Different Patterns Of Age Research Articles

Ethnicity and the surgical management of early invasive breast cancer in over 164 000 women.

BackgroundLimited information is available about patterns of surgical management of early breast cancer by ethnicity of women in England, and any potential inequalities in the treatment received for breast cancer.MethodsNational Cancer Registration and Analysis Service data for women diagnosed with early invasive breast cancer (ICD–10 C50) during 2012–2017 were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals for the risk of mastectomy versus breast‐conserving surgery by ethnicity (black African, black Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani and white), adjusting for age, region, deprivation, year of diagnosis, co‐morbidity and stage at diagnosis.ResultsData from 164 143 women were included in the analysis. The proportion of women undergoing mastectomy fell by approximately 5 per cent between 2012 and 2017 across all the ethnic groups examined. In unadjusted analyses, each ethnic minority group had a significantly higher odds of mastectomy than white women; however, in the fully adjusted model, there were no significantly increased odds of having mastectomy for women of any ethnic minority group examined. For example, compared with white women, the unadjusted and fully adjusted ORs for mastectomy were 1·14 (95 per cent c.i. 1·05 to 1·20) and 1·04 (0·96 to 1·14) respectively for Indian women, and 1·45 (1·30 to 1·62) and 1·00 (0·89 to 1·13) for black African women. This attenuation in OR by ethnicity was largely due to adjustment for age and stage.ConclusionAllowing for different patterns of age and stage at presentation, the surgical management of early breast cancer is similar in all women, regardless of ethnicity.

Pathogen Dynamics across the Diversity of Aging.

AbstractReproduction, mortality, and immune function often change with age but do not invariably deteriorate. Across the tree of life, there is extensive variation in age-specific performance and changes to key life-history traits. These changes occur on a spectrum from classic senescence, where performance declines with age, to juvenescence, where performance improves with age. Reproduction, mortality, and immune function are also important factors influencing the spread of infectious disease, yet there exists no comprehensive investigation into how the aging spectrum of these traits impacts epidemics. We used a model laboratory infection system to compile an aging profile of a single organism, including traits directly linked to pathogen susceptibility and those that should indirectly alter pathogen transmission by influencing demography. We then developed generalizable epidemiological models demonstrating that different patterns of aging produce dramatically different transmission landscapes: in many cases, aging can reduce the probability of epidemics, but it can also promote severity. This work provides context and tools for use across taxa by empiricists, demographers, and epidemiologists, advancing our ability to accurately predict factors contributing to epidemics or the potential repercussions of senescence manipulation.

Managing the Lower Eyelid Complex in the Thick-Skinned Patient.

Thick skin presents a unique set of challenges within the realm of facial plastic surgery, and addressing the lower lid complex is no exception. There are several procedures for addressing the lower lids, the first and foremost being lower lid blepharoplasty. However, the remaining procedures combined with surgical techniques have exclusive implications in thick skin. Understanding the anatomy and various techniques that can be applied to thick skin can help achieve aesthetically more pleasing results in comparison to those of thin skin. As will be discussed in this article, patients with skin color of Fitzpatrick's grade III or higher have several characteristics associated with their skin, including thicker dermis as well as different patterns of aging, which have implications for addressing the lower lid complex. The senior author has extensive experience performing lower lid procedures and seeks to impart how best to understand and adapt for these differences to allow for the best aesthetic result.

Neurocognitive Functions in 3- to 15-Year-Old Children: An International Comparison.

Performance on neurocognitive tasks develops with age, but it is still unknown whether this performance differs between children from different cultures. We compared cross-sectionally the development of neurocognitive functions in 3- to 15-year-old children from three countries: Finland, Italy, and the United States (N=2745). Language, face memory, emotion recognition, theory of mind, and visuospatial processing subtests from the NEPSY-II standardizations in Finland, Italy, and the United States were used to evaluate if children and adolescents from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds differ in performance on these measures. We found significant differences in performance on the tasks between the countries. Generally, the differences were more pronounced in the younger age groups. Some subtests showed greater country effects than others, performance on these subtests being higher, in general, in one country over the others, or showed different patterns of age associated changes in test performance. Significant differences in neurocognitive performance between children from Finland, Italy, and the United States were found. These findings may be due to cultural or educational differences that impact test performance, or due to factors associated with the adaptation of measures from one culture to another. The finding of performance differences across countries on similar tasks indicate that cross-cultural and background variables impact performance on neuropsychological measures. Therefore, clinicians need to consider a child's cultural background when evaluating performance on neuropsychological assessments. The results also indicate that future cross-cultural studies are needed to further examine the underlying cultural factors that influence neurocognitive performance. (JINS, 2017, 23, 367-380).

The great evolutionary divide: two genomic systems biologies of aging.

There is not one systems biology of aging, but two. Though aging can evolve in either sexual or asexual species when there is asymmetric reproduction, the evolutionary genetics of aging in species with frequent sexual recombination are quite different from those arising when sex is rare or absent. When recombination is rare, selection is expected to act chiefly on rare large-effect mutations, which purge genetic variation due to genome-wide hitchhiking. In such species, the systems biology of aging can focus on the effects of large-effect mutants, transgenics, and combinations of such genetic manipulations. By contrast, sexually outbreeding species maintain abundant genetic polymorphism within populations. In such species, the systems biology of aging can examine the genome-wide effects of selection and genetic drift on the numerous polymorphic loci that respond to laboratory selection for different patterns of aging. An important question of medical relevance is to what extent insights derived from the systems biology of aging in model species can be applied to human aging.

Optimal Life-History Strategy Differs between Philopatric and Dispersing Individuals in a Metapopulation

Abundant empirical evidence for dispersal syndromes contrasts with the rarity of theoretical predictions about the evolution of life-history divergence between dispersing and philopatric individuals. We use an evolutionary model to predict optimal differences in age-specific reproductive effort between dispersing and philopatric individuals inhabiting the same metapopulation. In our model, only young individuals disperse, and their lifelong reproductive decisions are potentially affected by this initial event. Juvenile survival declines as density of adults and other juveniles increases. We assume a trade-off between reproduction and survival, so that different patterns of age-specific reproductive effort lead to different patterns of aging. We find that young immigrant mothers should allocate more resources to reproduction than young philopatric mothers, but these life-history differences vanish as immigrant and philopatric individuals get older. However, whether the higher early reproductive effort of immigrants results in higher fecundity depends on the postimmigration cost on fecundity. Dispersing individuals have consequently a shorter life span. Ultimately, these life-history differences are due to the fact that young dispersing individuals most often live in recently founded populations, where competition is relaxed and juvenile survival higher, favoring larger investment in offspring production at the expense of survival.

Phototrichogram analysis of normal scalp hair characteristics with aging

Phototrichogram analysis of normal scalp hair characteristics in Asian populations is not well characterized. To investigate the normal hair characteristics of South Koreans using a phototrichogram. We enrolled 674 males and 683 females between the ages of 10 and 69. Hair density, thickness and the white hair percentage were measured via phototrichogram. Six scalp sites, including front, top, the peak between top and back, back, and the right and left sides were targeted. The mean hair density, hair thickness, and the white hair percentages were not significantly different between genders at any scalp site. The mean hair density and thickness were significantly different according to scalp sites. Hair density declined with age, especially at the peak between the top and back. Males and females showed different patterns of aging in hair density. Hair thickness changed little with age. Mean hair thickness generally tended to increase until the 20s, reach a plateau between the 20s and 50s, and decrease after the 50s. The mean white hair percentages were 1.84 ± 4.24% in males and 1.66 ± 4.21% in females. The mean white hair percentages were significantly increased in subjects over 40 years of age. We described the normal characteristics and aging patterns of scalp hair in a Korean population.

From red to gray: the "third transition" of aging populations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union

This is the overview of the publication (See report 40532). This report focuses on the challenges that the region's aging countries will now face in having to deal with multiple transitions. It argues that their task ahead, though uniquely daunting, is by no means impossible. Indeed, many of the potential problems can be addressed through sensible and thoughtful policies that can be enacted over the next few years. The only danger likely lies in complacency, in not being proactive in addressing the challenges. This report finds, first, that some of the concerns about aging in Eastern European and Former Soviet countries are probably misplaced. Second, the analysis in the report validates concerns about future fiscal strains in some of the region's aging countries, but finds that many of the drivers of higher future public expenditures are unrelated to aging. This report is particularly focused on the future-a future in the region that is critically dependent on actions that countries and societies take now, and over the next few years. The report sends two central messages, which are analyzed against the different patterns of aging across the region. Red light to green light: growing older does not have to mean growing slower. Aging is not a stop sign for growth, if countries enact policies that boost productivity and labor force participation. Red ink to black ink: waging sensible policies can ease aging's spending impact. The policies needed to manage much of the expected jump in public spending, especially the impacts on pensions and on health care, are well known. They need only to be enacted and implemented.

P.2.d.021 Distinct electrophysiological effects of citalopram and escitalopram on mesolimbic dopamine neuronal activity in rats

Growing evidence suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6) may play a pathogenetic role in postmenopausal bone loss and in other age-related pathological conditions. In this study, we have examined the age-related changes in the serum levels of IL-6 and the soluble receptors that modulate its biological activity — soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and soluble gp130 (sgp130) — in 220 women (from 25 to 104 yr old), including 22 centenarians. Serum IL-6 rose exponentially with age (r=0.74, p<0.0001). The median level of IL-6 increased almost ten-fold with age, from 1.16 pg/ml in premenopausal women to 10.27 pg/ml in centenarians. Serum sIL-6R and sgp130 showed an increase until the seventh decade and a progressive decrease in older ages (r=0.39, p<0.0001 and r=0.26, p=0.008, respectively). IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 were significantly higher in women within 10 yr of menopause as compared to premenopausal subjects (1.51 vs. 1.16 pg/ml, p=0.012; 41.9 vs. 35.7 ng/ml, p=0.002; and 253.4 vs. 230.7 ng/ml, p=0.008, respectively). In postmenopausal women, a negative correlation was found between sIL-6R and the lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) (r=−0.28, p=0.002) even after adjusting for age and weight. Furthermore, sIL-6R levels were higher in osteoporotic compared to normal women (47.9 vs. 39.5 ng/ml, p=0.001). In conclusion, our results show that the serum levels of IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 exhibit different patterns of age- and menopause-related changes, and that the biological activity of IL-6 may be increased with age with potential implications in the age-related diseases such as osteoporosis.

Mortality in Europe: the Divergence Between East and West

After a period of general convergence, the 1960s were marked by the divergence between the life expectancies of eastern European countries, where all progress came to a halt, and those of the rest of Europe where health care made large strides. A hierarchical analysis of age-specific mortality patterns shows that this divergence goes together with the development of very different patterns of age at death; in the countries of eastern Europe, and especially in the USSR, excess mortality at adult ages is spectacularly high.Cause-specific analysis reveals the decisive role played by two kinds of diseases. On the one hand, &#8220;man-made diseases&#8221; (alcoholism, smoking, car accidents, etc.) have continued to increase in the east, whereas they were curbed in the west starting in the 1960s. On the other hand, eastern Europe was unable to join the cardiovascular revolution that had enabled the west to increase its life expectancy levels. The considerable divergence between eastern and western Europe should not hide the differences that still remain among western countries. Indeed, mortality patterns are changing in the west, and the traditional opposition between north and south is undergoing radical transformations.

Mortality in Europe: The Divergence between East and West

After a period of general convergence, the 1960s were marked by the divergence between the life expectancies of eastern European countries, where all progress came to a halt, and those of the rest of Europe where health care made large strides. A hierarchical analysis of age-specific mortality patterns shows that this divergence goes together with the development of very different patterns of age at death; in the countries of eastern Europe, and especially in the USSR, excess mortality at adult ages is spectacularly high.Cause-specific analysis reveals the decisive role played by two kinds of diseases. On the one hand, “man-made diseases” (alcoholism, smoking, car accidents, etc.) have continued to increase in the east, whereas they were curbed in the west starting in the 1960s. On the other hand, eastern Europe was unable to join the cardiovascular revolution that had enabled the west to increase its life expectancy levels. The considerable divergence between eastern and western Europe should not hide the differences that still remain among western countries. Indeed, mortality patterns are changing in the west, and the traditional opposition between north and south is undergoing radical transformations.

Serum interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6 receptor and soluble gp130 exhibit different patterns of age- and menopause-related changes.

Growing evidence suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6) may play a pathogenetic role in postmenopausal bone loss and in other age-related pathological conditions. In this study, we have examined the age-related changes in the serum levels of IL-6 and the soluble receptors that modulate its biological activity--soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and soluble gp130 (sgp130)--in 220 women (from 25 to 104yr old), including 22 centenarians. Serum IL-6 rose exponentially with age (r=0.74, p<0.0001). The median level of IL-6 increased almost ten-fold with age, from 1.16pg/ml in premenopausal women to 10.27pg/ml in centenarians. Serum sIL-6R and sgp130 showed an increase until the seventh decade and a progressive decrease in older ages (r=0.39, p<0.0001 and r=0.26, p=0.008, respectively). IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 were significantly higher in women within 10yr of menopause as compared to premenopausal subjects (1.51 vs. 1.16pg/ml, p=0.012; 41.9 vs. 35.7ng/ml, p=0.002; and 253.4 vs. 230.7ng/ml, p=0.008, respectively). In postmenopausal women, a negative correlation was found between sIL-6R and the lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) (r=-0.28, p=0.002) even after adjusting for age and weight. Furthermore, sIL-6R levels were higher in osteoporotic compared to normal women (47.9 vs. 39.5ng/ml, p=0.001). In conclusion, our results show that the serum levels of IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 exhibit different patterns of age- and menopause-related changes, and that the biological activity of IL-6 may be increased with age with potential implications in the age-related diseases such as osteoporosis.

Lifespan changes in the human hypothalamus.

The various cell groups in the human hypothalamus show different patterns of aging, which are the basis for changes in biological rhythms, hormone production, autonomic functions, and behavior. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the clock of the brain, exhibits circadian and seasonal rhythms in vasopressin synthesis that are disrupted later in life. Furthermore, the age-related sexual differences in the number of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neurons in this nucleus reinforces the idea that the SCN is not only involved in the timing of circadian rhythms but also in the temporal organization of reproductive functions. The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic are (SDN-POA), or intermediate nucleus, is twice as large in men as in women, a difference that arises between the ages of two to four years and puberty. During aging a dramatic, sex-dependent decrease in cell number occurs, leading to values which are only 10-15% of the cell number found in early childhood. The vasopressin and oxytocin producing cells in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are examples of neuron populations that seem to stay perfectly intact in old age. Parvocellular corticotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons are found throughout the PVN and are even activated in the course of aging, as indicated by their increase in number and by their coexpression with vasopressin. Part of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), or tubero-infundibular nucleus, contains hypertrophic neurons in postmenopausal women. These hypertrophied neurons contain neurokinin-B, substance P, and estrogen receptors and probably act on LHRH neurons as interneurons. The tuberal lateral nucleus (NTL), involved in feeding behavior and energy metabolism, does not show any neuronal loss in senescence. These findings indicate that each cell group of the human hypothalamus has its own sex-specific pattern of aging. In fact, some hypothalamic nuclei show a dramatic functional decline with aging, whereas others seem to become more active later in life.

Personality structure and aging style

In this article we argue that different patterns of aging can be best understood if we shift the emphasis from looking at discrete characteristics to an emphasis on the whole individual. In this way aging becomes the integration of past experience and present events in the framework of a continuous self. We argue that different Styles of Aging derive from specific personality configurations. Using five personality types, as defined in axis II of DSM-III-R, we illustrate how the elderly cope with the constraints of old age, create an aging identity and respond to life events in ways that fit their personality styles. We conclude by suggesting new research questions.

Maintaining health and independence of elderly women.

1. There is a paucity of research specific to elderly women in the nursing literature. Research is needed in this area because older women have different patterns of aging than men. 2. Since older women are the most rapidly growing segment of American society, there is a need to maintain their health and independence while minimizing the effects of chronic illness. 3. Elderly women with a reported health status of excellent or good indicated they had a greater degree of social support than respondents reporting a fair or poor health status. 4. Women residing in private housing reported having an excellent or good health status and a greater degree of social support more frequently than women in public housing.

Articular cartilage and intervertebral disc proteoglycans differ in structure: an electron microscopic study.

Articular cartilage and the intervertebral disc tissues have different material and biological properties and different patterns of aging and degeneration. To determine if the proteoglycans of these tissues differ in structure, we used the electron microscopic monolayer technique to compare baboon articular cartilage proteoglycans with baboon annulus fibrosus, transition zone, and nucleus pulposus proteoglycans. Intervertebral disc and articular cartilage proteoglycans differed significantly. Articular cartilage contained large proteoglycan aggregates formed from hyaluronic acid central filaments, multiple monomers, and large nonaggregated monomers. These molecules were identical to those of nasal cartilage, growth plate cartilage, chondrosarcomas, or menisci. In contrast, the intervertebral disc tissues contained only nonaggregated proteoglycan monomers and clusters of monomers without apparent central filaments. Intervertebral disc nonaggregated monomers were shorter and more variable in length than those from articular cartilage, and nucleus pulposus nonaggregated monomers were even shorter and more variable in length than transition zone and annulus fibrosus monomers. These observations suggest that significant differences in proteoglycan metabolism exist between articular cartilage and intervertebral disc.

Reproductive senescence in female rats: a longitudinal study of individual differences in estrous cycles and behavior.

The longitudinal pattern of reproductive senescence was described in individual female rats from 4 to 18-22 mo of age. There were two subgroups of rats with different patterns of aging. The Constant Estrus (CE) subgroup progressed through regular cycles, irregular cycles, and constant estrus, followed by a return to irregular cycles, and then persistent diestrus. In contrast, the Irregular subgroup skipped constant estrus, maintaining irregular cycles until they entered persistent diestrus. In both subgroups, irregular cycles were a transition between the major reproductive states, although the type of transition was different in each subgroup. In the CE subgroup, the transition was gradual, continuous, and began with the onset of irregular cycles. In contrast, in the Irregular subgroup, the transition did not begin until the end of irregular cycles, suggesting that the process of aging was delayed. Most rats entered constant lordosis, a state characterized by a strong lordosis reflex that could be elicited by manual palpation on each day. The CE subgroup maintained the state once they entered it, whereas the Irregular subgroup intermittently returned to a lordosis reflex intensity characteristic of young rats. In addition, in the CE subgroup, but not the Irregular subgroup, changes in lordosis reflex intensity during aging were coupled to changes in the proportion of estrogenized vaginal smears during the cycle.

Emotion and social context: An American—German comparison

Are emotions essentially an individual‐subjective phenomenon, or are they broader in scope? Do emotions mainly represent what the individual feels ‘inside’ or do they also carry implications for the social context? Questions such as these were in the background of the present research that has examined the way emotions are viewed, understood, and experienced by young and older adult men and women (ranging in age from 18 to 50) in two cultural environments, Germany and the US. Overall, the results revealed distinctly different patterns of age and sex differences in the evaluation and experience of emotions for Americans and Germans. In addition, the study identified specific emotions (e.g. gratitude, despair, rage) that seem to have different connotations and associations for individuals in the two cultural groups. Interpretation of the findings emphasizes connections between the emotional life and emotional understanding of the individual and broad sociocultural themes. It is argued that social context is an important feature of emotion requiring more extensive consideration is psychological theory and research on emotion.

A multidimensional approach to criminal disorders: The assessment of impulsivity and its relation to crime

Ten personality factors were derived from an extensive psychological test battery administered to 201 patients on criminal wards at a mental hospital. Factors were identified as anxiety (U.I. 24), assertiveness (U.I. 16), self-assuredness (U.I. 28), realism (U.I. 25), mobilization (U.I. 23), stolidness (U.I. 30), objectivity (U.I. 20), inhibition (U.I. 17), and passiveness (U.I. 18). Cluster analysis grouped patients into four categories: (i) ‘primary/secondary’ and (ii) ‘subcultural’ psychopaths, both low on inhibition; and (iii) ‘overcontrolled’ and (iv) ‘violent aggressive’ groups, both high on inhibition. Primary psychopaths and overcontrolled patients were higher on realism, mobilization, and objectivity. Different patterns of age, sex, intelligence, personality and criminal records supported the interpretation of these clusters. Low inhibition (along with assertiveness and mobilization) was associated with ‘crimes without deterrents’ and high inhibition (along with stolidness, low mobilization, and low realism) with ‘crimes of passion’. Discriminant analyses for crimes correctly classified about 65% of patients, but for more infrequent crimes, there were twice as many false positives as actual offenders. In one, two and three year follow-ups, recidivists showed more stolidness (U.I. 30) and more subcultural conformity (U.I. 20—). Violent recidivists were less expressive (U.I. 28) than other groups. From the WAIS, neuropsychological tests, and neurological diagnoses, the suggestion is made that frontal-temporal impairments show decrements in assertiveness and realism, while more diffuse impairments would affect mobilization. High rather than low inhibition was more likely to be associated with impairment, typically lateralized to the right hemisphere.