Different Patterns Of Behavior Research Articles

Konflikt- und Rückzugspotentiale in spätkapitalistischen Gesellschaften / Potentials of Conflict and Withdrawal in Late Capitalist Societies

Abstract Late capitalist societies increasingly prove incapable of generating the modal personality that would correspond to the imperatives under which the political and economic subsystems operate. This is due to a process of the sharpening of the crisis of adolescence in which system-dysfunctional solutions are gaining ground. In terms of the interactionist approach the problem specific to the adolescent phase, i. e. the problem of identity formation, becomes one of coming to grips with the cultural system; this in turn, prompted by a series of socio-cultural changes, lays bare the immanent structural difficulties of the bourgeois legitimation system. Differentiated ways of solving this crisis correspond to various processes of a selective thematization of the contents of the cultural system and thereby to differential behavior patterns (e. g. student revolt, hippies, drug-addicts, Jesus-People, withdrawal).

Respiration and nitrogen excretion of zooplankton. II. Studies of the metabolic characteristics of starved animals

Respiration and nitrogen-excretion studies were carried out on several species of zooplankton (Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Phronima sedentaria, Acartia clausi and Sagitta setosa) under starvation. Although all the species were mainly ammonotelic, apparently a significant amount of organic nitrogen was excreted; the validity of the measurements and their significance are discussed. The effect of duration of starvation showed for M. norvegica and A. clausi two different patterns of behaviour, which were chiefly a function of the rate of biomass turnover of the species studied. The rates of metabolism, chemical composition, and reaction to starvation varied with season in M. norvegica. The physiological balance of the experimental animals was examined by calculating the protein carbon equivalent to respiratory and excretory catabolism, and by use of atomic O:N ratios. Starved individuals catabolized more protein carbon than can be accounted for by the amount of respiratory oxygen utilized. A hypothesis, which suggests that there are three levels of resistance to starvation, is proposed to explain this paradox, and its metabolic basis is discussed.

Biochemical and behavioural changes induced by isolation in rats

Rats isolated for a period of 6 weeks developed 3 different patterns of behaviour towards mice: “friendly”, “muricide” and “indifferent”. The levels of brain amines (5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and dopamine) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid did not differ from those in the control animals, but the turnover of brain amines was modified. The turnover rate of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine increased in “friendly” rats and decreased in “muricide” and “indifferent” animals. Brainstem noradrenaline turnover time decreased in “friendly” and in “muricide” animals but did not change in “indifferent” rats. The turnover rate of striatal dopamine decreased in “friendly” rats but remained unchanged in “muricide” and “indifferent” animals.

The relationship between the Repression-Sensitization Scale and the Incomplete Sentences Blank.

Summary Prior research with the Repression-Sensitization (R-S(scale has isolated certain differential behavior patterns in Ss scoring at the extremes of the scale. Thus Byrne's formulation of the R-S scale hypothesized a curvilinear relationship between the R-S scale and psychological adjustment. However, other research suggests that the relationship may be linear. Using Rotter's Incomplete Sentence Blank, College Form (ISB), it was hypothesized that there would be a linear relationship between the R-S scale and ISB. 204 college students took both the R-S and ISB. No significant sex differences were obtained. While the correlation between the R-S scale and ISB was significant (r = 59, p < .01), the results did not prove linearity, but there is insufficient evidence to support any other kind of relationship.

Water transport and clustering in poly[vinyl cloride], poly[oxymethylene], and other polymers

Abstract The diffusion constants for water vapor in poly (vinyl chloride) and poly(oxymethylene) have been determined by the time-lag method. In addition the sorption isotherms have been measured by direct weighing. The values of the solubility coefficient obtained gravimetrically have been compared with those calculated from the quotient of the permeability and diffusion constants obtained from the time lags. Quite different patterns of behavior were exhibited by the two polymers. In the case of poly(oxvmethylene) the two sets of values of the solubility coefficients were quite similar and fitted a normal Brunauer—Emmett-Teller (BET) type-III sorption isotherm. With poly(vinyl chloride), however, the solubilities calculated from P/D obeyed Henry's law and were considerably less than those obtained by direct weighing (except at low activities) which again were of the BET type III. These results were compared to those found with other polymers and have been interpreted in terms of the different degrees of ...

The oxygen uptake and pulmonary blood flow during resuscitation from asphyxia in foetal and adult sheep.

1. The foetuses of twenty-seven Welsh ewes and eight Clun Forest ewes were delivered by Caesarian section at an approximate gestational age of 140 days, maintaining the umbilical circulation. They were asphyxiated by clamping the umbilical cord, and resuscitated with IPPV. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and blood pressures were recorded, and in one series of eight, blood flow through the left lung was recorded whilst IPPV was applied to this lung only.2. The hypothesis that oxygen consumption is abnormally low during resuscitation of the new-born from extreme asphyxia because of limited blood flow, was supported.3. Adult ewes were also asphyxiated and in a series of eight a quite different pattern of behaviour was observed, due to very rapid and complete recovery of the circulation.4. Observations on the pulmonary vascular resistance suggest that complete vasomotor paralysis occurs during extreme asphyxia, so that resistance falls to a near-minimum level for unexpanded lung. Expansion of the lung produced a large fall in resistance which appeared to be due to the introduction of gas into the alveolar spaces, lessening the resistance to flow of the capillaries.

Complexes of thiazoles. Part II. Complexes of 2-amino-, 2-chloro-, and 2-methyl-benzothiazole with cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) salts

Complexes of some 2-substituted benzothiazoles have been prepared and characterised by magnetic and spectroscopic techniques. Further information on benzothiazole complexes is also reported. Since 2-aminobenzothiazole shows a different pattern of behaviour towards nickel(II) from the other 2-substituted ligands, it is suggested that it may be bonded through the amino nitrogen atom in contrast to the other ligands which are bonded through the ring nitrogen. We have also considered the effect of the 2-substituent in determining the stereochemistry of nickel(II) complexes with 2-substituted nitrogen heterocyclic ligands. The possibility of co-ordinated acetone in the complex [Cu(2-NH2bt)3(acetone)3](ClO4)2 is discussed.

The Role Path: A Concept and Procedure for Studying Migration to Urban Communities

When an adult migrates from from a rural community to the city, he enters a world of unfamiliar roles, new social relationships, and different patterns of behavior. Through socialization into the culture and social organization of the rural community, he develops an understanding of that community with its recognized social positions, and the role prescriptions and behavior associated with these positions. In the city, a process of resocialization must occur if the migrant is to become an effective participant in urban life. Through interaction with others in the urban setting, he will be enabled to acquire a greater or lesser understanding of the city's social structure and of the role prescriptions and behavior associated with these new and different positions.

Etiology of Poor Housekeeping among Low Income Public Housing Families

Only a small fraction of the total adult-child contacts involved physical care; those instances that did were quite evenly distributed among five of the six days. There were more standing and talking contacts at Beach UM. There were slightly more commanding contacts at Beach L. It seemed possible that the different proportion of adults in the water, rather than a more complex difference in behavior patterns, might have accounted for the other differences noted

Differential Responses in Perceptual Ability Among Mentally Retarded Brain-Injured Children

BRAIN-INJURED children have been described by various workers in field as having difficulty with visual motor tasks, organization problems, and con cept formation (11). The purpose of this investiga tion was to determine whether mentally retarded brain-injured children show a similar performance on a task involving these functions or if there are differential responses based on specific learning handicaps. The study reported here is related to a series of attempts to investigate feasibility of differential teaching methods in terms of perceptual disabilities based on specific learning handicaps rather than employing a teaching curriculum based on categorization of so-called typical behavior of the organic child. The theoretical background for these inves tig a tions has been work of Dr. Lise Gellner who has stated that primary difficulty in brain damage is brain stem lesions which result in partial perceptu al losses. A summary of her position is as follows: Mental retardation is due to different kinds of learn ing handicaps resulting from structural or biochem ical damage somewhere in cerebral systems of vision and audition. There is a dichotomy of vis ual and auditory pathways in brain which ac counts for existence of two central systems of vision and audition. One of these systems serves integration of visual and auditory impulses eman ating in retina of eye or cochlea of ear, with kinesthetic impulses from all somatic structures (muscles, joints, etc. ) of body; other system serves integration of such visual or auditory impulses with impulses emanating from all autonomie structures (inner organs, blood ves sels, etc. ). Each of these four cerebral s y s te ms extends from respective sense organs, via some important specific ganglia in midbrain to speci fic projection areas in cerebral cortex. If these systems are intact, result is normal seeing or normal hearing, but impairment anywhere in one or several of these four systems results in disturbance of function. (6). Each of these disturbances is termed a disability since there is a direct negative effect on performance of child. Differences in behavior patterns of brain-injured children are due to specific perceptual loss.

Radiation protection in irradiated dimethylsiloxane polymers

Small concentrations of certain additives can greatly modify the effects produced by radiation of macromolecules such as polymers and biological systems. Various mechanisms of protection can be envisaged, and these lead to different kinetics in protection effects. Most published work studies the elimination of the additive, rather than the change in the macromolecule. In previous papers in this series, the dose rate effects expected for radical reactions were observed for anthracene solutions in hexane and cyclohexane. With anthracene in dimethylsiloxane polymers, however, no such dependence was observed. This problem is studied in greater detail in the present paper. The additives studied were anthracene, iodine, sulphur and benzophenone, and their protective effect on the crosslinking of dimethylsiloxane polymer was investigated a t various dose rates. Contrary to generally accepted views on reaction mechanisms no dose-rate effect was observed; anthracene provided no protection against crosslinking, although it was itself destroyed. Iodine and colloidal sulphur provided a considerable measure of protection, but had no effect on gas evolution. Benzophenone also offered protection, but also reduced the gas yield. To explain these very different patterns of behaviour, it is necessary to modify some present views on the nature of the protection offered; this leads to a discussion as to the mechanism of crosslinking.

Psychophysiologic reactions in the neonate: II. Effect of maternal medication on the neonate and bis bebavior

Certain observable differences in behavioral patterns of the newborn infant as he recovers from the delivery process are recorded. The influence on these patterns of depressant drugs given the mother as premediation is seen as a deepening and prolongation of the central nervous system disorganization attendant on the birth process. The usual period of general disorganization seems to be prolonged for 1 to 2 days by relatively heavy premedication with barbiturates. In the neonate's specific ability to adapt to the breast-feeding situation, this study of 41 babies demonstrated a lag of 48 hours' duration. Weight gain in the observed infants was delayed 24 hours by relatively heavy barbiturate premedication given the mother. The importance of accounting for the effects of drugs on individual responses in adapting to extrauterine existence is emphasized. Certain observable differences in behavioral patterns of the newborn infant as he recovers from the delivery process are recorded. The influence on these patterns of depressant drugs given the mother as premediation is seen as a deepening and prolongation of the central nervous system disorganization attendant on the birth process. The usual period of general disorganization seems to be prolonged for 1 to 2 days by relatively heavy premedication with barbiturates. In the neonate's specific ability to adapt to the breast-feeding situation, this study of 41 babies demonstrated a lag of 48 hours' duration. Weight gain in the observed infants was delayed 24 hours by relatively heavy barbiturate premedication given the mother. The importance of accounting for the effects of drugs on individual responses in adapting to extrauterine existence is emphasized.

Perception, Learning, and Emotion: The Role of Alcohol

A good deal is already known about the effects of alcohol on spe cific psychological functions such as perception, memory, judgment, learning ability, and certain emotions. We are also beginning to understand something of how the effect of alcohol on an individual's need-patterns may lead to con tinued drinking, and, further, how alcohol can give rise to quite different pat terns of behavior in different individuals or in the same individual at different times. Much remains to be learned, however, about the specific ways in which the need-patterns of normal drinkers and nondrinkers differ from those of addictive drinkers.

FURTHER COMMENTS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE TETRAPODS

the land. Romer (1945) has suggested that the tetrapod limb is an adaptive modification permitting primitive aquatic amphibians confined in some drying pool of the Devonian landscape to leave this pool in search of asylum in a larger body of water. Orton (1954) argues that this is contrary to experience since, if the lands are drying, the amphibians tend to congregate in the dampest spots available rather than to disperse across the arid and inhospitable terrain. She suggests that the tetrapod limb originated as a burrowing device to permit estivation during times of drought and that the amphibians emerged on land in the Mississippian when more humid conditions prevailed. Ewer (1955) points out that this thesis fails to answer the question of why the amphibians should have left the water at a time when aquatic habitats were expanding. He discusses three different patterns of behavior by which the South African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis, has responded to the drying of its normal habitat. Usually the toads estivate by simply burrowing in the mud. As Ewer points out, this is in keeping with Orton's

French Canadian Kinship and Urban Life1

The urban French Canadian kinship system is a variant of that generally reported for Western societies. It is a patronymic bilateral structure, with two major dimensions of lateral range and generation depth. While awareness of descent and pride in the history of a family name is shown by the majority of informants, frequency of contact is highest between members of the same generation, and cuts across consanguineal and affinal ties. These lateral and generation dimensions involve different patterns of behavior: a formal pattern of expected obligations operates between the generations; a more informal choice according to personality preference operates between members of the same generation. The nuclei of the kinship system are the parent-child and sibling relationships of the domestic family, which is held to be an autonomous unit. The expected roles of the members of the broader kin group vary according to their position in the formal and informal patterns, and their closeness to Ego's domestic family. These roles separate the total kin into a number of subgroups having special functions. The total kin group is expected to come into action only for very formal occasions, such as a funeral; in most situations, only the subgroups are involved. Women are more active within the kinship system

EFFECTS OF SOME HORMONES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF SALMON FRY

Chum and coho salmon fry, when immersed in solutions of methyl testosterone, synthetic thyroxine sodium, or the antithyroid drug, thiourea, do not show any new or different patterns of behavior. Chum salmon fry do, however, show quantitative changes in the rate of swimming and in the intensity of schooling. Less marked variations are seen in aggregating behavior of the treated coho. Control chum fry swim in the brightest part of a horizontal light gradient while coho fry, coho smolt, and trout prefer darker areas. Minor changes in this photoresponse, observed in fish treated with drugs, are probably produced by variations in the amount of swimming.

Scientific Attitudes in Relation to Climatic Fluctuations

Today it is clear that human behavior must be considered as part of a social and cultural field. The form and content of human activities are not isolated and independent, but are integrated into more or less definite of culture. Each element in life forms part of this cultural mesh. One part implicates, restrains, and helps express the others. On the other hand, the close relation between man's activities and the functioning of his body must also be considered. Today it is the organism as a unit that is studied. On the physiological side, man makes delicate adjustments to the physical environment, and these adjustments often play an important part in determining his behavior. An adequate theory of human behavior must recognize and take into account the facts and implications from these fields. The relation of man with his psychological, cultural, and physical environments must be investigated and clarified. So far little work emphasizing all three fields has been reported. The most promising of such efforts is that of Dr. R. H. Wheeler. His method of attack has been that of studying the relationship of one of the most important variables in the physical environment, climatic fluctuations, with the changes in man's behavior. Such changes are also reflected in the cultural pattern as shifts in modes of thinking and different patterns of behavior.

Mobility and Family Disorganization

M o j rOBILITY is significantly, although indirectly, related to the disorganization of the individual family and to the disorganization of family folkways and mores. While mobility also has organizing effects, this paper is concentrated on the disorganization of the family. The tentative propositions which are stated have emerged in part from general reading and thought on the subject and in part from a study which the author is making of the factors in the marital adjustment of divorced couples in comparison with married couples. The Disruption of the Individual Family. Mowrer, in a comparison of Iooo divorced cases which came before the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, in i919, with a control group of iooo nondivorced cases, demonstrated a statistical relationship between mobility and divorce.He found (i) that the mean number of years per address of the control group was 56 percent greater than the divorced group;2 (2) that the mean years per community address of the control group was 62 percent greater than for the divorced group;3 (3) that prior to their separation, divorced families moved more often into areas of greater family disintegration (number of divorces and desertions per io,ooo population) than did the control group.4 We agree with Mowrer that the disorganization of the individual family and the mobility of city life are closely associated. However, we raise the additional question as to the specific ways in which mobility is associated with the disorganization of the individual family. Four possible relationships are presented in the following paragraphs. First, if differences in the mobility of the several members of a family put the members in contact with different patterns of behavior, divergent behavior may be developed in those members and incompatibility within the family may result. The several members of a family may differ from each other in the intimacy, frequency, and length of their contacts or in the types of behavior contacted. These differences in contacts may result in the disruption of either the inner unity or the structural form of the family, or both. It is pretty well established that if individuals are in intimate contact with divergent patterns of behavior over a sufficiently long period, former alien standards tend to become their standards. Consequently, if members of a family, because of necessity or desire, move in different social worlds, go to different types of movies, or in any way regularly and intimately contact different patterns of behavior, they will tend to become individualized. This

Some psychologic aspects of deafness

AbstractI would like to emphasize that the psychologic reaction of an individual to a given situation depends much more on the individual to a given situation depends much more on the individual than it does on the specific situation. John Brown will respond differently to a certain set of circumstances than will James Smith. The reasons for the difference in responses result from the differences in the personalities of Brown and Smith; therefore, it is somewhat misleading to speak of the psychological aspects of deafness, as though deafness in itself were possessed of a psychology and could be depended upon to provide the same sort of reaction in everyone whom it touched. Some of us behave thus and so as the result of the loss of a limb, or the sudden accumulation of wealth; while others exhibit entirely different patterns of behavior under similar conditions. The personality of each human being is an exceedingly complex thing, and no two personalities are exactly the same. It is this personality of ours with which we attempt to adjust to life, to find contentment, to achieve a measure of success. Because our personalities are so varied, our efforts to adjust are laid along different lines. What is desirable to one individual is unimportant to the next. Each of us measures happiness in his own terms; and likewise, disappointment, frustration, and unhappiness are interpreted and evaluated by people in manners characteristic of themselves.