Different Phases Of Estrous Cycle Research Articles

Biometrical Studies on the Oviduct and uterus of Slaughtered Balady Does During Estrous Cycle and Seasons in Sub Tropic

The present work was aimed to study the biometrical measurements of the reproductive tract of slaughtered Balady does in relation to various reproductive conditions and seasons to establish the baseline for the size of each segments. <i>Methods:</i> 127 normal pair ovaries were taken for this purpose in Assiut province and classified according to phases of estrus cycle (Proestrous 39, Estrus 12, Metestrus 23 and Diestrus 53) and as well according to seasons (Autumn 36, Winter 40, Spring 26 and Summer 25). The oviduct total length was measured from the top of the fimbria to the tubal uterine horn junction. The lengths if its ampulla and isthmus were measured. Each oviduct weighed separately. The lengths and diameters of greater and lesser curvature of each uterine horn were then taken. The length and diameter of the attached portion of both horns was taken and the number of the protruded caruncles counted. The length of the uterine body as well as the length and diameter of the cervix were recorded. All these measurements were taken with a flexible metric tape. <i>Results:</i> Among different phases of estrous cycle, the estrus have the highest value for oviduct parameters and the lowest values were presented in metestrus (p<0.05). The autumn has the largest values for all of the measurements, with a significant difference between summer. The uterine horns showed highest values were recorded during diestrus. Significant differences were found in the diameters of uterine horn between seasons and the highest values were in winter followed by autumn then spring and summer (P<0.05-0.01). Moreover, the diameter of uterine body was highly significant during autumn. For all measured criteria, the summer has the lowest values. Significant correlation (P<0.05) was present between uterine weight and oviduct weight. The highest values recorded for length, diameter and weight were significantly noticed during estrus and diestrus (P<0.05-0.01). The lowest values were found during metestrus. Among seasons, significant differences in cervical diameters and weight at levels of P<0.05-0.001 were found. The autumn has the maximum values in comparison to other seasons. The summer has the lowest values. <i>Conclusion:</i> The genitalia of slaughtered Balady goats that the typical breeding seasons are absent in Balady goat, but during autumn there is marked tendency for better improvement in the biometry of the reproductive genitalia with an expected higher fertility.

Effect of Progestin based Estrus Synchronization Protocol on Estrus Parameters, Hormonal Profile and Vaginal Cytology in Surti Goats

This investigation was conducted to study the effect of progestin and prostaglandin-based estrous synchronization protocol on estrus parameters, hormonal profile and vaginal cytology in Surti goats. Ten non-pregnant Surti goats were selected and subjected to estrus synchronization with intra-vaginal progesterone sponges (60 mg Medroxyprogesterone acetate, MAP) for 11 days followed by PGF2α injection (125 μgCloprostenol). Whole blood was collected on day 0 (before treatment), day 5, 11 (after treatment), at proestrus, estrus and diestrus for analyzing progesterone as well as estrogen hormone concentration. The vaginal exfoliative cytology was studied at proestrus, estrus and diestrus. Estrus parameters such as induction rate was 100%, time of onset of estrus from PG injection was 29.70 ± 1.06 h and duration was 30.74 ± 0.19 h. Significantly higher population of parabasal cells and superficial cells were observed during proestrus, intermediate cells in diestrus and cornified cells during estrus. At estrus, level of progesterone was lowest and estrogen was highest. Combination of progestin and prostaglandin-based protocol is successful in synchronization of estrous cycle with 100% estrus induction rate in Surti goats. Further in addition to other signs, vaginal exfoliative cytology can also be used for determining different phases of estrous cycle.

"Histological and Histochemical Studies on Uterus of Adult Bakerwali Goat in Different Phases of Estrous Cycle"

"Histological and Histochemical Studies on Uterus of Adult Bakerwali Goat in Different Phases of Estrous Cycle"

Immunolocalization of Progesterone Receptor (PR) During Different Phases of Estrous Cycle in the Oviduct of Water Buffaloes

Immunolocalization of Progesterone Receptor (PR) During Different Phases of Estrous Cycle in the Oviduct of Water Buffaloes

The Exoproteome of Staphylococcus pasteuri Isolated from Cervical Mucus during the Estrus Phase in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Bacterial extracellular proteins participate in the host cell communication by virtue of the modulation of pathogenicity, commensalism and mutualism. Studies on the microbiome of cervical mucus of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) have shown the occurrence of Staphylococcus pasteuri and that the presence of this bacterium is indicative of various physiological and reproductive states in the host. Recently, S. pasteuri has been isolated from the cervical mucus of the buffalo during the different phases of estrous cycle, and has proved to be much more pronounced during the estrus phase. The basis underlying the availability of a significantly increased S. pasteuri population, specifically during the estrus phase, is not known. Consequently, it is important to determine the significance of the specific abundance of S. pasteuri during the estrus phase of the buffalo host, particularly from the perspective of whether this bacterial species is capable of contributing to sexual communication via its extracellular proteins and volatiles. Therefore, the relevance of S. pasteuri exoproteome in the buffalo cervical mucus during the estrus phase was analyzed using LC-MS/MS. As many as 219 proteins were identified, among which elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), 60-kDa chaperonin (Cpn60), enolase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class 1 (FBP aldolase), enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADPH] (ENR) and lipoprotein (Lpp) were the functionally important candidates. Most of the proteins present in the exoproteome of S. pasteuri were those involved in cellular–metabolic functions, as well as catalytic- and binding activities. Moreover, computational studies of Lpp have shown enhanced interaction with volatiles such as acetic-, butanoic-, isovaleric- and valeric acids, which were identified in the cervical mucus S. pasteuri culture supernatant. The present findings suggest that S. pasteuri extracellular proteins may play an important role in buffalo sexual communication during the estrus phase.

145&#x2003;Comparison of various buffalo sera collected during different phases of estrous cycle for in vitro maturation and culturing of Nili-Ravi buffalo oocytes.

Reproduction, Fertility and Development is an international journal publishing original research , review and comment in the fields of reproduction and developmental biology in humans, domestic animals and wildlife

Effect of Clomiphene Citrate and Letrozole on Body Weight of female Albino Rat for Consecutive 1-4 Estrous Cycles

Background: Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate in women with infertility has been practiced more than 40% years but in infertile patients this treatment plan proved to be ineffective with multiple complication. Body weight plays an important role modulating reproductive development and functioning. Aim: To observe the effects on body weight of female albino rat after use of clomiphene citrate and letrozole for consecutive 1-4 estrous cycles Method: Eighty four adult female Albino rats were equally divided into three groups for this research. Body weight of each rat was measured before and after the experiment. Vaginal smear cytology of each rat was performed to study different phases of estrous cycle. Control group A was given normal saline orally , In Experimental group B rats were given letrozole (Femara) at dose 5mg/kg orally and in Experimental group C rats were given clomiphene citrate at dose 100ug/kg orally. Results: Significant weight gain is observed in rats taking clomiphene citrate as compared to letrozole Conclusion : Comiphene citrate directly affects the body weight which indirectly reduces the ovulation induction and pregnancy rate. Letrozole is good alternate for ovulation induction and for CC resistant patients. Keywords: Estrous cycle, body weight, citrate and letrozole

Biometrical Studies on the Ovaries of Slaughtered Egyptian Balady Does During different phases of Estrous Cycle and Seasons

Biometrical Studies on the Ovaries of Slaughtered Egyptian Balady Does During different phases of Estrous Cycle and Seasons

Behaviors Related to Psychiatric Disorders and Pain Perception in C57BL/6J Mice During Different Phases of Estrous Cycle.

Robust sex difference among humans regarding psychiatry- and pain-related behaviors is being researched; however, the use of female mice in preclinical research is relatively rare due to an unchecked potential behavioral variation over the estrous cycle. In the present study, a battery of psychiatry- and pain-related behaviors are examined under physiological condition in female C57BL/6J mice over different estrous cycle phases: proestrus, estrous, metestrous, diestrous. Our behavioral results reveal that there is no significant difference over different phases of the estrous cycle in social interaction test, sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, open field test, marble burying test, novelty-suppressed feeding test, Hargreaves thermal pain test, and Von Frey mechanical pain test. These findings implicate those psychiatry- and pain-related behaviors in normal female C57BL/6J mice appear to be relatively consistent throughout the estrous cycle; the estrous cycle might not be a main contributor to female C57BL/6J mice’s variability of behaviors.

Serum estradiol 17β and progesterone levels during different phases of estrous cycle in silent estrus Murrah buffaloes

The present study was conducted in silent estrus buffaloes to estimate the concentration of estradiol 17-β and progesterone. Seven silent estrus buffaloes were selected and their cyclicity was confirmed by ovarian ultrasonography for three cycles. Similarly, seven normal estrus buffaloes were kept as control. Blood samples were collected during the different phases of cycle for estimating estradiol 17β and progesterone concentration. The mean estradiol-17β concentration (pg/ml) in silent estrus buffaloes was 4.28±0.08, 8.16±0.11, 3.12±0.23 and 2.80±0.15 during proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus, respectively. In the normal estrus animals, it was 6.28±0.20, 16.36±0.18, 4.60±0.12 and 3.48±0.21 during similar phases respectively. Similarly, progesterone concentration (ng/ml) was 0.54±0.09, 0.36±0.56, 0.90±0.19 and 1.82±0.06 during proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus, respectively in silent estrus buffaloes, where as it was 0.82±0.32, 0.72±0.14, 1.32±0.16 and 4.19±0.20 in the normal estrus buffaloes. The mean serum concentration of estradiol-17β was significantly lower during estrus in silent estrus when compared to the normal estrus buffaloes. Similarly, the serum progesterone concentration was also significantly low during diestrus in silent estrus buffaloes.

Kisspeptin system in ovariectomized mice: Estradiol and progesterone regulation

The kisspeptin system is clustered in two main groups of cell bodies (the periventricular region, RP3V and the arcuate nucleus, ARC) that send fibers mainly to the GnRH neurons and in a few other locations, including the paraventricular nucleus, PVN. In physiological conditions, gonadal hormones modulate the kisspeptin system with expression changes according to different phases of the estrous cycle: the highest being in estrus phase in RP3V and PVN (positive feedback), and in ARC during the diestrus phase (negative feedback). In this work we wanted to study these hormonal fluctuations during the estrous cycle, investigating the role played by progesterone (P) or estradiol (E2), alone or together, on the kisspeptin system. Gonadectomized CD1 female mice were treated with P, E2 or both (E2 + P), following a timing of administration that emulates the different phases of estrous cycle, for two cycles of 4 days. As expected, the two cell groups were differentially affected by E2; the RP3V group was positively influenced by E2 (alone or with the P), whereas in the ARC the administration of E2 did not affect the system. However P (alone) induced a rise in the kisspeptin immunoreactivity. All the treatments significantly affected the kisspeptin innervation of the PVN, with regional differences, suggesting that these fibers arrive from both RP3V and ARC nuclei.

Alleviation of ischaemia-reperfusion injury by endogenous estrogen involves maintaining Bcl-2 expression via the ERα signalling pathway

The neuroprotective effects of estrogen against cerebral ischaemia have been confirmed by multiple basic and clinical studies. However, most of these studies used exogenous estrogen administered via different injection methods, and the neuroprotective effects of endogenous estrogen produced by ovaries during different phases of estrous cycle and the underlying mechanisms involved have rarely been explored. In this study, we first identified the stage of estrous cycle via vaginal smears and then measured serum estradiol levels at each phase via radioimmunoassay. We found that the estradiol level was highest in the proestrous and lowest in the diestrous. However, ovariectomy or treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole significantly decreased estradiol levels compared to that of rats in diestrous. Western blotting showed that ovariectomy or letrozole treatment significantly decreased ERα and Bcl-2 protein expression and dramatically increased Bax protein expression compared with the rats in diestrous or proestrous. Rats also underwent 2h of ischaemia via middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by a 24-h reperfusion. Ovariectomy or letrozole treatment significantly decreased the neurological scores and the number of intact neurons detected via Nissl staining and dramatically increased the infarct volume detected via TTC staining and the extent of apoptosis detected via TUNEL staining and Western blotting for cleaved-caspase 3 protein expression. These results demonstrate that endogenous estrogen alleviates ischaemia-reperfusion injury by maintaining Bcl-2 expression via ERα signalling pathway and highlight the neuroprotective effects of endogenous estrogen during different stages of the estrous cycle, providing preliminary information on the underlying mechanism of this process.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) in the mouse brain: Distribution and estrous cycle-related changes in the hypothalamus

Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) subfamily of cationic channels have emerged as novel players in neural regulation. Unlike other members of TRPV subfamily, TRPV5 and TRPV6 are highly Ca2+-selective. Although TRPV5/TRPV6 transcripts are expressed in mouse brain, understanding the full functional spectrum of these ion channels in the brain is however limited due to the lack of information on their neuroanatomical distribution. We have studied TRPV6 in mouse brain in further detail. In the hypothalamus, while Western blot analysis using TRPV6 specific antiserum showed a distinct ∼95 kDa band corresponding to the molecular weight of TRPV6, transcripts for TRPV6 were detected with RT-PCR. TRPV6-immunoreactive cells/fibers were observed in vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus, septohypothalamic, supraoptic, arcuate (ARC), dorsomedial, and subincertal nuclei. TRPV6-immunoreactive cells/fibers were also observed in the brainstem and cerebellum. Estrogen has emerged as a potential regulator of TRPV6 in peripheral tissues. TRPV6 gene promoter contains estrogen-response element, estrogen activates TRPV6 via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and ERα-expressing ARC neurons in mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) serve as primary site for estradiol feedback. Using double immunofluorescence, co-expression of TRPV6 and ERα was observed in several ARC neurons. MBH of mice during different phases of estrous cycle were subjected to Western blot analysis of TRPV6. Compared to proestrus, a significant reduction (P<0.01) in intensity of TRPV6-immunoreactive band was observed in MBH during metestrus and diestrus phases. While the wide distribution of TRPV6-expressing elements in the brain suggests its role in a range of CNS functions, the ion channel may serve as novel component of the neural pathway mediating effects of estradiol in MBH.

Exploration of Luteinizing hormone in murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) urine: Extended surge window opens door for estrus prediction

Estrus detection in buffaloes has been a major concern for decades, and lack of reliable methods affects their effective reproductive management. Luteinizing hormone (LH) detection in urine is in practice for several mammals for timed insemination, whereas very few reports are available on buffalo urinary LH. The focus of this study is to detect the presence of LH in buffalo urine, quantitate variation in urinary LH during different estrous cycle phases and examine the duration of mid-cycle LH window. Nearly hundred buffaloes were examined, longitudinal urine samples (n=42) were collected from seventeen animals and classified into respective phases based on several estrus detection parameters. The urinary LH was detected using bovine LH ELISA kit validated for serum/plasma/tissue homogenate. Detection of buffalo LH in the neat urine convincingly proved the competence of the bovine LH kit. Variation in the LH range was observed between different phases of estrous cycle and significant fold variation (P<0.05) was noticed during estrus phase (1.01±0.23) with average baseline value of 46.73±3.36mIU/mL. Interestingly, an extended window (A1–A3) of mid-cycle LH surge was observed due to its lingering excretion in urine. The results, altogether, revealed that LH can be detected in buffalo urine with noticeable fold variation during estrus phase and the extended LH window intensifies the chance of ovulation prediction for timed insemination.

Evaluation of salivary biomolecules as an effective indicator in accurate and precised identification of estrus in Murrah buffaloes for timed AI

The present study was designed to estimate changes in salivary pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and its various constituent biomolecules like total carbohydrates, total proteins, albumin, mucin 5 and total lipids, during different phases of estrous cycle. In present investigation, the levels of all biomolecules like total CHO, total proteins, albumin, mucin 5, total lipids and EC were observed to be significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher during estrus phase compared to all other phases. No significant difference was found in pH of saliva during different phases of estrous cycle. These changes may be helpful in explaining the relationship between characteristics of saliva and ovarian hormones viz. preovulatory estrogen surge. Thus, variation in salivary composition during different phases of estrous cycle may be helpful in accessing the specific phase of estrous cycle and carrying out the timed AI programme more precisely.

Acoustic features of vocalization during different phases of estrous cycle in Murrah buffaloes

The present study was conducted to investigate the changes in acoustic features of vocal signals articulated by Murrah buffaloes during different phases of estrous cycle. Data (voice) were collected from 20 Murrah buffaloes, maintained at Livestock Research Centre, NDRI, Karnal, during 4 phases of estrous cycle. Following acoustic features (call duration, formants, intensity, pitch, noise/harmonic (N/H) ratio, harmonic/noise ratio, number of periods, pulses, jitter, shimmer and unvoiced frame) were extracted from vocal signals of Murrah buffaloes for analysis purpose. The acoustic features, viz. call duration, fourth formant (F4), shimmer and intensity were significantly higher during proestrus phase as compared to other phases of estrous cycle. Whereas, F1, F5, noise to harmonic ratio, per cent unvoiced frames and pitch were significantly higher during estrus phase. All these features have significant correlation with estradiol hormone during proestrus and estrus phase. The other features namely number of periods and pulses were significantly correlated with progesterone hormone during diestrus phase. Therefore, the acoustic features, viz. F1, F5, N/H ratio and unvoiced frame can be utilized for identification of estrus phase in Murrah buffaloes.

Changes in Knee Laxity and Relaxin Receptor Isoforms Expression (RXFP1/RXFP2) in the Knee throughout Estrous Cycle Phases in Rodents.

The changes in knee laxity and relaxin receptor expression at different phases of rodent estrous cycle are not known. Here, changes in the parameter were investigated in rats at different phases of the estrous cycle. Estrous cycle phases of intact female rats were determined by cytological examination of the vaginal smear. Following phase identification, blood was collected for serum hormone analyses. Knee passive range of motion (ROM) was determined by using a digital miniature goniometer. The animals were then sacrificed and patellar tendon, collateral ligaments and hamstring muscles were harvested for relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 and 2 (RXFP1/RXFP2) analyses. Knee passive ROM was the highest at proestrus followed by diestrus and the lowest at estrus. Estrogen level was the highest at proestrus while progesterone and relaxin levels were the highest at diestrus. A strong correlation was observed between relaxin and progesterone levels. At proestrus, expression of RXFP1 and RXFP2 proteins and mRNAs were the highest at proestrus followed by diestrus and estrus. The finding shows that higher level of progesterone and relaxin in diestrus might be responsible for higher laxity of knee joint in rats.

Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis regulates the phenotype and cytotoxic activity of goat uterine natural killer cells.

Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) has an important role in the promotion of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. However, very little is known about the role of TWEAK in modulating uterine natural killer (uNK) cells' comprehensive functions in ruminants. In the present study, the effects of TWEAK on goat uNK cells were investigated by measuring their cytotoxic function and phenotype as well as cytokine expression in vitro. The results showed that TWEAK protein could be detected in the goat endometrium during estrous cycle and pregnancy. However, a significant increase in ( < 0.05) TWEAK protein levels was observed during very early pregnancy when compared with that during mid pregnancy and later pregnancy as well as during different phases of estrous cycle. Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis did not affect proliferation but did decrease ( < 0.05) the cytotoxic activity of uNK cells in vitro. Furthermore, the percentage of CD56/NKp46 uNK cells incubated with TWEAK-containing medium was greater ( < 0.05) compared with those treated with control medium. In addition, uNK cells incubated with TWEAK medium were associated with lesser ( < 0.05) secretion levels and protein expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) compared to those incubated with control medium. However, no differences ( > 0.05) could be observed for the secretion levels and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the uNK cells incubated with TWEAK-containing medium compared with those incubated with control medium. The present preliminary observations indicate that TWEAK has a biological effect on phenotype of uNK cells as well as the secretion and expression of IFN-γ by uNK cells in goats. Moreover, TWEAK decreases the cytotoxicity of goat uNK cells in vitro.

The Antiepileptic Effect of Carbamazepine During Estrous Cycle in Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures in Rat

Catamenial epilepsy is a special kind of epilepsy related to estrous cycle which estrogen and progesterone play great roles on its outbreak. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an old antiepileptic drug which stimulates hepatic metabolizing enzymes, which can affect steroid hormone concentration. This study was planned to survey antiepileptic effect of CBZ on Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures during different phases of estrous cycle in rat. Seventy-two adult Wistar rats in three groups (control 20 and 30 mg/kg of CBZ) each with four subgroups (proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus) were used (n = 6). Puberty was decided by vaginal smears and animal with two normal cycles were chosen. Twenty and 30 mg/kg of CBZ were injected intraperitoneally (i.p) in the treatment groups followed by i.p injection of 80 mg/kg PTZ in the treatment and control groups. Animals were observed for 30 min and initiation time of myoclonic seizures (ITMS), initiation time of tonic–clonic seizures (ITTS), seizures duration (SD) and mortality rate (MR) were registered. Data were analyzed by one way analysis of variances and Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison post hoc tests (P ≤ 0.05). According to the results, CBZ significantly increased ITMS and ITTS while decreased SD and MR compared to control group (P ≤ 0.05). Also, antiepileptic effect of CBZ was significantly more prominent during luteal phase than follicular phase (P ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest that CBZ has antiepileptic role which is more prominent during luteal phase than follicular phase.

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of chemical volatiles in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) urine

Isolation of active fraction and characterization of chemosignals from urine have been attempted in several mammalian species in the recent years. The objective of this study was to identify the urinary volatiles across various reproductive stages of buffalo cow, namely, estrus, diestrus, and pregnancy, and in bull, by chemical extraction followed by gas chromatography–linked mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Urine samples were collected from six buffalo cows at two different phases of estrous cycle, namely, estrus and diestrus. Besides, urinary samples were collected from five pregnant buffalo cows (60–75 days after artificial insemination (AI)) and six adult bulls. Thin-layer chromatography was performed as a preliminary test for qualitative comparison of different compounds extracted by organic solvents. Identification of the urinary compounds was carried out in a gas chromatograph (Perkin Elmer, Autosystem XL) linked to a mass spectrometer (Turbomass). The results of GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of 21 compounds with varying molecular weights and retention time, which were further categorized as diestrus-specific, pregnancy-specific, and bull-specific urinary compounds. No compound, however, could be identified as estrus-specific. We concluded that qualitative differences do exist in estrus, diestrus, and pregnant buffalo cow urine and in bull urine, as evidenced by GC-MS.