Different Proportions Of Sand Research Articles

Repurposing plastic waste: Experimental study and predictive analysis using machine learning in bricks

The construction industry significantly contributes to environmental degradation and resource depletion. This paper investigates the use of waste plastic from post-consumer and post-industrial sources as a sustainable alternative in brick manufacturing. By substituting plastic waste for traditional materials like clay or cement, the ecological footprint of brick production is reduced, and plastic pollution is mitigated by diverting waste from landfills and oceans. This study employs dual approach of experimentation as well as machine learning for assessing the strength behaviour of bricks enhanced with plastic, emphasising compressive strength, durability, thermal insulation, and moisture resistance. Utilization of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) for Waste plastic bricks (WPB) was done by replacing cement and sand in different proportions i.e. 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 % of fly ash bricks The best performance was observed at 30 % replacement of sand with waste CPVC. A Deep Neural Network (DNN) model also predicted compressive strength and water absorption, identifying key material components influencing brick properties through SHAP value analysis. This combined experimental and predictive modelling approach demonstrates the potential of waste plastic in creating lightweight, sustainable building materials for structural applications, contributing to sustainable construction practices.

Effect of varied waste concrete ratios on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete

Abstract Polymer concrete (PC) was developed at the end of the 1950s and gained popularity in the 1970s for precast parts, flimsy floor coverings, and repairs. Due to its superior performance over traditional Portland cement concrete, which offers many benefits, including mechanical properties, quick hardening, and durability. In this article, polymeric concrete was made using a mixture of sand and epoxy, and different proportions of sand were replaced with crushed concrete waste. This study found that the ideal ratio between resin and fine aggregate was 23% resin to 77% fine aggregate in terms of the total weight of the combination to get the best dispersion of fine aggregate. Waste concrete replaced 5, 10, 15, and 20% of aggregate in PC, respectively. It was further demonstrated that increased waste concrete aggregate content in PC increased the 28-day compressive strength by 7.7, 13.44, 16.8, and 18.97%, respectively; flexural strength increased by 16.68, 25.32, 37.16, and 47.71% at 28 days’ age; and direct tensile strength was higher than the reference mixture by values of 3.41, 17.21, 23.54, and 30.38% at 28 days age. The findings recommended using recycled fine aggregate on PC and suggested a 20% replacement ratio as an optimum percentage.

Effect of some environmental factors on the presence and density of the snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) in the tidal region of Shatt Al-Arab, Iraq Basrah

The current study was conducted on Melanoides tuberculate in three stations for the period from December 2017 to November 2018 (Al-Sharash, Al-Salhiya and Al-Dweab), as the samples were collected monthly. Some environmental factors were measured, such as the water temperature. The lowest water temperature was 12°C during January and the highest temperature was 33°C during July, both in Al-Salhiya station. The pH values ​​were between 7.5 in the three stations and 8.9 during July in Al-Sharash, and the lowest was recorded. The salinity value was 0.5‰ in April and November at Al-Sharash station, and the highest value was recorded at 39.3‰ during July for Al-Dweab station. The values ​​of the current speed ranged between 0.01)-95 (0.0 m/s in Al-Sharash and Al-Salhiya stations, respectively, while the values ​​of dissolved oxygen ranged between (12.1) -5.1) mg/liter during August and May in Al-Salhiya and Al-Sharash stations respectively, As for the bottom sediments, all the stations were alluvial with few and different proportions of sand and clay. The study also showed that the environmental factors have an impact on the distribution and spread of this species in the intertidal zone. It also found a significant direct relationship between density of M. tuberculata with dissolved oxygen and an inverse relationship with salinity in Al-Sharash station, while in Al-Salhiya station a direct relationship was recorded between the density of M. tuberculata and dissolved oxygen and an inverse relationship between the density of M. tuberculata with salinity.

Potential utilization of oil shale as a stabilizing material for compressed Earth block

This research aims to produce a compressed Earth block (CEB) product locally from soil collected from North Jordan. The CEB mixture was further stabilized using oil shale (OS) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The CEB specimens were thoroughly characterized by studying their mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strength) and durability characteristics (erosion, absorption, and shrinkage tests). Eight mixtures were carried out for the CEB, one of which was the control mix. The other mixtures were carried out by replacing soil with OS, cement, and sand in different proportions. The results showed that higher compressive strength and flexural strength for CEB were obtained in the mixtures that contained 10% of OS and 10% of cement, resulting in an average compressive strength of 10.6 MPa and flexural strength of 0.25 MPa. The absorption increased when the OS increased in the soil. The consequent erosion test was related to the absorption test, where the higher the absorption, the more negative the results of the erosion test. Moreover, oil shale improved the shrinkage properties of the CEB, as the higher the proportion of oil shale in the CEB, the lower the shrinkage. Finally, using oil shale as a stabilizing agent in soil had a clear role in improving the mechanical properties, hiding the shrinkage cracks, and reducing the volume shrinkage value of the CEB.

Influence of temperature on residual strength of clayey soils

This paper presents the influence of temperature on the residual strength by analyzing shearing tests carried out in a temperature- and velocity-controlled ring shear apparatus. Temperature was applied in steps of cooling and heating ranging between 6 °C and 50 °C at a constant shearing velocity of 0.442 mm/min. Additional tests include the evaluation of the strength at 0.890 mm/min before and after the imposed temperature change. Six basic soil types characterized by different mineralogy, grain size and plasticity, as well as, mixture soils having different proportions of sand and clay, are evaluated and the results are interpreted in terms of their properties. The experimental results reveal that the temperature effect becomes relevant when fine particles and plasticity increase being negligible in the case of the sandy soil. Shear strength reacts immediately to temperature changes and a new residual strength establishes soon. The temperature effect is symmetric. An increase in temperature leads to a decrease in strength, and an equal and opposite trend is observed when temperature decreases. The magnitude of the strength variation is significant in clayey soils. For the case of high plasticity soils, the residual friction angle variation observed during cooling and heating (±50 °C) is around 2°. The strain rate effect evaluated in a smaller number of tests indicated a strain rate strengthening in all the materials tested except for the case of the sandy soil, which also was not reactive to temperature changes. The experiments are calibrated with a velocity, state, and temperature-dependent friction model.

Effect of fly ash and waste glass powder as a fractional substitute on the performance of natural fibers reinforced concrete

Stockpiling and landfilling of waste glass (WG) is becoming a severe environmental issue around the World as hundreds of tons of WG are dumped on the land. The present research assesses the behavior of WG in a concrete mixture as a partial replacement of sand to attain the optimal percentage of waste glass. Due to the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the natural reserves of limestone are depleting fast, and the production of OPC also leads to a high proportion of carbon dioxide (CO2), so it is essential to utilize industrial by-products such as fly ash (FA) to replace cement partially. In the current study, the WG is used as a fractional substitute of sand in different proportions (14 %, 15 %, 16 %, 17 %, 18 %, 19 %, 20 %), with 20 % FA as a replacement for OPC, with 2.5 % coconut fibers (CFs) to improve the flexural strength of concrete. Engineering properties such as compressive and flexural strength, water permeability, sorptivity, density, voids ratio, resistance against fire, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were assessed. The outcomes showed that the M4 mixture (WG16-FA20-CFs2.5) had the utmost optimal performance, as 15.8 % and 9.57 % compression strength and flexural strength were improved at the curing of 90 days. During exposure of samples to fire, concrete with 16 % WG lost only 38.7 %, 44.2 % mass and compressive strength at 600 °C, which was the most lowered among other mixtures. Because of the utilization of FA, the concrete’s matrix gets denser, leading to improved water-related characteristics of concrete. It was observed that adding more than 16 %, WG led to reduced strength and durability properties of concrete. The current research confirmed that the 16 % WG, 20 % FA, and 2.5 % CFs could be replaced in concrete to produce improved, eco-friendly concrete.

THE EFFECT OF MINERAL ADDITIVES ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED ORGANIC MINERAL SOILS

Statement of the problem. The aim of the work is to study the effect of mineral additives on the physical and mechanical properties of Portland cement-reinforced soils with a high humus content, as well as to assess the possibility of using these soils in road construction. Results. In the course of the study, the values of the strength and the coefficient of frost resistance of organic and mineral soil compositions with the content of humus substances reinforced with a mineral binder with the addition of sand in different proportions were determined. To compare the effect of mineral binders (cement) and an additional (polymer additive) on the structure of the resulting material, cement was used both in pure form and cement in combination with a polymer additive. The use of sand as a structural aggregate makes it possible to apply a soil with a high content of humus substances, reinforced with binding materials, in the structures of road clothes. Conclusions. Various compositional compositions of soil strengthening with the use of Portland cement as binders, polymer additives, slaked lime using sand as a mineral filler are proposed. The reinforced soil, depending on the area of application, can be used as a base of a transitional type of pavement and an additional layer of a lightweight type of pavement base, which will reduce transport costs for the delivery and payment of road construction materials.

Influence of Waste Concrete and Glass Recycled on the Strength Properties of Green Reactive Powder Concrete

These days, the world is facing a global environmental and sustainability problem due to the increasing generation of large amounts of waste through construction and demolition work, which causes a serious problem for the environment. Therefore, this research was conducted to get rid of the waste disposal problems, including old glass and concrete, which were used as recycled fine aggregates. Seven different mixtures were prepared. The first mixture was with the used sand, which is glass sand, and it was adopted as a reference mixture (ORPC), and three mixtures were prepared for each of the recycled materials (waste concrete and glass) and partially replaced by glass sand in different proportions (25, 50, and 75) %. Some mechanical properties, including compressive strength and flexural strength, were determined and tested at the age of (14, 28, and 90) days. Samples were processed at 20°C and heat treated at 90°C for 90 days. The results showed that the resistance reductions increased with the increase in the percentage of recycled fine aggregate, and the best replacement ratio is 25% for both materials used from waste concrete and glass.

Polyurethane Waste Utilization

"Following the explosive development of industrial processes in recent decades, society began to feel more and more the need for efficient measures to prevent pollution on a global scale, or finding new, or alternative resources. Such a measure is to reuses as much material as possible, that we now consider waste or residue, to reduce the consumption of resources, especially non-renewable resources. In this regard, the paper presents a way to recycle polyurethane waste and obtaining a composite material by mixing it with a fresh polyurethane adhesive and quartz sand in different proportions. The polyurethane wastes thus become a substitute for pure polyurethane, and the obtained mixture may be used for manufacturing construction materials. The samples were studied in terms of physical properties and behavior under the action of some environmental factors. Keywords: waste and polyurethane foams, polymeric composite materials, construction materials, insulation materials. "

Experimental Research on the Effects of Waste Foundry Sand on the Strength and Micro-Structural Properties of Concrete

Now a days, a great distance has to be travelled to find good quality natural river sand. These supplies are also running out very quickly. So, a replacement for river sand is being sought after. Natural river sand is non-renewable and takes millions of years to be produced. By using manufactured sand, natural sand is completely replaced. Lack of research has led to the substitution of leftover waste foundry sand for manufactured sand in concrete. By adding used foundry sand to concrete, it is possible to enhance mechanical properties like compressive strength, fracture toughness, and flexibility. Using tests on cubes, cylinders, and unreinforced beams, the mechanical properties of concrete made with waste foundry sand and manufactured sand as fine aggregate were assessed. Tensile, splitting, and flexural strengths of the concrete were all determined after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days of curing. SEM, EDS, and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA/DCs) were also used to perform micro structural analyses on the control mixture and mixtures containing 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% waste foundry sand. The strength differences that occur when fine aggregates are replaced with waste foundry sand in different proportions are better understood, thanks to the micro structural experiments. In order to justify its use as a replacement for fine aggregate in terms of strength and microstructure studies, just the right amount of WFS was added to the concrete. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-10-010 Full Text: PDF

Impact of construction & demolition waste and slag sand on the properties of high strength self - compacting concrete

This Research mainly focuses to explore the characteristics of High Strength self-compacting concrete developed using industrial waste steel slag sand and construction demolition waste. The purpose of this study is to examine both rheological and hardened properties by incorporating steel slag sand and C&D waste as a substitute to M−Sand in different proportions along with comparison of the three sands in equal quantities. The test results exhibited good flow ability, passing and filling abilities for all the combinations adopted which satisfied the EFNARC Guidelines. The results showed that compression, split-tensile and flexural strength of High-performance self -compacting concrete has declination with higher percentages of steel slag sand and C&D Waste. The maximum declination was observed at complete replacements of slag sand with respect control mix. Utilization of adopted materials in equal proportions exhibited promising results compared to control concrete and this can be considered optimum.

An investigation of manufacturing technique and characterization of low-density polyethylene waste base bricks

Plastic waste is accumulated in recent years, causing environmental problems, particularly in developing nations. Recycling this waste as building materials is considered as a feasible solution to the environmental issue, but it is also a feasible solution to the issue of building economic design. This research aims to study the possibility of using plastic waste in the manufacture of unconventional bricks that are light in weight, environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and as an alternative to traditional bricks made from fossilized clays for use in the construction industries. In this paper, we use the remnants of medical syringes made of low-density polyethylene and two types of additives were added sawdust and sand in different proportions. The melting and moulding process was used in manufacturing. Testing has been conducted to identify hardness, density, water absorption, compressive strength and also to determine morphology properties by FTIR and SEM. The results showed that bricks made of plastic and sawdust gave a high compressive strength of 66Ϻpa at 20% of sawdust higher than bricks made of plastic and sand with a value of 61Ϻpa at 60% of sand. In both cases, they gave a higher compressive strength than ordinary bricks, as well as a very low absorption rate. The density was very low, especially with sawdust, where the highest value was 0.8985 g/cm3of pure polymer, and for sand, it was 1.4321 g/cm3 at 60% of sand and it gave good hardness values. The FTIR results showed that there is no chemical reaction, but only a physical reaction between the polymer and the additives, and through SEM, it was observed that there is homogeneity between the polymer and the additives. As a result, the study presents a new line of investigation into the sustainable recycling of the circular economy of waste thermoplastics.

Impact of compost reactive layer on hydraulic transport and C & N cycles: Biogeochemical modeling of infiltration column experiments

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a key strategy to increase freshwater resources in many regions facing water scarcity. MAR issues are related to both quantity and quality of the infiltrating water. In most countries, very high quality of the infiltrating water is required, to limit the impact on the aquifer geochemistry. In this paper, the possibility of injecting water of lower quality in the aquifer and letting the biogeochemical reactions take place in order to enhance its quality is explored. Here, we present the fate of nutrients (C, N) in the biogeochemical system of a reactive barrier formed by mixture of different proportions of sand and compost, supplied with treated wastewater to mimic MAR. An integrated conceptual model involving the nutrient cycles and biomass dynamics (auto- and heterotrophic) was developed, and then tested with a number of solute transport experiments in columns with different compost fraction in the column filling. The model incorporated both saturation and inhibition processes (regarding the nutrients and their byproducts) to provide a comprehensive picture of the nutrient dynamics within the column. The model developed (three if considering the 3 column setups) allowed to discriminate the processes that govern the fate of nutrients in relation with the compost enhancing long-term nutrient degradation, yet hindering hydraulic parameters that affect infiltration rates.

Research on the influence of ultrafine sand on concrete performance

Ultrafine sand mainly refers to the fine sand excavated underground in the Yellow River Basin and Jiaozuo or Kaifeng. The fineness modulus is between 0.3-1.0, and the quality is uneven. This paper systematically studies the basic characteristics of ultrafine sand from different origins, such as the mud content, fineness modulus, and MB value, and compares its effects on the performance of the second-generation and third-generation water-reducing agents through experiments. By replacing the machine-made sand in different proportions, the work performance and compressive strength of concrete are studied.

Using Wastes from the Process of Blasting with Steel Shot to Make a Radiation Shield in Mortar

The waste generated from the process of steel shot blasting must be safely disposed of due to its classification, non-hazardous and non-inert, and, consequently, is sent to landfills. One of the possibilities for reusing this waste is in the cement materials industry. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of waste from steel shot blasting, thereby replacing natural sand, for the manufacture of cementitious material with properties that shield against ionizing radiation. Three forms of steel shot (commercial steel shot—AG1, intermediate steel shot waste—AG2, and steel shot dust—AG3) were used to replace natural sand in different proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by volume). Compressive strength results were found with values above the minimum compressive strength (20 MPa) requirement of structural concrete. The results indicated that AG1, AG2, and AG3 can be used to attenuate X-ray radiation. Regarding the reference samples (mortar developed without natural sand replacement), an increase in X-ray shielding of 76.7%, 72.5%, and 59.3% was found for samples with AG1, AG2, and AG3, respectively. Therefore, the waste generated in the steel shot blasting process had the potential to be used in mortar developed to attenuate X-ray radiation.

An experimental study on strength characteristics of self curing concrete with manufacture sand using super absorbed polymer

The use of concrete in the construction industry is very high. River sand is the main natural resources using in the construction industry. Because of the deficiency of river sand, the main alternative material is to manufacture sand or produced sand. The usage of manufacture sand also helps to increase the strength of the concrete and reduces the cost of construction. The strength of concrete is depending upon the curing of the concrete. The cement hydration problem depends upon the inappropriate curing which can be successfully overcome by using the self - curing concrete. The utilization of super absorbing polymer (SAP) in concrete is shown to have various valuable results in the properties of concrete in its two stages, fresh and harden concrete. The immersing polymer is a material which absorbs water and converts it into gel, by then thusly dry/wet polymer incorporates new concrete, after definitive setting of concrete on account of dry edge of strong SAP release water and it gives inside assuaging specifically known “self-curing concrete” (SCC) in short less or no external curing are required in another way if outside mitigating may cause better warmth of hydration. Proper dosage of self-curing gels will increase the strength and serviceability of concrete. In this study 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% of SAP by wt. of cement was varied in M40 grade concrete and compared with conventional concrete. And also replaced fine aggregate with manufacture sand in different proportions like 0%, 50%, 10%. Thus, the different dosage of SAP is added in concrete in a form of powder. The present study involves different strength aspect experiments compression strength and tensile strength on cubes and cylinders of concrete with curing, without curing.

Differences in properties of long-term planting of different formulated soils

The characteristics of soil organic carbon, polysaccharides and calcium carbonate content in different proportions of compound soil were studied in the compound soil of arsenic rock zone and sand with rotation for 2 years, and the ripening of the mixed soil of arsenic rock zone and sand in different proportions was revealed. The results showed that the ratio of easily oxidized organic carbon in the 1:2 ratio of arsenic rock zone to sand is the highest in total organic carbon, the activity of organic carbon is the highest. And the content of polysaccharides and calcium carbonate in soil is higher, the water-soluble aggregates in soil were better developed.

Using different grain-size granular mixtures (quartz and K-feldspar sand) in analogue extensional models

We have performed a series of sandbox models addressing the influence of sand mixtures (quartz and feldspar sand in different proportions) with different grain-size on the development of normal faults. The overall model evolution suggests that fault orientation, width of the deformed area, and average subsidence are not significantly influenced by the different sand mixtures. Conversely, the number of secondary structures, mean fault length, and average fault dip are strongly dependent on the material and grain-size. Modelling results suggest that a Log-normal distribution of fault length and segment length distribution betst describes the experimental fault populations, particularly when the amount of fine-grained (K-feldspar) sand is ~30%. The length distribution and the number of faults are related, specifically with increasing the amount of the K-feldspar sand (i.e., higher the amount of fine-grained material) the shorter the minimum detectable fault length. This behavior is described by a Log-normal distribution, with a few long faults and many intermediate to short faults. We thus suggest that (for length ratios of 10−5 to 2 10−6) a sand-mixture composed of 70% quartz sand and 30% K-feldspar sand is the one (among those we have tested) that provides the best compromise in terms of frictional properties, density, structural detail, number and length distribution of the faults, easiness of use, and general behavior.

Experimental investigation of discarded additive material combination and composition to appropriate thermal insulating properties of the composite cement mortar

Novel disposal of waste material and the promotion of sustainable green building material needs comprehensive characterization. In this work, industrial and agro wastes, such as egg shell (ES), fly ash (FA) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) were supplemented for sand in different proportions to appropriate the thermal insulating properties of composite cement mortar and their properties compared with normal cement mortar (NCM). The findings reveal that the incorporation of these solid wastes reduces the thermal conductivity of the composite cement mortar significantly without compromising on the other important properties such as workability, water absorptivity and compressive strength. The customized mortar with EPS and ES provides a significant reduction in thermal conductivity of 40% and 16%, respectively, with 25% replacement of sand by volume, whereas the mortar modified with FA was able to provide 17% higher compressive strength in comparison with NCM. Adopting these mortars appropriately for plastering the building structures will greatly reduce the energy consumption in buildings and also promote effective use of waste materials.

Sediment Grain-Size Characteristics and its Sources of Ten Wind-Water Coupled Erosion Tributaries (the Ten Kongduis) in the Upper Yellow River

Understanding the composition and sources of deposited sediments in watersheds has great significance on exploring the processes of sediment erosion and deposition, and controlling soil losses in rivers. In this paper, we investigate the grain-size composition parameters and their reflections on sediment erosion, transport and deposition processes in the Ten Kongduis, which are large arroyos carrying a large volume of coarse sediment into the upper Yellow River. The sediments delivered by the Ten Kongduis come from three kinds of sources, including the clasolite (mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate) and loess in the upstream reaches and the aeolian sand in the middle stream reaches. A portion of the sediments is carried to the Yellow River and another portion is deposited in the alluvial fans in the lower reaches of the kongduis. We found two types of deposits in the drilling cores on the alluvial fans and in the sediment profiles, i.e., the sediments deposited by hyperconcentrated flows and those by non-hyperconcentrated or ordinary sediment-laden flows. The deposits of hyperconcentrated flows were only found in some natural sediment profiles exposed on the riverbank slopes. They have a mean size in a narrow range of 0.016-0.063 mm but are very or extremely poorly sorted according to nine samples collected from four kongduis. Most of the sediments carried by the non-hyperconcentrated flows have a mean grain size in the range of 0.05–0.25 mm. We calculated the contributions of sediment from the sources using the grain-size fingerprint method based on grain-size data of the sediment sources and deposits in the alluvial fans for both the hyperconcentrated flows and non-hyperconcentrated flows. It was found that a proportion of 69% or above of sediment carried by the hyperconcentrated flows mainly comes from the clasolite and loess strata in the upper reaches, and 8%–31% from the desert in the middle reaches. The clasolite and loess strata contribute 64%, on average, of the particles above 0.05 mm carried by the hyperconcentrated flows, and the desert in the middle reaches contributes the other 36% or so. The sediments carried by non-hyperconcentrated flows down to the alluvial fans come from the clasolite, loess and dune sand in different proportions in different kongduis with the contributions of both clasolite and dune sand being related roughly to the ratio of upper drainage area to the width of desert in the middle reaches of kongduis. Over 90% of the sediments carried by the non-hyperconcentrated flows into the Yellow River are below 0.05 mm.