Different Methods Of Irrigation Research Articles

The Laparoscopic Irrigator Aspirator: A Time and Cost Saving Alternative Irrigation Method for Open Fractures

Introduction: At our institution, the laparoscopic irrigator aspirator (LIA) is used as the primary means of irrigation in open fractures, as it allows for quicker and more efficient irrigation. The purpose of this technical trick is to evaluate the cost and time savings between gravity tubing, pulse lavage, and LIA methods. Materials and Methods: The 3 different methods of irrigation, gravity tubing, pulse lavage, and LIA, were set up, and the time to use one 3 L bag of normal saline was recorded for each. The list prices for each method of irrigation were obtained, and the time and cost saved per 3 L bag was multiplied by 3 for the total time and cost 9 L of irrigation. Results: The LIA was the most efficient irrigation method and saved 303 seconds over gravity and 534 seconds saved over pulse lavage over 9 L. For cost, the laparoscopic resulted in $156.15 saved over gravity and $332.80 saved over pulse lavage over 9 L when accounting for cost of operating room time and cost of implant. At our institution, 34 open tibia fractures were treated in 2019, which results in 2.86 hours and $5309.10 saved over gravity and 5.04 hours and $11,315.2 saved over pulse lavage by using the LIA. Conclusions: Lap irrigation is a viable alternative to gravity tubing and pulse lavage for open fracture irrigation and results in both time and cost savings.

Strategies for water productivity enhancement in maize—A comprehensive review

AbstractMaize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crop produced globally after wheat and rice and provides the basic raw materials for starch, oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners and fuel. It is grown on an area of 201.98 Mha worldwide, with an average productivity of 5.75 t ha−1. Maize is mostly grown during the rainy season, but it performs better during the winter season with irrigation and resource conservation techniques. The average productivity of maize during the rainy and winter seasons is 4.3 and 6.2 t ha−1, respectively. The total production is as low as 2.7 Mt in Nepal to 362.78 Mt in the USA. Maize performs better under the furrow and drip irrigation methods, and the range of water requirements is between 425–789 and 351–685 mm, respectively. Plastic and straw mulching has enhanced irrigation water use efficiency up to 34.0–47.2 and 15.3–24.1 kg ha−1 mm−1, respectively. The crop coefficients, Kc values, for maize crops ranges between 0.2 and 1.2. Of the different methods of irrigation, the drip irrigation method enhances the maize yield by 28% and plays a great role in corn yield. This paper discusses various strategies for enhancing global maize yield.

An in vitro scanning electron microscopic study: smear layer removal by chelat activation methods

Background: The process of mechanical root canal preparation creates smear layer. The smear layer can prevent the penetration of intracanal medicaments into dentinal tubules and influence the adaptation of filling materials to canal walls. The purpose of this study is to compare the smear layer removal ability of root canal irrigation methods with chelat solution. Materials and Methods: 45 extracted human premolar roots were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15) based on root canal irrigation methods with 17% EDTA solution: (1) Conventional needle irrigation, (2) Ultrasonic activation, (3) Sonic activation. The roots were prepared with Reciproc Blue 25 file and was removed smear layer by 3 different methods of irrigation. The study sample was then sectioned longitudinally with a diamond cutting disc, randomly selecting half of the root. After undergoing sample processing, the half roots were observed and evaluated for the presence of smear layer under a scanning electron microscope with a magnification of 1000 times according to Torabinejad (2003). Results: In cervical, the average smear layer score of the 3 study groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). In the middle, apical and over the root canal, the average smear layer score of the sonic activation method was lower than that of the other 2 groups. Conclusion: Sonic irrigation is more effective in removing smear layer than conventional needle irrigation and ultrasonic irrigation activation. Key words: smear layer, ultrasonic, sonic.

Yield Enhancement through a Low-Cost Irrigation System for Groundnut

The existing irrigation system namely drip and sprinkler adds cost to production. So, an alternate low-cost irrigation system (rain hose irrigation) was compared with other irrigation systems. The study was proposed to find out the optimum soil moisture by selecting a proper irrigation system that supports optimum soil moisture management, enhanced productivity, high water use efficiency, and also involves less cost on production. The treatment comprises different methods of irrigation (drip, sprinkler, rain hose, and BBF) and deficit irrigation (100%, 125%, and 75% of PET) was tested. The results have shown that higher pod yield (3086 kg/ha) and high water use efficiency (11.2 kg/ha.mm) were attained in drip + 100% of PET and drip + 75% of PET. The high B/C ratio was attained in rain hose + 100% of PET and hence, considered as the low-cost irrigation technology for higher profit.

Development and evaluation of automation system for irrigation scheduling in broccoli (Brassica oleracea)

The present study was attempted to develop an automated irrigation system for real-time irrigation management using soil moisture sensor, decision support system, level sensor, level controller, GSM receiver, transmitter, solenoid valve, water meter and pump. The performance of developed automated irrigation system was evaluated under different methods of irrigation in broccoli crop. The field experiment in Broccoli crop was conducted (2013-14 and 2014-15 ) in split plot designwith three irrigation methods, i.e. check-basin, furrow and drip irrigation as main plot treatments, and irrigation control methods, i.e. automated and manually-controlled assub-plot treatments. Water saving, water productivity and cost economics of developed system were calculated and compared under different studied irrigation methods. It was found in the present study that the sensor based automated drip irrigation system resulted in highest irrigation water productivity (9.7 kg/m3) and crop water productivity (10.6 kg/m3) as compared to all other treatments. Similarly, the highest benefit-cost ratio (3.24) and water saving was obtained under the sensor based automated drip irrigation system. Therefore, the developed indigenous sensor based automated drip irrigation system can be used for efficient irrigation management in the broccoli crop.

Surface Irrigation Vs Drip Irrigation Method

We all aware about the term irrigation, it is the application of supply of water to the crops plants according to their requirements by artificial means. The main motive of this article is to study and compare different methods of irrigation and especially focused on surface and drip irrigation methods. As in India, the area under irrigation is only about 36% of net sown area. Currently, only agriculture sector uses 83% of available freshwater and 5% for domestic use, 3% for industries, 6% for energy sector and remaining 3% by other consumers. Increasing population and hence the competition in future would limit the water availability. In surface irrigation methods there are higher losses in water conveyance and application, which can be reduced considerably by adopting micro irrigation methods especially drip irrigation method. Of all the irrigation methods in use drip irrigation is most efficient and also can be used in different kinds of crops mainly in orchards, vegetables, flowers, and plantation crops. Drip irrigation accounts for increased water use efficiency i.e. 90- 95 percent.

Management of the water regime of soil to increase the vegetable crops yield with different irrigation methods in the south of Russia

Long-term researches on the cultivation of vegetable crops with different methods of irrigation in the Volgograd region have shown that their yield was primarily closely related to the improvement of the water regime of the soil. Its efficiency using drip irrigation increased with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, and using subsurface irrigation - with an improvement of the location of the irrigation network. The highest yield of beet with drip irrigation (82.4 t / ha) was obtained with an increase of the Soil Pre-Irrigation Moisture (SPIM) to 85% of Full Moisture Capacity (FMC) and fertilization doses - to N235P140K130 kg/ha. The highest yield of courgettes with drip irrigation of 83.7 t / ha was obtained while maintaining the similar irrigation regime and the quantity of fertilizers N240P99K110 kg/ha.The maximum cabbage yield in our experience with drip irrigation of 83.1 t / ha was achieved using the option that combines the maintenance of the irrigation regime 80-90-80 %FMC with the application of fertilizers at doses of N110P50K140 kg / ha. The highest yield of radish with subsurface irrigation of 79.8 t / ha was obtained while maintaining SPIM 85 % FMC in the field with the location of subsurface humidifiers at a distance of 1.2 m from each other.

USE OF FERTIGATION SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF Solanaceae SPECIES UNDER PROTECTED SPACES

The degradation of agricultural ecosystems began with the application of intensive agriculture, which cannot be separated from the problems related to it. In this context, it is more important than ever to dismiss any polluting technology, in order to defend the healthy agriculture concept and to model life based on the existing natural cycles. The aim of study was to achieve an equally balanced eco-system, based on self-regulation instead of major human intervention. To achieve this goal, at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Iasi it was organized an experiment in randomized blocks, with three repetitions on two species in tunnels, using different methods of irrigation and fertilization with average impact. The results obtained highlight that fertigation leads to sustainable yields because of the controllable application of water and nutrients, with direct long term positive implications in reducing soil compaction and salinization. The use of microorganisms-based fertilizers leads to significantly increased yields and, on the long term, enrich soil composition.

Effect of pruning severity and irrigation methods on flowering, fruit growth and yield of custard apple

The experiment entitled “Effect of pruning severity and irrigation methods on flowering, fruit growth and yield of custard apple” was carried out during 2018-19 at Shivar block, Central Research Station, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola with the objectives to study the effect of severity of pruning on flowering, fruit growth and yield of custard apple, to study the effect of different methods of irrigation on flowering, fruit growth and yield of custard apple and to find out the suitable severity of pruning and irrigation method for better fruit growth and yield in custard apple. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with three methods of irrigation viz., I1- no irrigation, I2- double furrow irrigation and I3- drip irrigation and severity of pruning are P1- no pruning (control), P2- light pruning, P3- medium pruning and P4- heavy pruning. The tree unit per treatment was two and it was replicated thrice with twelve treatment combinations. Light pruning (P2) showed the highest number of flowers per branch and minimum days to flowering was found in control trees (P1). Maximum number of fruits per plant, fruit yield (kg/tree), were recorded highest in treatment of light pruning (P2) and double furrow irrigation (I2) and maximum ‘A’ graded fruits/tree was produced in medium pruned (P3) trees with drip irrigation (I3). Irrigation does not show any significant effect except for days to harvesting in which unpruned and drip irrigated trees showed better result. The effect of interaction between severity of pruning and methods of irrigation on flowering, fruit growth and yield was found non-significant.

Performance evaluation of drip irrigation (fertigation) in citrus cultivation: A review

Efficient use of water and nutrients is required to accomplished sustainable production. The efficient utilization of these inputs need an integrated approach to promote the techniques of nutrients and water management among farmer to achieve the quality and quantity production. This study aims at reviewing the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation in citrus. Water scarcity is one of major problem of citrus cultivation in India. Among the different methods of irrigation, drip irrigation is most efficient form of application of irrigation to the crops which supplies water at optimum time to root zone and increases the growth, yield and quality of crop. Drip irrigation helped the cultivation of plants more profitable than compared to normal traditional watering of plants and increase the water use efficiency (WUE) in agriculture. As the citrus is more water loving crop, installation of drip would be more helpful in a increasing yield as well as gaining fruitful income. Drip irrigation can also be used for the fertigation and increases the nutrient use efficiency (NUE). However, it also delivers many other economic and social benefits to the society. In this article, intensive research works regarding water and nutrient management for citrus has been reviewed and discussed so that a definite perception may be generated for the farmers as well as future researchers.

Indices of yield and effective productivity of maize hybrids of different FAO groups under different methods of irrigation and moisture supply in the Dry Steppe of Ukraine

Indices of yield and effective productivity of maize hybrids of different FAO groups under different methods of irrigation and moisture supply in the Dry Steppe of Ukraine

Long-term productivity of early season peach trees under different irrigation methods and postharvest deficit irrigation

Deficit irrigation can be used as a potential means of dealing with lack of irrigation water, however, the long-term impact of deficit irrigation on productivity is not fully understood. A 10-year long field study was carried out to compare effects of furrow, drip, and micro sprinkler irrigation under either full irrigation or postharvest deficit irrigation treatments on peach tree health and fruit yield and quality. In the first three years of the experiment, trees under full irrigation grew faster which led to larger trunks than trees under deficit irrigation. At the end of the study, tree canopy size showed no difference among different methods of irrigation or between full and deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation of up to 40% water savings did not lead to significant yield losses for 8–9 years. Deficit irrigation also did not cause a significant reduction in fruit quality except for an increase in percentage of double fruits, but the worst year case was still less than 1.5%. Fruit color showed lower lightness in furrow full irrigation than in furrow deficit treatment, but no difference was found in deficit drip or micro sprinkler treatment. Also, no difference was found for fruit firmness, total soluble solids, pH, malic acid, or total phenolics between the respective full and deficit irrigation treatments. The study demonstrated the feasibility of applying continued postharvest deficit irrigation for up to10 years for peach production which resulted in significant water savings during the summer peak water use period.

Effect of Irrigation Method on Tree Growth, Foliar Nutrient Levels, and Nut Characteristics of Young Pecan Trees in the Southern Great Plains

Although irrigation is a common practice in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards, the effects of different methods of irrigation on young tree growth, nut quality, and nutrient uptake have not been estimated. Five irrigation systems and one nonirrigated control system were established. Tree performance was characterized by change in trunk diameter, weight per nut, average kernel percentage, and total trunk diameter growth. Nutrient uptake was determined by foliar levels. The five irrigation systems were a microsprinkler with a 35-ft diameter, a microsprinkler with a 70-ft diameter, two subsurface driplines irrigating for 2 days/week alternating between water for 2 hours and no water for 2 hours, two subsurface driplines irrigating 1 day/week for 20 hours continuously (LI2), and four subsurface driplines irrigating for 10 hours continuously for 1 day/week (LI4). Irrigation systems affected foliar levels of potassium (K), boron (B), and manganese (Mn) levels. Irrigation system did not affect change in trunk diameter or kernel percentage. A spatial Durbin error model was estimated to use trunk diameter estimates from all trees in the orchard. This model found the trunk diameters of nonirrigated and LI4 system trees to be significantly less than those trees that were irrigated by the LI2 system. When observations were pooled over all years, LI4 trees had individual pecan nut weights that were significantly less than all other systems.

Computed microtomography evaluation of calcium hydroxide‐based root canal dressing removal from oval root canals by different methods of irrigation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of conventional irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and Easy Clean for removing calcium hydroxide-based root canal dressing from oval root canals. Thirty mandibular uniradicular incisors with oval canals were used, and subjected to chemical-mechanical preparation with Reciproc R40 instruments. The main canal was filled with a paste based on Ca(OH)2 P.A., iodoform and propylene glycol in the ratio of 3:1:1. The teeth were stored in 100% humidity at a temperature of 37°C for 14 days. Afterwards, the teeth were divided into three groups (n = 10) according to the method of irrigation used (conventional irrigation, PUI, and Easy Clean). The specimens were analyzed by computed microtomography at three time intervals: before placing the root canal dressing, with the root canal dressing in place, and after application of the irrigation methods for removing it. The data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests for analyzing the canal as a whole, and Friedman and Dunn for analyzing the root thirds. The results showed that conventional irrigation was less efficient for removing the root canal dressing in comparison with the methods that agitated the irrigant solution (p < .05). When the root canal was analyzed as a whole, Easy Clean, and PUI were similar (p > .05). In analysis of the thirds, Easy Clean was more efficient than conventional irrigation in all the thirds, while PUI showed this behavior only in the cervical third (p < .05). The authors concluded that in oval canals, none of the irrigation methods were capable of removing all the root canal dressing, however, the methods that agitated the irrigant solution were more efficient than conventional irrigation.

Water use in rice crop through different methods of irrigation in a sodic soil

Sodic soils are characterized by high exchangeable sodium on exchange sites, soil pH greater than 8.5, relatively low electrical conductivity, low infiltration rate and dispersed clay. These characteristics restrict the capacity of soil to absorb water, resulting in poor infiltration. Evidently, these soils require application of irrigation water at shorter intervals for crop production. Thus, irrigation strategy for sodic soils differs from that of normal soils. An experiment to determine the suitable irrigation strategy along with methods of application namely: surface (farmer’s practice), sprinkler (double nozzle impact sprinkler), and low-energy water application device (LEWA) were initiated in the year 2012 for rice crop. Irrigation depths of 6 cm in case of surface method and 4 cm in case of sprinkler and LEWA methods were applied at each irrigation event. The irrigation events for rice were scheduled at 2-DAD (days after the disappearance of the ponded water), 3-DAD, and 4-DAD through surface method, and at daily, 1- and 2-day intervals (after initial ponding disappeared) by sprinkler and LEWA methods. Sprinkler and LEWA methods resulted in highest rice yield of 4.4 t ha−1 in irrigated plots at the 2-day interval which was at par with the highest yielding surface-irrigated plot scheduled at 2-DAD. At the same time, irrigation strategy of 2-day interval through sprinkler and LEWA methods registered water saving to the extent of 30–40% over 2-DAD under surface irrigation method. Results revealed that there could be substantial saving of water and energy (electricity and diesel) through the use of sprinkling devices for irrigating rice under sodic soil environments.

Development of decision support system based on crop water demand and soil moisture deficit for real time irrigation scheduling

An automated irrigation system has a potential solution to control the site specific irrigation, is of benefits to producers can save water and improving water productivity. The study was conducted to develop a decision support system (DSS) and integrated with soil moisture sensor based on tensiometric principle, for real time irrigation scheduling either on time basis or soil moisture sensor basis. The designed system was successfully tested on potato crop under different methods of irrigation at Precision Farming Development Centre (PFDC), IARI, New Delhi, India. The reference evapotranspiration, water requirement of potato crop estimated from DSS was verified and tested with CROPWAT model, and approximately similar results were obtained. The crop evapotranspiration of potato crop was estimated 25.3 cm using DSS. The coefficient of determination (R2) range was found 0.93-0.94, 0.82-0.91 between water level depletion in modified tensiometer and soil water suction measured by tensiometer, watermark at 20 cm, 30 cm soil depth respectively. The performance evaluation of developed system helped to control water application as per crop needs with its various functionality were found satisfactorily.

Low-volume versus high-volume initiated trans-anal irrigation therapy in adults with chronic constipation: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundConstipation is common in adults and up to 20% of the population report this symptom. Chronic constipation (CC), usually defined as more than 6 months of symptoms, is less common but results in 0.5 million UK GP consultations per annum. The effect of symptoms on measured quality of life (QOL) is significant, and CC consumes significant health care resources. In the UK, it is estimated that 10% of district nursing time is spent on constipation. Trans-anal irrigation therapy has become a widely used treatment despite a lack of robust efficacy data to support its use. The long-term outcome of treatment is also unclear. A randomised comparison of two different methods of irrigation (high- and low-volume) will provide valuable evidence of superiority of one system over the other, as well as providing efficacy data for the treatment as a whole.MethodsParticipants will be recruited based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Following informed consent, they will be randomised to either high-volume (HV) or low-volume (LV) irrigation and undergo standardised radiological and physiological investigations. Following training, they will commence home irrigation with the allocated device. Data will be collected at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months according to a standardised outcomes framework. The primary outcome is PAC-QOL, measured at 3 months. The study is powered to detect a 10% difference in outcome between systems at 3 months; this means that 300 patients will need to be recruited.DiscussionThis study will be the first randomised comparison of two different methods of trans-anal irrigation. It will also be the largest prospective study of CC patients treated with irrigation. It will provide evidence for the effectiveness of irrigation in the treatment of CC, as well as the comparative effectiveness of the two methods. This will enable more cost-effective and evidence-based use of irrigation. Also, the results will be combined with the other studies in the CapaCiTY programme to generate an evidence-based treatment algorithm for CC in adults.Trial registrationISRCTN, identifier: ISRCTN11093872. Registered on 11 November 2015. Trial not retrospectively registered. Protocol version 3 (22 January 2016).

Sensor network based irrigation system for real time irrigation scheduling in vegetable crops under different methods of irrigation

Soil moisture sensor based irrigation scheduling is relatively a new concept in India. A soil moisture sensor based wireless irrigation system was designed, developed and tested during the years 2013-15 in vegetable crops, i. e. okra, tomato, brinjal, broccoli, potato, and knol-khol on the research farm of the Precision Farming Development Centre, Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. A network of sensors was integrated with a wireless system having modified tensiometer, level sensor, controller, GSM receiver, transmitter, solenoid valve, water meter, and pump for automated irrigation scheduling. The sensor network, global system for mobile communication (GSM) and short message service (SMS) carried the data from the sensors to the user through a mobile set. This system allows the user to effectively monitor and control water application in the field via sensors and/or through a mobile phone set by sending a command in the form of message and obtaining the moisture status in the field.

Time‐lapse monitoring of soil water content using electromagnetic conductivity imaging

AbstractThe volumetric soil water content (θ) is fundamental to agriculture because its spatiotemporal variation in soil affects the growth of plants. Unfortunately, the universally accepted thermogravimetric method for estimating volumetric soil water content is very labour intensive and time‐consuming for use in field‐scale monitoring. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have proven to be useful in mapping the spatiotemporal variation of θ. However, depth‐specific variation in θ, which is important for irrigation management, has been little explored. The objective of this study was to develop a relationship between θ and estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ) and to use this relationship to develop time‐lapse images of soil θ beneath a centre‐pivot irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) crop in San Jacinto, California, USA. We first measured the bulk apparent electrical conductivity (ECa – mS/m) using a DUALEM‐421 over a period of 12 days after an irrigation event (i.e. days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12). We used EM4Soil to generate EM conductivity images (EMCIs). We used a physical model to estimate θ from σ, accounting for soil tortuosity and pore water salinity, with a cross‐validation RMSE of 0.04 cm3/cm3. Testing the scenario where no soil information is available, we used a three‐parameter exponential model to relate θ to σ and then to map θ along the transect on different days. The results allowed us to monitor the spatiotemporal variations of θ across the surveyed area, over the 12‐day period. In this regard, we were able to map the soil close to field capacity (0.27 cm3/cm3) and approaching permanent wilting point (0.03 cm3/cm3). The time‐lapse θ monitoring approach, developed using EMCI, has implications for soil and water use and management and will potentially allow farmers and consultants to identify inefficiencies in water application rates and use. It can also be used as a research tool to potentially assist precision irrigation practices and to test the efficacy of different methods of irrigation in terms of water delivery and efficiency in water use in near real time.

Effect of drip and furrow irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency in cotton

Adoption of drip irrigation method offers opportunity for efficient use of water and higher economic yield of cotton under irrigated conditions in arid and semi-arid regions. A field experiment was carried out at the Soil Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2014 for evaluating the different methods of irrigation for enhancing water use efficiency in cotton. The experiment was consisted of three methods of irrigation (drip, furrow and flood irrigation) and four cultivars of cotton viz., Bt (MRC-7017), Bt (RCH-134), American (H-1236) and Desi (HD-123). The results indicated that drip irrigation significantly increased plant height, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, and number of monopods and sympods per plant. The application of irrigation with drip and furrow methods resulted in increase in seed cotton yield over flood method. The seed cotton yield was recorded highest of 2671 kg/ha of American (H-1236) followed by 2510 kg/ha of Bt (MRC-7017), 2287 kg/ha of Desi (HD-123) and 2151 kg/ha of Bt (RCH-134) in drip irrigation. The water use efficiency (WUE) was found highest in drip irrigation as compared to other methods in all the four cotton cultivars. The highest WUE of 0.58 kg/m3 was found in American (H-1236), followed by Bt (MRC-7017), Desi (HD-123) and lowest in Bt (RCH-134). The results conclude that drip irrigation has potential to increase the seed cotton yield and water use efficiency in arid and semi-arid region of the state.