Different Pattern Of Effects Research Articles

"Hot" affect-related aspects in emotional information processing: The role of facial muscle responses in the direct and indirect processing of emotion categories.

The present study investigated the involvement of facial muscle responses in the indirect and direct processing of emotional facial expressions. Five discrete emotion categories were used, and we assessed both facial muscle and behavioral responses on a trial-by-trial basis. Experiment 1 tested facial muscle activation of clearly visible stimuli in an emotion categorization task. We observed emotion-specific facial muscle responses and corresponding behavioral categorization effects, providing evidence for the specificity of facial muscle activation. By contrast, under masked indirect presentation conditions in which emotional facial expressions were presented as primes in an emotion misattribution procedure, a specific pattern of emotion-congruent and cross-category behavioral misattributions was observed (in line with Rohr et al., 2015, 2018). Multilevel analyses in Study 2 suggest that an emotional reaction feeds into the behavioral decision, as indicated by differential activation of the frontalis lateralis in response to angry faces. Thus, the present study provides evidence that facial muscle responses contribute to behavioral decisions under masked indirect processing conditions. The different pattern of effects in both studies suggests that facial muscle responses index different processes, depending on the processing conditions: sensorimotor simulation in direct processing conditions and emotional reactions in masked indirect processing conditions. We discuss the implications for models that aim to account for facial muscle activity in response to emotional facial expressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The effects of emotional arousal on pupil size depend on luminance

Pupillometry is widely used to measure arousal states. The primary functional role of the pupil, however, is to respond to the luminance of visual inputs. We previously demonstrated that cognitive effort-related arousal interacted multiplicatively with luminance, with the strongest pupillary effects of arousal occurring at low-to-mid luminances (< 37 cd/m2), implying a narrow range of conditions ideal for assessing cognitive arousal-driven pupillary differences. Does this generalize to other forms of arousal? To answer this, we assessed luminance-driven pupillary response functions while manipulating emotional arousal, using well-established visual and auditory stimulus sets. At the group level, emotional arousal interacted with the pupillary light response differently from cognitive arousal: the effects occurred primarily at much lower luminances (< 20 cd/m2). Analyses at the individual-participant level revealed qualitatively distinct patterns of modulation, with a sizable number of individuals displaying no arousal response to the visual or auditory stimuli, regardless of luminance. Together, our results suggest that effects of arousal on pupil size are not monolithic: different forms of arousal exert different patterns of effects. More practically, our findings suggest that lower luminances create better conditions for measuring pupil-linked arousal, and when selecting ambient luminance levels, consideration of the arousal manipulation and individual differences is critical.

Bisphenol S exposed changes in intestinal microflora and metabolomics of freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Bisphenol S (BPS), a typical endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), can cause hepatopancreas damage and intestinal flora disturbance. Comprehensive studies on the mechanisms of acute toxicity in crustaceans are lacking. In this study, 16S rRNA and liquid chromatography were used to investigate intestinal microbiota and metabolites of freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). In this study, freshwater crayfish were exposed to BPS (10 µg/L and 100 µg/L). The results showed a significant decrease in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities after exposure to BPS, which inhibited the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway and induced oxidative stress toxicity in freshwater crayfish. In addition, BPS exposure induced the structural changes of intestinal microbial in the freshwater crayfish, showing different patterns of effects. The number of potentially pathogenic bacteria increased, such as Citrobacter, Hafnia-Obesumbacterium, and RsaHf231. A total of 128 different metabolites were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The inositol and leukotriene (LT) contents in the hepatopancreas of freshwater crayfish were significantly decreased after 10 µg/L BPS exposure, which in turn led to the accumulation of lipids causing hepatopancreas damage. In conclusion, when the concentration of BPS in the water environment exceeded 10 µg/L, the freshwater crayfish intestinal microbiota was dysbiosis and the hepatopancreas metabolism was disturbed.

A flexible empirical Bayes approach to multivariate multiple regression, and its improved accuracy in predicting multi-tissue gene expression from genotypes.

Predicting phenotypes from genotypes is a fundamental task in quantitative genetics. With technological advances, it is now possible to measure multiple phenotypes in large samples. Multiple phenotypes can share their genetic component; therefore, modeling these phenotypes jointly may improve prediction accuracy by leveraging effects that are shared across phenotypes. However, effects can be shared across phenotypes in a variety of ways, so computationally efficient statistical methods are needed that can accurately and flexibly capture patterns of effect sharing. Here, we describe new Bayesian multivariate, multiple regression methods that, by using flexible priors, are able to model and adapt to different patterns of effect sharing and specificity across phenotypes. Simulation results show that these new methods are fast and improve prediction accuracy compared with existing methods in a wide range of settings where effects are shared. Further, in settings where effects are not shared, our methods still perform competitively with state-of-the-art methods. In real data analyses of expression data in the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, our methods improve prediction performance on average for all tissues, with the greatest gains in tissues where effects are strongly shared, and in the tissues with smaller sample sizes. While we use gene expression prediction to illustrate our methods, the methods are generally applicable to any multi-phenotype applications, including prediction of polygenic scores and breeding values. Thus, our methods have the potential to provide improvements across fields and organisms.

The orexin story and orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of insomnia.

Insomnia is present in up to one third of the adult population worldwide, and it can present independently or with other medical conditions such as mental, metabolic, or cardiovascular diseases, which highlights the importance of treating this multifaceted disorder. Insomnia is associated with an abnormal state of hyperarousal (increased somatic, cognitive, and cortical activation) and orexin has been identified as a key promotor of arousal and vigilance. The current standards of care for the treatment of insomnia recommend non-pharmacological interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy) as first-line treatment and, if behavioural interventions are not effective or available, pharmacotherapy. In contrast to most sleep medications used for decades (benzodiazepines and 'Z-drugs'), the new orexin receptor antagonists do not modulate the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, the main inhibitory mechanism of the central nervous system. Instead, they temporarily block the orexin pathway, causing a different pattern of effects, e.g., less morning or next-day effects, motor dyscoordination, and cognitive impairment. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs are the basis of the different characteristics explained in the package inserts, including the recommended starting dose. Orexin receptor antagonists seem to be devoid of any dependence and tolerance-inducing effects, rendering them a viable option for longer-term treatment. Safety studies did not show exacerbation of existing respiratory problems, but more real-world safety and pharmacovigilance experience is needed. This review provides an overview of the orexin history, the mechanism of action, the relation to insomnia, and key features of available drugs mediating orexin signalling.

Positive parenting, parenting stress, and child self-regulation patterns differ across maternal demographic risk.

We examined relations between positive parenting, parenting stress, and children's regulatory abilities across infancy and early childhood. First-time mothers and their infants (N = 682) were recruited prenatally. Mothers belonged to one of three potential demographic risk groups: adolescent mothers (AM), adult low-educated mothers (LEM), and adult high-educated mothers (HEM). Parent-child interactions were observed in the home and scored for positive parenting (at 4, 8, and 18 months) and child self-regulation (at 4, 8, 18, and 30 months). Parenting stress was measured by questionnaire at 6, 12, and 24 months. A multigroup cross-lagged panel model indicated different patterns of effects for adolescent and adult mothers: for AM, positive parenting and parenting stress were related early in infancy, but no relations emerged with regulation until 18 months. For LEM, parenting related to regulation only at later ages, and for HEM, positive parenting, parenting stress, and regulation were associated early in the infant's life but not later. Differing patterns of influence indicate, perhaps, the importance of considering demographic risk and timing of parenting in childhood in relation to child regulatory outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Bidirectional effects between reading and mathematics development across secondary school

Reading and mathematical competencies are important cognitive prerequisites for children’s educational achievement and later success in society. An ongoing debate pertains to potential transfer effects between both domains and whether reading and mathematics influence each other over time. Therefore, the present study on N = 5185 students from the German National Educational Panel Study examined cross-lagged effects between reading and mathematics from Grades 5 to 12. The results revealed, depending on the chosen causal estimand, negligible to small bidirectional effects. Adopting a between-person perspective, students with higher mathematics scores at one point exhibited somewhat higher reading scores at the subsequent measurement. In contrast, when adopting a within-person perspective, both skills predicted longitudinal increases of the other skill in the lower grades but reversed effects in higher grades. Taken together, these findings not only demonstrate that transfer effects between reading and mathematics in secondary education tend to be small but also suggest different patterns of effects depending on the modeling choice.

Revisiting a destination image model in the social media context

ABSTRACT Given the growing importance of social media (SM) for tourism promotions, the present study examined a destination image model that includes SM as image formation agents (IFAs) (autonomous, induced, and organic), cognitive image (attractions and support), affective image, and social distance as a moderator, grounded in construal level theory. With the sample of tourists (N = 699), structural equation modeling revealed that each IFA group had different patterns of effects in shaping cognitive image, which in turn influenced affective image. Latent moderated structural equation modeling analysis showed that social distance had a negative interacting effect with each of the IFA groups in forming the attractions image, highlighting the significant moderating role of social distance in the process. This study enriches an understanding on the crucial roles of IFAs and social distance in the image formation process within the SM context.

Acute Pharmacological Effects and Oral Fluid Concentrations of the Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-122 and JWH-210 in Humans After Self-Administration: An Observational Study.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a group of new psychoactive drugs used recreationally with potential health risks. They are monitored by the EU Early Warning System since 2010 due to severe adverse effects on consumers. JWH-122 and JWH-210 are naphthoylindole SCs and potent cannabinoid receptor CB1 and CB2 agonists. Information about the effects of SCs usually is available from intoxication cases and surveys, and few studies on humans after controlled administration or observational/naturalistic studies using standardized measures of cardiovascular and subjective effects are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute pharmacological effects of JWH-122 and JWH-210 recreational consumption in a 4 h observational study and assess their disposition in oral fluid (OF). Sixteen volunteers self-administered 1 mg dose of JWH-122 (n = 8) or 2.25 mg mean dose of JWH-210 (range 2–3 mg, n = 8) by inhalation (smoking). Physiological parameters including blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), heart rate (HR), and cutaneous temperature were measured. A set of visual analog scales, the 49-item short-form version of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI), and the Evaluation of the Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential (VESSPA-SSE) were used for the evaluation of subjective effects. OF was collected at baseline and at 10, 20, and 40 min and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after self-administration. Statistically significant increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and HR were observed after JWH-122 self-administration but not after JWH-210 self-administration. JWH-210 self-administration produced significant changes in subjective drug effects, similar to those induced by THC (intensity, high, good effects, and hunger). The subjective effects following JWH-122 consumption were minimal. The maximal effects were mostly observed 20 min after intake. JWH-122 and JWH 210 OF concentration reached a peak 20 min after administration and could not be detected after 3 h. The results demonstrated a different pattern of effects of these two SCs. Due to the limitations of our observational study, further research with a larger sample and controlled studies are needed to better define the acute pharmacological effect and health risk profile of JWH-122 and JWH-210.

Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y: Identifying generational differences in effects of personality traits in on-demand radio use

On-demand radio has radically changed the definition and essence of the radio landscape, providing consumers greater flexibility to manage their content consumption anytime and anywhere. Since on-demand radio is a relatively new way to consume radio, it is important to understand how different consumer groups adopt and use this innovation. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate differences between three generational cohorts: Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y in the effects of personality traits and digital skills on on-demand radio usage. The research was conducted by means of an internet survey among a representative sample of the Jewish population in Israel. Different patterns of effects of personality traits between generations were found. For Baby Boomers, a positive association between digital skills and the frequency of on-demand radio use was found. Among Generation X, hedonism and multitasking were positively correlated with on-demand radio use, while need for social approval was negatively correlated with the dependent variable. Among Generation Y, a positive correlation between need for social approval and frequency of on-demand radio use was found. Based on our findings, we propose a generational approach to marketing strategy for on-demand radio and suggest specific practical implications.

The relevance to social interaction modulates bistable biological-motion perception

Social interaction, the process through which individuals act and react toward each other, is arguably the building block of society. As the very first step for successful social interaction, we need to derive the orientation and immediate social relevance of other people: a person facing toward us is much more likely to initiate communications than a person who is back to us. Reversely, however, it remains elusive whether the relevance to social interaction modulates how we perceive the other's orientation. Here, we adopted the bistable point-light walker (PLW) which is ambiguous in its in-depth orientation. Participants were asked to report the orientation (facing the viewer or facing away from the viewer) of the PLWs. Three factors that are task-irrelevant but critically pertinent to social interaction, the distance, the speed, and the size of the PLW, were systematically manipulated. The nearer a person is, the more likely it initiates interactions with us. The larger a person is, the larger influence it may exert. The faster a person is, the shorter time is left for us to respond. Results revealed that participants tended to perceive the PLW as facing them more frequently than facing away when the PLW was nearer, faster, or larger. These same factors produced different patterns of effects on a non-biological rotating cylinder. These findings demonstrate that the relevance to social interaction modulates the visual perception of biological motion and highlight that bistable biological motion perception not only reflects competitions of low-level features but is also strongly linked to high-level social cognition.

The Relationship between Urban Vibrancy and Built Environment: An Empirical Study from an Emerging City in an Arid Region.

Creating a vital and lively urban environment is an inherent requirement of urban sustainable development, and understanding urban vibrancy is helpful for urban development policy making. The urban vibrancy theory needs more empirical supplementation and more evidence for the effect of the built environment on urban vibrancy. We use multisource urban spatial information data, including real-time population distribution (RPD) data and small catering business (SCB) data; quantitatively measure urban vibrancy; and build a comparative framework to explore the effect of the built environment on the urban vibrancy of a northwestern emerging city in China. The results demonstrate that the two urban vibrancy metrics present a spatial distribution pattern that is high in the south and low in the north areas of the city with significant spatial aggregation. Land-use intensity and diversity have strong positive effects on urban vibrancy but present a different pattern of effects on the two vibrancy measures. The influences on urban vibrancy of distance to the district center and distance to the nearest commercial complex are spatially complementary in the study area, and the effect of accessibility factors is weak. Our findings suggest that a somewhat cautious approach is required in the application of these classical planning theories to Urumqi.

Effects of ABA and NaCl on physiological responses in selected bryophyte species

The effects of NaCl and abscisic acid (ABA) on selected bryophyte species were studied. Two phylogenetically unrelated halophyte mosses, namely, Entosthodon hungaricus (Boros) Loeske and Hennediella heimii (Hedw.) R.H. Zander in addition to one model non-halophyte moss, Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp, were selected to compare the variability in certain biochemical and physiological parameters under salt-stress alone and salt-stress upon ABA pretreatment. The results showed different patterns of effects from ABA in all three of the studied species, as well as no common response to salt stress. In general, all of the tested species reacted to exogenous ABA, which definitely contributed to changes observed in morphological development under salt stress, and to the functioning of the salt-tolerance mechanisms. Physcomitrella patens proved to be a salt-tolerant species. Although it is not ecologically classified as a halophyte, these results highlighted that various stress-resistance pathways are supported by similar reactions to different stresses. Significant differences in stress tolerance were documented between the two bryo-halophytes tested by comparing biochemical and physiological parameters. Our findings suggest that different salt-stress-tolerance strategies characterize these two species, both enhanced by exogenous ABA.

Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and risk of mortality for older population in North Carolina and Michigan

Background/Aim: Many epidemiological studies have consistently reported positive associations between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and risk of mortality. However, research on which residential environmental and social factors modify the effect of long-term exposure to air pollution on mortality risk is limited. In this study, we evaluated residential greenness and several individual- and community-level factors as effect modifier for long-term exposure to PM2.5 and risk of mortality.Methods: We used data from all Medicare beneficiaries in NC and MI (2001-2016). Annual averages of PM2.5 were estimated using spatio-temporal prediction models to assign zip-code level exposures based on the residence for each enrollee. We estimated the risk of death associated with a 1 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 using a Cox proportional hazards model that controlled for demographic characteristics, Medicaid eligibility, and area-level covariates. We assessed health disparities by residential greenness using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and several individual- and community-level factors (e.g., race, socioeconomic status, urbanicity). We considered combined disparities (e.g., race and SES, urban green vs. rural green) and compared regional characteristics, exposure levels and thus effect estimates between MI and NC.Results: PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of non-accidental mortality for NC and MI. The hazard ratio (HR) for death was 1.124 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.117, 1.130) and 1.007 (95% CI 1.001, 1.013) for NC and MI, respectively. Our preliminary analysis showed that higher risk of PM2.5 exposure on non-accidental mortality was associated with some factors such as residential greenness, urbanicity and socioeconomic status. The HR was higher in areas with less green space and in areas with lower SES, with different patterns of effects by urbanicity and region.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the multiple aspects of disparity factors may affect disproportionate mortality burdens from air pollution exposures.

State Investment in Higher Education: Effects on Human Capital Formation, Student Debt, and Long-Term Financial Outcomes of Students

Most public colleges and universities rely heavily on state financial support. As state budgets have tightened in recent decades, appropriations for higher education have declined substantially. Despite concerns expressed by policymakers and scholars that the declines in state support have reduced the return to education investment for public sector students, little evidence exists that can identify the causal effect of these funds on long-run outcomes. We present the first such analysis in the literature using new data that leverages the merger of two rich datasets: consumer credit records from the New York Fed's Consumer Credit Panel (CCP) sourced from Equifax and administrative college enrollment and attainment data from the National Student Clearinghouse. We overcome identification concerns related to the endogeneity of state appropriation variation using an instrument that interacts the baseline share of total revenue that comes from state appropriations at each public institution with yearly variation in state-level appropriations. Our analysis is conducted separately for two-year and four-year students, and we analyze individuals into their mid-30s. For four-year students, we find that state appropriation increases lead to substantially lower student debt originations. They also react to appropriation increases by shortening their time to degree, but we find little effect on other outcomes. In the two-year sector, state appropriation increases lead to more collegiate and post-collegiate educational attainment, more educational debt consistent with the increased educational attainment, but lower likelihood of delinquency and default. State support also leads to more car and home ownership with lower adverse debt outcomes, and these students experience substantial increases in their credit score and in the affluence of the neighborhood in which they live. Examining mechanisms, we find state appropriations are passed on to students in the form of lower tuition in the four-year sector with no institutional spending response. For community colleges, we find evidence of both price and quality mechanisms, the latter captured in higher educational resources in key spending categories. These results are consistent with the different pattern of effects we document in the four-year and two-year sectors. Our results underscore the importance of state support for higher education in driving student debt outcomes and the long-run returns to postsecondary investments students experience. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Context effects on reproduced magnitudes from short-term and long-term memory.

Extant research has demonstrated strong contextual dependencies in reproducing magnitudes of perceptual stimuli from short-term memory. Two experiments examined how context as defined by (a) the mean of the distribution, (b) stimulus ranks, (c) values of anchor stimuli used in the reproduction task, and (d) values from the most recent trial operate on estimates of square size. Experiment 1 demonstrated distributional contrast effects on ratings of squares and distributional assimilation effects on reproduction of squares from short-term memory for the same participants. The fit of a modified version of the category adjustment model demonstrated reliable effects of the running mean, start anchors, and previous stimulus on reproduction bias. In Experiment 2, participants first learned to associate labels with squares, then reproduced square sizes based on the label cues, a long-term memory task, followed by a reproduction from short-term memory task as in Experiment 1. Results for the short-term memory task were largely consistent with Experiment 1. Results for the long-term memory task showed a very different pattern of effects, with larger reproduced sizes when squares were drawn from positively skewed rather than negatively skewed distributions. This contrast effect was explained by a modified range-frequency model as the result of rank encoding of square values along with displacement away from the running mean and shifts towards the prior response and start anchors. The combined results identify multiple sources of context effects in estimation that depend critically on memory retrieval factors and show how they can be incorporated into existing models.

Four generational cohorts and hedonic m-shopping: association between personality traits and purchase intention

In retailing, it is recognized that prominent differences exist between generational cohorts. As such, analysis of varying patterns of personality traits and their effects between generations is essential for understanding consumer behaviors. This research focuses on the association between the Big Five personality traits and m-shopping intentions of hedonic products among four generational cohorts: baby boomers and Generations X, Y, and Z. Generational cohort theory, the Big Five Personality Model, and resistance to innovations theory are integrated in a theoretical framework. The research was conducted by online survey of 1241 Internet users aged 14–72. Different patterns of effects of personality traits between generations were found. For baby boomers and Generation X, a positive association between openness to experience and m-shopping intention was found. Moreover, in these generations, personality traits were more powerful in predicting m-shopping intention, compared to younger generations. Among Generation Y, extraversion was positively correlated with m-shopping intention. Among Generation Z, a negative correlation between agreeableness and m-shopping intention was found. Based on our findings, we propose a generational approach to marketing strategy and suggest specific practical implications.

Doing Good with Creative Accounting? Linking Corporate Social Responsibility to Earnings Management in Market Economy, Country and Business Sector Contexts

The mandate of doing good with earnings management has been a subject of inconclusive findings from the past literature and leave issues on the benefits of socially responsible activities and financial reporting of the company. This study investigates the effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on accrual-based (AEM) and real-activities earnings management (REM). This study hypothesized that the trade-off exists between these two earnings management strategies, in light of increasing attention of CSR among Asian firms. In addition, this study examines whether the performance of firms in socially responsible activities exhibit different patterns of effect across the two measures of earnings management under the market economy, country, and business sector contexts. This study contemplates on 3906 firm-year observations from 2011 to 2017 of eleven countries in Asia. Our findings show that CSR conceals AEM while it constrains REM. These effects vary according to the market economy classifications, country, and business sector types. Each market, country and business sector has different standpoints in implementing CSR activities and earnings management relevant to the culture, macroeconomic considerations and demands from the stakeholders. Lastly, the discernment on the relevance of building corporate citizenship on financial reporting transparency is elaborated.

The use of mid-infrared spectra to map genes affecting milk composition

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy analysis of milk samples to increase the power and precision of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for milk composition and to better distinguish linked quantitative trait loci (QTL). To achieve this goal, we analyzed phenotypic data of milk composition traits, related MIR spectra, and genotypic data comprising 626,777 SNP on 5,202 Holstein, Jersey, and crossbred cows. We performed a conventional GWAS on protein, lactose, fat, and fatty acid concentrations in milk, a GWAS on individual MIR wavenumbers, and a partial least squares regression (PLS), which is equivalent to a multi-trait GWAS, exploiting MIR data simultaneously to predict SNP genotypes. The PLS detected most of the QTL identified using single-trait GWAS, usually with a higher significance value, as well as previously undetected QTL for milk composition. Each QTL tends to have a different pattern of effects across the MIR spectrum and this explains the increased power. Because SNP tracking different QTL tend to have different patterns of effect, it was possible to distinguish closely linked QTL. Overall, the results of this study suggest that using MIR data through either GWAS or PLS analysis applied to genomic data can provide a powerful tool to distinguish milk composition QTL.

The Relationship Between Parenting Styles Practiced By Grandparents And Children's Emotional And Behavioral Problems.

To examine the relationship between grandparenting styles and grandchildren's emotions and behaviors, while controlling for parenting styles, and to compare the effects of grandparenting styles and parenting styles on children's behavioral problems in China. A sample of 765 children, with a mean age of 12.02 years (SD = 0.38), participated in this cross-sectional study in Jintan city, Jiangsu province, China. All participants completed the self-report measures of emotions and behaviors, grandparenting styles, and sociodemographic variables. Results showed that the well-recognized parenting styles (Care, Indifference, Overprotection, and Autonomy), when implemented by grandparents (grandparenting styles) and parents (parenting styles), had different patterns of effects on children's emotional and behavioral problems. Grandparenting styles, especially grandparental Care and Overprotection, were positively related to emotional and behavioral problems, while parental Care was negatively related to children's externalizing behaviors. These results highlight the importance of grandparenting styles in grandchildren's development. Practitioners working with grandparents and grandchildren need to recognize the complexity of grandparent-grandchild relationships and implement suitable interventions to meet the family needs.