. Global warming because of anthropogenic green house effect has resulted in changing climatic patterns and increased intensity of extreme weather events over different regions of earth, which have adverse effect on agricultural productivity along with far reaching socio-economic impacts. Rapid emission and accumulation ofgreen house gases in the atmosphere has exposed us to the potential threat of global warming. As the climatic patterns all over the earth are controlled by the average temperatures, thus variations in the climatic patterns are observed because of increase in temperature. These variations can cause disasters including droughts and floods in different parts of the earth. All these factors have a direct effect on agriculture and pose a severe threat to crop productivity and food security especially in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. Several research studies indicate that Increase in the concentration of CO2 upto about 600 ppm can counterbalance the adverse effect of rise in temperature by 1° C, but further increase in temperature will have negative impact on crop productivity. Improved understanding of the influence of climate on agricultural production is needed to cope with the expected changes in temperature and precipitation and to maintain agricultural sustainability and food security. Suitable mitigation/adaptation strategies need to be identified and adopted to meet the challenges posed by climate change on agricultural productivity.