Different Parts Of Wheat Plant Research Articles

Role of ZnCl2 in the Uptake and Translocation of Cd to Different Parts of Wheat Plant and Risk Assessments for Cow and Human

ABSTRACT In this study, we assessed the effect of zinc (Zn) when present in form of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) on translocation and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in different parts of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum). Along with that, health risks to organisms of higher trophic levels (cows and humans) that consume these polluted wheat plants were also calculated. For the experiments, the soil was spiked with CdCl2 at rate of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 mg Cd kg−1 soil and ZnCl2 at a rate of 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg Zn kg−1 soil. In the combination treatment, all Cd concentrations used in single exposure were mixed in the soil that spiked with 200 mg kg−1 of Zn. According to the data, concentration of Zn and Cd in all parts of wheat plants increase with the increase of their concentration in the soil. However, soil application of Zn reduced Cd concentration in all parts of wheat plants (approximately two-fold in root and shoot, and more than 13-fold in the grains). The highest bioaccumulation of both metals was recorded in the roots and least in grains and leaves. The translocation factor also showed that roots store most of the metals and did not translocate them to the grains. The data showed that Zn application in the soil did not decrease ecological risk factor. However, daily intake metal (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) of cows showed that the Cd intake was higher than the permissible limit, but this quantity was not a health risk for cows. In humans, DIM values were higher than the permissible limit and caused severe health risk. However, a two-fold decrease in health risk of human due to Cd was recorded in the presence of Zn. This study revealed that ZnCl2 can be used to suppress the Cd uptake in wheat even at high pollution levels. It may decrease the risk of toxicity to higher tropic levels that consume different parts of wheat plants. In future further investigation about the role of ZnCl2 in the mitigation of other metals phytotoxicity is required to use it in agroecosystem.

Soil and foliar selenium application: Impact on accumulation, speciation, and bioaccessibility of selenium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

A comprehensive study in selenium (Se) biofortification of staple food is vital for the prevention of Se-deficiency-related diseases in human beings. Thus, the roles of exogenous Se species, application methods and rates, and wheat growth stages were investigated on Se accumulation in different parts of wheat plant, and on Se speciation and bioaccessibility in whole wheat and white all-purpose flours. Soil Se application at 2 mg kg–1 increased grains yield by 6% compared to control (no Se), while no significant effects on yield were observed with foliar Se treatments. Foliar and soil Se application of either selenate or selenite significantly increased the Se content in different parts of wheat, while selenate had higher bioavailability than selenite in the soil. Regardless of Se application methods, the Se content of the first node was always higher than the first internode. Selenomethionine (SeMet; 87–96%) and selenocystine (SeCys2; 4–13%) were the main Se species identified in grains of wheat. The percentage of SeMet increased by 6% in soil with applied selenite and selenate treatments at 0.5 mg kg–1 and decreased by 12% compared with soil applied selenite and selenate at 2 mg kg–1, respectively. In addition, flour processing resulted in losses of Se; the losses were 12–68% in white all-purpose flour compared with whole wheat flour. The Se bioaccessibility in whole wheat and white all-purpose flours for all Se treatments ranged from 6 to 38%. In summary, foliar application of 5 mg L–1 Se(IV) produced wheat grains that when grounds into whole wheat flour, was the most efficient strategy in producing Se-biofortified wheat. This study provides an important reference for the future development of high-quality and efficient Se-enriched wheat and wheat flour processing.

Effect of municipal solid waste application on heavy metal distribution in different parts of wheat plant

Effect of municipal solid waste application on heavy metal distribution in different parts of wheat plant

The mobility of arsenic from highly polluted farmlands to wheat: Soil–Plant transfer model and health risk assessment

AbstractArsenic (As) can be transferred from soil and accumulated in food plants. So far, we have a knowledge gap about transference of As from agricultural soils to wheat plant in the natural polluted environment. The aim of present study was to investigate As transfer from soil to different tissues of wheat at a highly As polluted area. In this regard, the mobility indices were used to explain As transfer and accumulation from soil to wheat plant. Moreover, the relationships between soil properties including soil As content, pH, cation‐exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), Fe, and Al percentage with As concentrations in wheat root, straw, and grain were investigated. Finally, the potential health risks of As exposure to humans through consumption of the local wheat crops were assessed. According to the results, harmful degree of As was accumulated in different parts of wheat plant. The impact of different soil properties on As accumulation in wheat was found to be as follows: soil As content > Al% > Fe% > OM > pH > CEC > EC. High carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks in all age groups of consumers were found. The minimum and maximum values for target hazard quotient and excess lifetime cancer risk were found to be 1.22, 102.97 and 0.000061, 0.33, respectively. These findings strongly support the notion that As can be entered to food chain through agricultural products cultivated in polluted soils.

English

English

Field study on the uptake and translocation of PBDEs by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in soils amended with sewage sludge

Field experiments were conducted to explore the effects of different sewage sludge amendment strategies on the accumulation and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil–wheat systems. Two types of application methods (single or annual application) and four annual application rates (5, 10, 20, and 40tha−1year−1) were investigated. BDE 209 was detected in all of the sewage sludge amended soils and different parts of wheat plants collected from the contaminated soils. However, the other seven PBDE congeners (BDE 28, BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100, BDE 153, BDE 154, and BDE 183) were not detected or were only observed at very low levels. A single application of sewage sludge in large quantities would likely increase accumulation of BDE 209 in soil and its subsequent uptake and translocation by wheat. The concentrations of BDE 209 in soils, wheat roots and straws increased with the increasing sewage sludge application rate. There is a negative correlation between the root accumulation factors (the ratios of concentrations in wheat roots to those in soils) and soil total organic carbon (R2=0.84,P<0.05), demonstrating that the bioavailability of BDE 209 was controlled by the soil total organic carbon. BDE 209 concentrations in the grains from the sewage sludge amended soils were not significantly different from those of the control soils, suggesting that atmospheric deposition was the main source of BDE 209 detected in the grains.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER ON11 HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF WHEAT PLANT

A biological experiment was conducted at 20/1/2011 to 2/6/2011 in pots in the experimental farm of college of Agriculture, 3.5 km south of Arbil governorate, 36˚ 07N, 44˚01E, 0411359, 03997002 UTM. 411m above the sea level, during growing season 2011-2012 in order to determine the effect of different levels of phosphorus (0,10,20,30,and 40 mgkg -1 on heavy metals concentrations and uptake for different parts roots, shoots and grains of wheat plant Triticum durum L. cv.Summit. Soil samples were collected under the polluted location in the landfills were located between Bnaslawa district and Daratoo county, triple super phosphate fertilizer applied to soils to know the effect of phosphorus absorption and distribution of heavy metals in the different parts of wheat plant by using factorial Complete Randomize Design (CRD) with four replicates. The present investigation started at 24/1/2011 and plants were harvested at 2/6/2011. The increase of applied P caused a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) of the dry matter weight of different parts of plant (roots, shoots and grains) and a significant decrease of heavy metal concentration. A negative correlation coefficient between P and Fe, Ni, Cd and Pb concentrations in roots were (0.98, 0.94, 0.95 and 0.99 and in shoots part 0.69, 0.93, 0.89, and 0.99 and in grains part 0.89, 0.90, 0.97, and 0.96) respectively.

Molecular and functional characterization of wheat near‐isogenic line ‘i:S29Ra’ having intensive anthocyanin pigmentation of the coleoptile, culm, leaves and auricles

AbstractNear‐isogenic line of the common spring wheat cultivar ‘Saratovskaya 29’, designated ‘i:S29Ra’, has been earlier developed during eight backcrosses and selection for the red auricle colour inherited from donor ‘Ulyanovka’. In this study, the line ‘i:S29Ra’ was characterized using 274 molecular and a number of morphological markers. It was found that the donor's genome material in ‘i:S29Ra’ is presented by a fragment on chromosome 7D flanked by the microsatellite loci Xgwm0044 and Xgwm1481 and carrying cluster of the genes Rc‐D1 (red coleoptile), Pc‐D1 (purple culm), Pls‐D1 (purple leaf sheaths), Plb‐D1 (purple leaf blades) and Ra‐D1 (red auricles), conferring intensive anthocyanin pigmentation of the coleoptile, culm, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and auricles, respectively. The Ra‐D1 is a novel locus described in wheat. The relative anthocyanin contents (OD530) in different parts of wheat plant and expression level of the anthocyanin biosynthesis (AB) structural genes in auricles were compared between ‘i:S29Ra’ and ‘S29’. In auricles of ‘i:S29Ra’, the OD530 (optical density) value was twice higher and transcription of some AB structural genes was increased in comparison with ‘S29’, suggesting regulatory role of the Ra gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis in wheat.

The homoeologous genes encoding chalcone–flavanone isomerase in Triticum aestivum L.: Structural characterization and expression in different parts of wheat plant

Chalcone–flavanone isomerase (CHI; EC 5.5.1.6.) participates in the early step of flavonoid biosynthesis, related to plant adaptive and protective responses to environmental stress. The bread wheat genomic sequences encoding CHI were isolated, sequenced and mapped to the terminal segment of the long arms of chromosomes 5A, 5B and 5D. The loss of the final Chi intron and junction of the two last exons was found in the wheat A, B and D genomes compared to the Chi sequences of most other plant species. Each of the three diploid genomes of hexaploid wheat encodes functional CHI; however, transcription of the three homoeologous genes is not always co-regulated. In particular, the three genes demonstrated different response to salinity in roots: Chi-D1 was up-regulated, Chi-A1 responds medially, whereas Chi-B1 was not activated at all. The observed variation in transcriptional activity between the Chi homoeologs is in a good agreement with structural diversification of their promoter sequences. In addition, the correlation between Chi transcription and anthocyanin pigmentation in different parts of wheat plant has been studied. The regulatory genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation of culm and pericarp modulated transcription of the Chi genes. However, in other organs, there was no strong relation between tissue pigmentation and the transcription of the Chi genes, suggesting complex regulation of the Chi expression in most parts of wheat plant.

THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE FEEDING SOLUTION ON THE HEAVY ELEMENTS ACCUMULATION IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF WHEAT PLANT Triticum aestivum

The study was carried out to show the effect of phosphorus in the feeding solution on the heavy elements accumulation like (cadmium and mercury ) in the different parts of wheat plant (roots , green parts and seeds) .The seeds type Ibaa 99 were planted in containers consist of sand soil washed with distilled water to be clean from heavy elements . Then, the seeds were watered with feeding solution of different concentration of phosphorus (0,17,34,68) mg/liter with cadmium (50,100) mg/liter or mercury (50,100) mg/liter. The results showed that (17) mg/liter phosphorus factor reduced the accumulation of the heavy elements of mercury and cadmium in the different parts of the plant (roots , green parts and seeds ) as compared with other phosphorus factors

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Phytolith Analysis: An Approach to Study the Deposition and Distribution Pattern of Silicon in Different Parts of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plant

The distribution/deposition pattern of silicon and minerals in different parts of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants was determined using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and phytolith analysis. The LIBS spectra of different parts of wheat plants gave spectral signature of Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Na, K, C, H, O and N. Phytolith analysis showed that the leaves of wheat plants are the highest silicon accumulator followed by the awn, leaf sheath, lemma, rachilla and stem. The results of LIBS analysis and the phytolith analysis were in close agreement. The multivariate statistical analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), was applied to the data set of the LIBS spectra of the different parts of the wheat plants. PCA on LIBS data matrix gives PC1 (99 %) and PC2 (1 %) which explains the 100 % variance in the data set. The PCA plots discriminate the vegetative and fertile parts of the wheat plant. Furthermore, the appearance of silicon in each part of the wheat plants also demonstrates its significance in biocement production.

Accumulation and distribution of cadmium and lead in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) grown in contaminated soils from the oasis, north-west China

Crops grown in soils contaminated by heavy metals are an important avenue for toxic metals entering the human food chain. The objectives of our study were to investigate the accumulation and distribution of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in wheat plants cultivated in arid soils spiked with different doses of heavy metal, as well as bioavailability of these metals in the contaminated arid soils from the oasis, north-west China. The concentrations of Cd in the roots of wheat plants were about 5, 14 and 8 times higher than those in the shoots, shells and grains, respectively. The concentrations of Pb in the roots were about 23, 76 and 683 times higher than those in the shoots, shells and grains, respectively. Grains contained 11-14% and 0.1-0.2% of Cd and Pb found in roots of wheat plants. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) is the ratio of metal concentration in plant tissues and metal concentration in their rooted soils. The average BCF of Cd and Pb in grains was 0.6270 and 0.0007. Cd and Pb contents in different parts of wheat plants mainly correlated with the bound-to-carbonate metal fractions in contaminated arid soils. The preliminary study indicated that Cd and Pb were predominantly accumulated and distributed in wheat roots and shoots, and only a small proportion of these metals can reach the grains. The carbonate fractions mainly contributed to Cd and Pb bioavailability in contaminated arid soils.

Accumulation and bioavailability of copper and nickel in wheat plants grown in contaminated soils from the oasis, northwest China

This paper studied the accumulation and bioavailability of copper and nickel in wheat plants grown in contaminated soils from the oasis, northwest China. The concentrations of Cu and Ni in studied soils were all more than Cu and Ni limit of grade II soil environmental quality standards in China; furthermore the concentration of Cu in soil S5 and the concentrations of Ni in soil S1, S3, S5, and S6 exceeded grade III soil environmental quality standards in China. Among eight extractants, the extractable Cu concentrations in soils generally followed the descending order EDTA > Citric acid > NH 4Ac > NH 4NO 3 > MgCl 2 ≈ Tartaric acid > Acetic acid > Oxalic acid. The extraction capacity of Ni was as follow: Citric acid > EDTA > NH 4Ac > tartaric acid > NH 4NO 3 ≈ Acetic acid ≈ Oxalic acid > MgCl 2. The sequences of Ni average concentrations in different parts of the wheat plant were roots > leaves > shells > stocks > grains; the sequences of Cu average concentrations in different parts were also roots > leaves > shells > grains > stocks. Soil studied is not fit to plant the wheat crops for human consumption; soils studied posed high potential health risk for human health through food chains. Average Bio-concentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) of Cu in different parts of wheat plants were greater than those of Ni. The process of Cu and Ni uptake and accumulation by wheat plants were probably linked to the concentrations of available copper and nickel in the oasis soils, physical and chemical parameters of soils, and different parts of wheat plants. Citric acid and NH 4Ac extraction procedures provided a good indication of Cu bioavailability among nine kinds of evaluation methods.

Accumulation and Translocation of Toxic Heavy Metals in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Growing in Agricultural Soil of Zhengzhou, China

A field experiment was conducted to study the accumulation of toxic heavy metals by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in the agricultural soil in the suburb of Zhengzhou City, China. The quantities of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, As, Hg) were determined in different parts of wheat plant. The content of five toxic metals was found significantly higher in roots than in the aerial parts of wheat (stems and leaves, and grains). Additionally, wheat roots were enriched in Cd, Pb, and Hg from the soil, while Cr and As were hardly taken up by the roots. On the other hand, the winter wheat transported five toxic heavy metals very weakly from root to grain in the various irrigation regions.

Land application of Water Treatment Residuals: effect on wheat yield and the availability of phosphorus and aluminium

Water Treatment Residuals (WTR) can be a potential source for available phosphorus (P) and Al, but the influence of WTR rates on the dynamics of available P and Al and plant uptake in alkaline soils are not well documented. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of WTR (Alum-sludge) on the agronomic performance of wheat crop grown in alkaline soils as well as P and Al availability and extractability. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) plants were grown in three alkaline soils amended with WTR at five rates. After 13 weeks, plant shoots, panicles and roots were harvested separately and P and Al were measured. Increases of 246, 32% and 43% in total dry matter yield were achieved as a result of applying 30 g kg−1 WTR to sandy, clay and calcareous soils respectively. The trend of P concentration in different parts of wheat plants in response to applied WTR was negative quadratic (P 6 mg Al kg−1. Therefore, slight increases in available Al from application of WTR should not have adverse effects on soils or plants.