Different Modes Of Functioning Research Articles

Adolescent dropouts’ functioning in relationships with parents and peers

A qualitative case study analysis of 14-19-year old dropouts and their relationships with the parents and peers is performed to determine differences in their functioning. Generalizations are made based on the decision tree generated by Quinlan’s algorithm. Based on it, a model of the variant modes of adolescent dropouts’ functioning is constructed. The results of the study show the mechanism and genesis of the different modes of functioning of adolescent dropouts in relationships with their parents and peers: from the rejection of the parents and attempts to find safety among the peers to efforts to improve the self-image by manipulating parents and peers and attempts to tackle problems. By explaining the genesis and mechanisms of adolescent dropouts’ functioning, the model helps understand why they decide to discontinue education and the potential role of their parents and/or peers in creating more effective support programmes.

Ethnohistory and <i>etnicheskaia istoriia</i>: outer similarities and inner differences

Soviet ethnic history (etnicheskaia istoriia) and North American ethnohistory share not only similar names but also similar methods, such as the collection of interdisciplinary sources and the synthesis of collected information by ethnographers/anthropologists. However, on the inside, differences substantially exceed similarities. Thus, the foundation of the Soviet research genre is a primordial understanding of ethnicity where the focus is the past of either indigenous groups or industrialized peoples, whereas the North American genre is principally concerned with the continuity of group identities. In these genres, disciplinary development crises were also handled differently: ethnohistorians, while occupying a rather marginal position within anthropology, nevertheless quite radically expanded the geographical and subject areas of their research, whereas in the works of ethnohistorians, on the contrary, the discussion of theoretical issues nearly ceased. This situation is due to the different modes of functioning of science and research scholarship in the respective societies, as well as different degrees of involvement in interactions with various levels of the governmental structure.

ЗМІНА ПАРАДИГМИ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ТА ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ

Modern socio-economic systems demonstrate instability, chaos, and unpredictability. What methodology should be used to modeling modern socio-economic systems? Constant changes and crises in the development of socio-economic systems require new approaches to the research of these systems. The feature of the approach to the study of socio-economic systems in modern conditions is the conversion from a linear to a nonlinear paradigm. The models of socio-economic systems are systems of nonlinear differential equations. Nonlinear differential equations demonstrate different modes of functioning of complex socio-economic systems. Nonlinear equations can have several qualitatively different solutions. This explains the existence of different ways of evolution of nonlinear socio-economic systems. Nonlinearity is a fundamental position of new paradigm of cognition and development. Nonlinearity is a general law of nature and means, first of all, non-observance of the principle of superposition. The whole cannot be the sum of its parts; the result cannot be the sum of efforts, the quality of the whole is not determined by the sum of the qualities of its parts, the reaction of the system is not proportional to the influence. For nonlinear phenomena, knowledge about the behavior of a part of an object does not yet guarantee correct ideas about the behavior of the object as a whole, and its response to changes in conditions may qualitatively depend on the magnitude of these changes. Non-linearity is the multivariance of the evolutionary paths, the presence of a choice of alternative paths and determining the rate of evolution. Nonlinearity is the irreversibility of evolutionary processes; nonlinear, indirect dependence of evolutionary processes on external influences. The article examines the topical issue of changing the paradigm of modeling and forecasting socio-economic systems. The necessity of transition from linear to nonlinear paradigm in economic research is theoretically substantiated. The features of the application of methods of nonlinear dynamics to the modeling of socio-economic systems are considered. The phenomenon of nonlinearity of socio-economic systems is studied.

Математичні моделі верифікації ергатичних систем засобів залізничної автоматики

Issues related to the impact of operational, technical and inspection personnel on the safety of the use of ergatic railway automation systems have been addressed. In the conditions of interactive interaction of all types of personnel and equipment mathematical models for calculation of parameters of safety of use of such systems which consider their functioning in a regular and pre-auxiliary mode in various contexts of relations of human and technical factors are developed. It is established and proved that different modes of interactive interaction form a differentiated structure of calculation and logic schemes for assessing the safety of the use of ergatic control systems in railway transport. The functioning of ergatic control systems in railway transport has significant features associated with the inadmissibility of technological process downtime at infrastructure facilities. In this regard, in such systems there is an auxiliary control mode, in the framework of which blocking dependencies are completely or partially removed, which ensures the technological safety of the use of such systems. In recent years, a piecewise-defined character of mathematical models has been established on the basis of which a numerical safety assessment of the use of such control systems can be performed, which is due to the predominance of technical and human factors in different modes of functioning of such systems. At the same time, the development of forms of interactive interaction between different types of personnel in the active modes of operation of control systems requires a fundamentally new approach to safety assessment – taking into account the influence of differentiated human and integrated technical factors. In this regard, in this study, mathematical models are developed that allow you to take into account the interactive interaction of man and technology in the process of assessing the safety of the use of automated ergatic systems of railway automation. The graphical 3D dependencies built on their basis make it possible to carry out a predictive safety assessment of different systems in the process of their functioning during one working shift of operational, technical and audit personnel. In particular, the formation of mathematical models for calculating safety at different time intervals, which determine the auxiliary and standard operating modes of control systems, provides a differentiation of accounting for various factors when they dominate. An approach based on taking into account the influence of all types of personnel during their interaction with technology is reduced to considering different types of element connections in the calculation and logic schemes of the functional safety of systems, which reduces to different types of formulas in the final piecewise-defined expression for assessing the safety of using such systems.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AS A SCIENTIFIC COMPONENT OF MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN THE SPHERE OF CIVIL PROTECTION

A condition for the sustainable functioning of the civil protection system is a clear understanding of the nature of crisis situations and emergencies in terms of public administration functions and tasks.
 An analysis of the functioning of the state system of technological and natural safety in Ukraine shows that modern principles of protection of the population and territories are implemented at an extremely slow pace.
 One of the main reasons for the low level of safety of the population, territories, social, technogenic and natural objects in Ukraine is the weakness of the state policy aimed at strengthening preventive activities in the field of technogenic and natural safety.
 Investigate the scientific component of managerial decision-making with a rapid change in the limits and boundary conditions of an emergency and the possibility of applying a crisis management methodology.
 The processes of making a management decision in the emergency are vital, for example, in the event of fires, catastrophes, natural disasters, where it is not just about the optimal use of material and financial resources, but first of all about people’s lives.
 Reducing the time for the development, adoption and implementation of managerial decisions, the growth of uncertainty and risk, the need to attract additional resources from the reserves, and the existence of different modes of functioning of the public administration system in the emergency conditions indicate that public administration in this area has certain features. Their consideration in the activities of state administration bodies under the emergency will reduce the likelihood of inadequate management decisions, will save resources and time to eliminate the consequences of the emergency, reduce losses.
 Crisis management methodology allows you to determine the two basic things about managing in an emergency, namely the vulnerability and sustainability of the operation of the object (industry, administrative territory). That is, vulnerability is the lack of ability to perform important functions before and after an emergency (such as evacuation, search and rescue, crisis communications, public information, etc.). Accordingly, sustainability is the ability to function under the influence of an emergency factor, to promote public awareness of an emergency, and to build capacity through hazard and vulnerability analysis, resource accumulation, planning, training and training of emergency response services and volunteers.
 Crisis and emergency activities involve close cooperation with various institutions and structures outside the usual context of communication. There are severe time constraints that prevent the identification of who is responsible for solving the problem. The key to this is the degree of readiness for action in such circumstances, a predefined range of responsibilities and a division of responsibilities, which implies the ability to take on a much larger range of challenges and potential threats compared to their existing experience.
 The degree of readiness for action in such circumstances and their effectiveness and efficiency may depend on the reputation of the institution and its management. In this respect, the crisis not only poses new threats to managers, but also opens up new opportunities for them (effective actions in crisis situations and emergencies can help the career growth and authority of the manager).
 Extremely important are the decision-making processes in emergencies, such as in the event of fires, technogenic disasters, natural disasters, when it comes not only to the optimal use of material and financial resources, but first and foremost about the lives of people.
 Reduced time for the development, adoption and implementation of management decisions, increasing uncertainty and risk, the need to attract additional resources from the reserves, the availability of different modes of functioning of the system of public administration in the conditions of the emergency indicate that public administration in this area has certain features. Their consideration in the activities of public administration bodies in the conditions of the emergency will reduce the likelihood of making inadequate management decisions, will help to save resources and time to eliminate the consequences of the emergency, and to reduce losses.

Experimental study of transient processes in the elements of climatic systems

Transition processes for different modes of functioning of elements of the climate system model are experimentally investigated and analyzed. The following elements have been selected as the objects of experimental research: the air heater and the fan as the main elements that are part of each climate system. The system under study consisted of the following sequential elements: air heater-fan-room. The relative excess heat is proposed as a dimensionless parameter in the analysis and normalization of experimental data. First, the relative excess heat takes into account changes in temperature, moisture content and flow rate of humid air, and secondly, allows identifying similarities in the processes of change over time of the thermodynamic state of the air when passing through the climate system elements for different operating modes of the fan and air heater. Analysis of the evolution of relative excess heat during transient changes in the parameters of the flow of humid air, as in case of abrupt changes in performance of a heater but with a fixed performance of a fan and in case of abrupt changes in performance of a fan, but with a fixed power of the air heater. The regularities of the evolution of relative excess heat in the flow of moist air and its most important qualitative types when passing through the elements of the model climate system are shown. It was found that the types of behavior of relative excess heat depend only on the state in which the elements of the system are located during the transition process, and not on the element itself as a physical object.

Data envelopment analysis of systems with multiple modes of functioning

Many systems can operate in different modes of functioning. Conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) would ignore that fact and consider instead that the system is a black box, paying attention just to the overall input consumption and output production. In this paper a more fine-grained approach is proposed consisting of explicitly modelling the different modes of functioning as specific processes and using the observed data on the input consumption and output production in each of the modes of functioning to infer the corresponding mode-specific technology. The system technology results from composing these mode-specific technologies according to the corresponding time allocations. The proposed approach allows computing efficient operating points for every mode of functioning, looking for improvements in the overall system performance. Two efficiency assessment DEA models are presented depending on whether the observed time allocation is maintained or the model is free to modify it. An application of the proposed approach to assessing the efficiency of NFL teams, operating in defence and offence modes in a given game, is presented.

Data envelopment analysis with multiple modes of functioning. Application to reconfigurable manufacturing systems

In principle, data envelopment analysis (DEA) does not consider the possibility, which can occur in practice, of a production system being able to operate in different modes of functioning. In this paper, a new DEA modelling approach is proposed in which the different modes of functioning are taken into account and included in the analysis. The observed input consumption and output production in each mode of functioning is used to derive a mode-specific technology. The overall DEA technology aggregates these mode-specific technologies according to their respective time allocations. The proposed model computes a target operating point for each mode of functioning so that the operation of the overall system is efficient. The proposed approach is applied to assess the technical, cost and allocative efficiency of a reconfigurable manufacturing system. The inputs considered are modules/tools usage, labour and energy consumption. The outputs are the number of units produced of each part type. The production possibility set is determined by previous observations of the system functioning, from which the best practices can be identified. Technical, cost and allocative efficiency scores can be computed. The proposed approach not only generates input cost savings but also lead time reductions.

CALCULATION OF OPERATION MODE OF OUTDOOR LIGHTING LINE WITH BILATERAL SUPPLY. Part 2

The most important features of outdoor lighting lines are of considerable length and the use of a large number of light sources of an average power. Under such conditions, in order to determine and maintain the optimal modes of operation of outdoor lighting networks with a bilateral supply it is necessary to choose the wire section of the line. This section should provide the required voltage levels to the light sources in all modes, but it should not be too high, in order not to increase the cost of the grid. This article demonstrates an example of the choice of the optimum conductor cross-section of the lighting line when it is working in a normal mode (bilateral power supply) with voltage levels at the power items of 230 V, as well as in the mode of unilateral power (at voltage loss in the second power item) with a value of the voltage of 230 V in the first item of the power supply. The method of calculation of the mode of such a line that had been presented in part 1 of the article was used. The calculation is performed with the of MathCad software. The diagrams of the voltage distribution at items of the lighting line with bilateral power under conditions of different modes of functioning are plotted for various sections of aluminum conductors. The choice of the optimal values of the cross sections of the lighting network was based on the mentioned diagrams. The specific features of different modes of operation of the lighting line with the chosen conductor cross section were analyzed. Operating parameters for each phase of the line (i.e. voltage at the items of the circuit, power, currents, power loss and voltage drop in all sections) were determined. The presented data make one possible to estimate the power consumption of the lighting line taking the daily schedule of enabling and disabling of outdoor lighting networks into account. The most economical modes were determined.

Performance of different support surfaces during experimental resuscitation (CPR).

The relationship between the efficacy of resuscitation and the mattresses and backboards used in acute care units, has been studied previously. However, few reports focus on the relative efficacy of resuscitation when using mattresses with different modes of function. This study examines the performance of different support surfaces during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The surfaces included a hard surface, a higher specification foam mattress, a dynamic, alternating pressure mattress, and a dynamic, reactive minimum pressure air mattress system. A pressure sensitive mat was placed between the mattresses and each surface and the efficacy of resuscitation measured using differences in compression frequency, compression depth and hands-on time. Our results suggest that the efficacy of resuscitation is dependent on the mode of action of the mattress, while adequate compression frequency and depth do not have a significant effect. In the open system alternating mattress, deflation of the mattress using the CPR function improved the stability of the resuscitation in our study, especially in situations where the height of the air mattress is greater than 20–25 centimeters. Using our experimental system, resuscitation on a closed air system mattress optimally combined stability and effort, while the CPR function converts the air system of the mattress to open, which impairs its functionality during resuscitation. These results indicate that resuscitation is dependent of the mode of action of the mattress and whether the mattress-specific CPR function was used or not. However, the interactions are complex and are dependent on the interaction between the body and the mattress, i.e. its immersion and envelopment properties. Furthermore, this study casts doubt on the necessity of the CPR function in air mattresses.

Modulatory role of purines in neuromuscular transmission

The data on purine modulation of myoneural transmission are reviewed. A particular attention is paid to adenosine-5′-triphosphoric acid (ATP), the co-transmitter of the principal mediator (acetylcholine), and adenosine, the final ATP metabolite in the synaptic cleft. The effects of these endogenous modulators on pre- and postsynaptic current are discussed. The contributions of purines to the process of quantal and non-quantal acetylcholine release into the synaptic cleft and the effects of ATP and adenosine on cholinoceptor function have been assessed. It is concluded that the role of endogenous purines is mainly confined to enhancement of the efficiency of neuromuscular transmission and synaptic adjustment of a motor unit at different modes of function.

Seeing Agents When we Need to, Attributing Experience When we Feel Like it

Mind attribution may be divided into the subcategories of attribution of agency, associated with moral agency, and attribution of experience and emotion, associated with moral concern and moral patiency (Gray et al. Science 315(5812):619, 2007; Gray et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(2):477–479, 2011b; Robbins and Jack Philosophical Studies 127(1):59–85, 2006). In this paper I attend to social context and the different psychological needs influencing the different types of mind attribution. A need for social connection drives the attribution of experiences and emotions. The individual’s capacity to regulate emotional reactions is crucial for empathic concern. I further relate differences of mind attribution, attention, and emotional processing, to two different modes of functioning: In an interactive state of mind (comparable to the “second-person perspective” described by Schilbach et al. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, in press), social and emotional cues are attended to; In a detached task-oriented state of mind it may be beneficial to predict the behaviors of others but emotional information may not be attended to. The complexity and plasticity of mind attribution, including the possibility to train attentional mechanisms and regulation of emotions, is promising for the field of moral enhancement.

In vitro inhibition of ETEC K88 adhesion by pea hulls and of LT enterotoxin binding by faba bean hulls.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing K88 (F4) adhesins are associated with post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. Different grain fractions from pea (Pisum sativum) and faba bean (Vicia faba) were tested in vitro for their capacity to counteract aetiological factors, which contribute to the development of diarrhoea. In detail, adhesion of E.coli O149:K91:K88ac (ETEC K88ac) to grain legume products, intended to impair the colonization of the host, was studied as well as interference with receptor binding of the pathogen's heat-labile enterotoxin LT, intended to reduce toxin-inflicted gut cell damage. When comparing different pea and faba bean products tested for their binding capacity of ETEC K88ac, especially pea hulls, but also whole pea meal, starch-enriched and protein-enriched pea meal, and digestion-resistant pea hull and meal fractions showed a higher binding of ETEC K88ac than faba bean products. In contrast to the ETEC K88ac adhesion results, bean hulls proved more effective than pea hulls in preventing GM1 receptor binding of LT. Previous small intestinal segment perfusion experiments we performed with ETEC K88ac-challenged piglets indicated that both pea and bean hulls have the potential for successful application in diarrhoea prophylaxis and treatment, which is in agreement with and refined by our detection of their different modes of functioning.

Comparing Capitalistic and Cooperative Firms on the Ground of Humanistic Management

This paper compares the different modes of functioning of the capitalistic and cooperative firms from the point of view of the principles of humanistic management. After a brief description of the main features of the two types of firm, I argue that efficiency - as it is commonly defined in economics - is not a robust enough standard on the basis of which to evaluate the relative performance of a capitalistic and cooperative firm. I conclude by pointing out that the fundamentum divisionis between the two types of firm resides on the view about the nature of firm: the firm as a commodity or the firm as an association, or community.

Images in mirrors: Recollections, alternative explanations and modes of cognitive functioning

Students' conceptions of how objects are seen directly, and in mirrors, were explored in an analysis of their written and drawn responses to common visual phenomena depicted in cartoons with brief text. Students in Grades K-10 (n=214) completed a questionnaire and some were interviewed. Evidence was sought to support an hypothesis for increasingly sophisticated responses related to the concepts of sight, light, reflection and image. The developmental model used in this analysis was the updated SOLO Taxonomy (Biggs & Collis, 1991; Collis & Biggs 1991). It appears from the results that different modes of functioning can interfere to produce factually incorrect recollections of experience particularly in the age group 7 to 13 years approximately. Also, this is associated with the common spurious conception that mirrors have a lateral inversion property. Explanations involving light were extremely rare and its role related to the production of an image ‘in the mirror’ but not to the perception of an image in the eyes.

Healing, Exorcism and Object Relations Theory

SUMMARY.From the earliest years of the psychoanalytic movement analysts have inclined to be either healers or exorcists. Jung, Ferençzi, Rank and Reich seem to speak with the characteristic voice of the healer. There is an implicit trust in the healing power of relationship, an emphasis on the patient's creative potential, a readiness to engage. Whereas those analysts, like Karl Abraham, who followed Freud's advocacy of analytic detachment, maintain a greater distance between themselves and their patient while focussing on the negative aspects of the infantile psyche. This tradition set the style of the classical analytic approach rigorously maintained by Melanie Klein and her followers. The Kleinian school actively challenges resistance, manipulation, seduction and all the carefully hidden expressions of negative transference. In their determination to‘name the devils’and their readiness to confront them, they, like Davanloo, take the characteristic stance of the exorcist.While healing and exorcism are very different modes of functioning, it would be a false simplification to see them as mutually exclusive. The shaman, in reclaiming the lost soul, must at the same time do battle with the devils that hold it captive. The exorcist, even as he drives out the demons, prays earnestly for the soul of the sinner. An object relations analyst must be capable of controntation when the occasion warrants; equally the classical analyst heals through sensitive understanding and the maintenance of safe analytic boundaries. Healing alone will fail where no attempt is made to purge the patient of his bad inner objects. But, more fundamentally, the whole therapeutic enterprise is meaningful only to the degree that a truly human connection has been established. The difficulty is to move freely between the two modes and to see them as complementary aspects of a single process.

Individual differences that affect the way students approach learning

Research conducted in several different countries from different methodological and philosophical perspectives has revealed important qualitative as well as quantitative differences in cognitive functioning that affect student learning. We explore three major dimensions: Global versus Analytic, Concrete-Episodic versus Abstract-Semantic, and Deep versus Shallow. While the first two dichotomies can be seen as value-free continue, the third implies developmental directionality aiming toward an integrated, meaning-oriented functioning that makes use of all four of the other modes of information processing in versatile alternation. Work related to the Inventory of Learning Processes is presented as an example of research in the area. Adopting an interactionist perspective, we explore the origins of different styles or approaches in terms of situational contingencies as well as personality characteristics. We discuss how perception and motivation interact to shape experience. We argue that the influence of the environment is mediated by a student's inherent perceptual biases thus resulting in different interpretations of reality, which subsequently become part of the student's identity. We recommend that teachers encourage reflection to promote integration of different modes of functioning and identity by providing a warm and accepting classroom climate.

A Discontinuity Theory of Psychological Development

A discontinuity theory of psychological development is designed such that the associated experimental work relies on quantitative variates of behavior to discriminate stages. Using a dynamic element, expressed abstractly in terms of "poles" and "relations, " a series of structures relating to developmental stages is constructed. The element operates in either of two ways: in a discriminating mode or confusing mode. Operating in the discriminating mode, poles and relations become more defined; operating in the confusing mode leads to loss of discrimination of poles and relation. The element is applied to an imaginary situation of baby with mother. In the course of applying the element, a resolution of the situation into two components is introduced, which leads finally to a unity which comprises a self-structure and two classes of objects, things and persons. The essential structure of this unity, expressed in terms of a self-pole related to an object-pole serves as the level 1 structure of the series. In moving from one level to the next, a transformation of self and objects of the preceding level takes place, elements of the preceding level becoming integrated and serving aspolesfor the succeeding level. Finally, five levels of psychological development are constructed, comprising 15 fundamentally different modes of functioning. The quantitative statements arising from the theory opened possibilities for rigorous experimental testing. Problem-solving experiments and experiments involving loss of skill under increasing stress have been designed to test the theory, the results of which support the theory.

“Noise” as a unifying concept in the theory of schizophrenia

The psychological effects of pharmacologically active substances can only be adequately described in terms of the psychological processes upon which they act. Psychopharmacology therefore depends on the development of psychological “models”, i.e. formally stated and testable hypotheses concerning the psychological processes required for the performance of any given task. Information theory is not concerned with the physical nature of events but only with those features which confer specificity upon them. It therefore provides a suitable theoretical language in which to describe interactions between biochemical, neurophysiological and psychological events. (i) The first section of this paper defines the information-theory concept of noise. Starting from first principles with the “noisy channel” and progressing to the “noisy system”, some of its psychophysiological implications are explored. (ii) An “order-memory” task is described which was used for three years to study the thinking of acutely disturbed young adult psychiatric patients, including many with acute schizophrenia. On the basis of a simple model, it is possible to calculate the value of a “critical” noise-level which marks the dividing line between two qualitatively different modes of functioning. (iii) A number of results are either reported or summarized, which show the functional significance of a supra-critical noise-level and its connection with the acute schizophrenic state. (iv) A “control-theory” approach to schizophrenia is outlined, which shows how specific and non-specific hereditary factors could be accommodated in the hypothesis but mainly emphasizes the concept of a mutual struggle for control between parent and child, in which the “loser” overloads the regulatory capacity of the other by “going noisy”. In this way the “loser” escapes from control but is more or less disabled by his own cognitive noise.