Different Locations In Turkey Research Articles

Regional Changes in the Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Salvia fruticosa and Sideritis pisidica Using Superheated Water Extraction

Differences in the essential oil compositions of Salvia fruticosa and Sideritis pisidica species growing in different locations in Turkey were determined. Superheated water extraction (SWE) was used to extract essential oils. The essential oil components of Salvia fruticosa and Sideritis pisidica were removed from aqueous extract by C 18 solid phase extraction. The composition of the volatile components was determined using GC-MS. The extraction yields from Salvia fruticosa were found to be between 0.97 % and 1.86 % and those from Sideritis pisidica were between 0.52 and 0.89 %. The major components of the Salvia fruticosa from all locations but one were 1,8-cineole and camphor. In contrast, the major components of Sideritis pisidica were identified as eugenol, thymol, β-pinene, camphor and α-pinene. The SWE based method is quicker, selective, environmentally friendly and more efficient than the other extraction methods.

Determination of Fatty Acid,Tocopherol Sterol Contents and 1,2- and 1,3-Diacylglycerols in Four Different Virgin Olive Oil

Oils of 4 samples of olive cultivars (Edremit, Gemlik, Domat and Sar?ulak) from different locations in Turkey were characterized with regard to the composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterols as well as 1,2- and 1,3-diacylglycerols. The dominating fatty acid of all varieties was oleic acid with ranged between 61.09% to 72.78%. The oils were rich in ?-tocopherols (0.56 to 20.29%). The concentration of total sterols ranged from 1200.80 mg/ Kg to 2762.94 mg/Kg. The oils showed remarkably high contents of ?-sitosterol (between 71.4 and 87.32 mg/Kg). 1,2- and 1,3-diacylglycerols in olive oils changed between 27.5% to 49.2 and 50.8% to 72.5%, respectively. While 1,2- diacylglycerols of four different virgin olive oil is found at the levels between 27.5% (Domat) to 49.2% (Edremit), 1,3-diacylglycerols of four different virgin olive oil was determined between 50.8% (Edremit) to 72.5% (Domat).

Contribution to the knowledge of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) fauna of Turkey with the checklist of species

This study is based upon material of family Pompilidae collected from different localities in Turkey between 2000 and 2009; the other related studies on the Pompilidae in Turkey were reviewed. Dicyrtomellus kizilkumii (Radoszkowski, 1877) is a new record for Turkish fauna. The authors present also an updated checklist of the Pompilidae fauna of Turkey. Including the new taxon determined in this study a total of 200 species and 5 subspecies from 35 genera of the family Pompilidae were recorded from Turkey to date. Among them, the type localities of 23 species and 1 subspecies from Pompilidae are situated in Turkey. Separately, 19 species are considered endemic. In addition, new localities were found for some species and subspecies that have already been reported in Turkey.

Contribution to the knowledge of the Cantharidae (Coleoptera) fauna of Turkey

A b s t r a c t : This study is based upon material of family Cantharidae collected from different localities of Turkey between 1968 and 2010. As a result, 22 species from 6 genera belonging to the subfamily Cantharinae of the family Cantharidae were recorded from Turkey. Among them, Cantharis (Cantharis) livida LINNAEUS 1758, Cantharis (Cantaris) melaspis (CHEVROLAT 1854) and Rhagonycha aliena DAHLGREN 1972 has been found the most intense and widespread species. One new species of Rhagonycha from T u r k e y will be described by Svihla on another occasion. In addition, new localities were found for some species which have already been reported in Turkey. K e y w o r d s : Coleoptera, Cantharidae, Cantharinae, fauna, Turkey.

Genetic and morphologic diversity of Echinochloa crus-galli populations from different origins

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass) is an annual weed that is native to Asia and found throughout the world. The broad ecological tolerance and competitive ability of E. crus-galli makes it the most important weed species in rice. Genetic studies of plants are becoming increasingly common because reliable information is necessary to better understand population dynamics, occurrence of herbicide resistance, and demographic data. Echinochloa crus-galli populations from 34 different locations in Turkey were compared with respect to morphological differences and genetic variation. For morphological variation, five seeds of each population were sown in pots and grown in a screenhouse using a randomized block design. Morphological parameters such as germination speed, flowering time, leaf area, plant height, spikelet length, above-ground biomass, root dry weight and number of seeds were measured. Distinct differences among populations with respect to hierarchical cluster analysis were observed. Genetic variations among populations were performed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The seven RAPD primers amplified 55 bands whose molecular weight varied between 200 and 4000 bp. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 74.54%. Results showed high morphological and genetic variability among individual genotypes within geographic locations. Phenotypic and genetic variability among E. crus-galli populations would be influenced by agricultural practices, crop characteristics, geographic location and herbicide pressure. Differences between weed populations may affect response to chemical or biological control.

Fatty acid composition of hempseed oils from different locations in Turkey

Recent interest in hempseed as a source of food has largely focused on its oil content and fatty acid profile. The oil content and fatty acid composition (15 fatty acids) of twenty one different hempseed samples of domestic origin from north-western Turkey were monitored. The samples were obtained from seed wholesalers and local spice shops and are of unknown genetic origin. The oil content of the hempseeds ranged between 29.6 to 36.5%. Out of the 15 detected fatty acids, the omega-6 linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was predominant and fluctuated from 55.4 to 56.9%, while the omega-3 α-linolenic (18:3n-3) acid ranged from 16.5 to 20.4% and the omega-9 oleic acid (18:1n-9) ranged from 11.4 to 15.9%. Of the minor fatty acids, the highest concentrations were found for γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6), range 0.6-1.1%, followed by stearidonic acid (18:4n-3), range 0.3-0.5%. These results show that hempseed grown in north-western Turkey provides a well balanced and rich source of dietary omega-6 and -3 essential fatty acids and appears to be a potentially valuable source of food.

Environmental variation on aroma components of pulegone/piperitone rich spearmint ( Mentha spicata L.)

Essential oil accumulation and compositions in aromatic plants depend upon various factors such as genetic structure, environmental factors and agronomic practices. Spearmint ( Mentha spicata L.) is one of the major aromatic plants cultivated for spice and essential oil productions. Field experiments were carried out to determine environmental variation in the new Turkish pulegone–piperitone rich chemotype, so, its cuttings were transplanted in four different locations of Turkey. Essential oil composition was determined with GC–MS. As a result of the research, herb essential oil contents of the chemotype were between 2.41 and 2.74%. Oxygenated monoterpenes including main components, pulegone and piperitone, were the major terpenoid group in the essential oil. Different environmental factors of the locations affected quantitatively oil compositions. The results revealed that monoterpene hydrocarbons such as d-limonene and β-phellandrene were higher in temperate climate with high altitude. On the other hand, trans-β-caryophyllene and germacrene D, major sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in the oil, were higher in warmer ecologies resulting similar trend in total sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons. Main component pulegone and piperitone and other oxygenated monoterpene 1,8-cineole also showed significant variation in the different ecologies.

Inhibitory Effects of Rosemary Extracts, Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid on the Growth of Various Human Cancer Cell Lines

The leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis harvested from three different locations of Turkey were extracted by both methanolic and supercritical CO(2) extraction. Subsequently, six extracts and the active compounds, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid were applied to various human cancer cell lines including NCI-H82 (human, small cell lung, carcinoma), DU-145 (human, prostate, carcinoma), Hep-3B (human, black, liver, carcinoma, hepatocellular), K-562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia), MCF-7 (human, breast, adenocarcinoma), PC-3 (human, prostate, adenocarcinoma) and MDA-MB-231 (human, breast, adenocarcinoma) by MTT assay. Supercritical CO(2) extracts had superior antiproliferative effect compared to the soxhlet extracts. Although the extracts exhibited various cytotoxic effects against different cell lines, comparatively low IC(50) values ranging between 12.50 and 47.55 microg/ml were attained against K-562, being the most sensitive cell line. Moreover, carnosic acid caused the lowest cell viability with values ranging from 13 to 30 % at a concentration of 19 muM after 48 h of treatments, resulting in superior antiproliferative effect. Rosemary extract is a potential candidate to be included in the anti-cancer diet with pre-determined doses avoiding toxicity.

Karyology of ten Turkish Trigonella L. (Leguminosae) species from section Cylindricae Boiss.

This study describes the karyotypes of 10 Turkish species of Trigonella L. belonging to section Cylindricae Boiss. (Leguminosae). Excluding the karyotypes of T. velutina Boiss. and of T. sibthorpii Boiss., which were previously studied, all of the other 8 species were studied here for the first time. The species of the section were gathered from different localities in Turkey, and it was determined that the somatic chromosome numbers for all species were the same (2n = 16). Also, satellite metaphase chromosomes were determined in T. velutina and T. strangulata.

Composition of the essential oils of Pinus nigra Arnold from Turkey

Essential oil composition of the needles of Pinus nigra Arnold collected from different localities in Turkey was investigated by GC and GC/MS. The main components in the oils were a-pinene, b-pinene, b-caryophyllene, and germacrene D.

Karyology of ten Turkish Trigonella L. (Leguminosae) species from section Cylindricae Boiss.

This study describes the karyotypes of 10 Turkish species of Trigonella L. belonging to section Cylindricae Boiss. (Leguminosae). Excluding the karyotypes of T. velutina Boiss. and of T. sibthorpii Boiss., which were previously studied, all of the other 8 species were studied here for the first time. The species of the section were gathered from different localities in Turkey, and it was determined that the somatic chromosome numbers for all species were the same (2n = 16). Also, satellite metaphase chromosomes were determined in T. velutina and T. strangulata.

Antibacterial Activity and the Variation of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. Essential Oils from Turkey

Water-distilled essential oils from herbal parts of Tanacetum parthenium from two different localities in Turkey were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil of T. parthenium collected from Davutpasa-Istanbul location were characterized with camphor 49%, trans-chrysanthenyl acetate 22.1% and camphene 9.4%. Second plant sample is collected from the remote east end of the country Savşat-Ardahan location. The essential oil from this location was characterized with camphor 60.8% and camphene 6.8%. Unlike the former this sample contains trans-chrysanthenyl acetate in trace amount and cis- chrysanthenyl acetate in very small amount (0.6%) which is not present in the first sample. Antibacterial activity of the oils were evaluated for five Gram (+) and five Gram (-) bacteria by using a broth microdilution assay. The highest activity was observed on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S.aureus however when compared with positive control oils showed higher MIC values. The oil of Istanbul-sample showed highest activity on B. subtilis (125 microg/mL) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (125 microg/mL) which is two fold concentration when compared with the positive control chloramphenicol (62.5 microg/mL). The oil of Ardahan sample showed the highest activity on S. aureus (125 microg/mL) which is likewise two fold concentration of the positive control chloramphenicol (62.5 microg/mL). DPPH scavenging activity was 59.3% of the oil from Davutpasa at 15 mg/mL concentration. When compared to positive control alpha-tocopherol (94.6%) Savşat oil (28.2%) showed low and Davutpasa oil showed medium DPPH scavenging activity. All of the oils showed toxicity to Vibrio fischeri in the TLC-bioluminescence assay.

INFLUENCE OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ROSEMARY ON OXIDATION AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF WHEAT GERM OIL

ABSTRACT Both supercritical CO2 and methanolic extracts from the leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) harvested from three different locations of Turkey at four different times of the year were added at a concentration of 100 mg/kg to wheat germ oil. Wheat germ oil samples were stored in an incubator for 10 days at 50C in order to promote oxidation and for the efficacy of the extracts for stabilization purposes to be examined. Degree of oxidation was determined by peroxide and p‐anisidine values, which were performed every 2 days. Extracts from Mersin and Canakkale regions performed better results. Additionally, June and September harvests had lower peroxide values. According to the descriptive sensory analysis, both locations and extraction methods were found to effect flavor. Some flavor attributes, such as wheatlike/starchy, fishy and rubbery/metallic changed during storage regardless of locations and extraction methods. Supercritical CO2 extracts performed better results in terms of both oxidation and sensory properties.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFrom the perspective of the food industry, wheat germ oil stabilized with a natural antioxidant such as rosemary can be marketed as a functional product that can create a niche. Rosemary extracts containing higher amounts of rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid should be preferred in order to provide a better shelf life of an edible oil such as wheat germ oil.

Chemical evaluation of some paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) seed oils

AbstractThe oil contents of seeds from paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) collected from different locations in Turkey and Italy varied in a relatively wide range from 8.5 g/100 g to 32.6 g/100 g. The fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol contents of the oils from different paprika seeds were investigated. The main fatty acids in paprika seed oils were linoleic acid (69.5–74.7 g/100 g), oleic acid (8.9–12.5 g/100 g) and palmitic acid (10.7–14.2 g/100 g). The oils contained an appreciable amount of γ‐tocopherol (306.6–602.6 mg/kg), followed by α‐tocopherol (7.3–148.7 mg/kg). The major sterols were β‐sitosterol (1571.4–4061.7 mg/kg), campesterol (490.8–1182.7 mg/kg), and Δ5‐avenasterol (374.5–899.6 mg/kg). The total concentration of sterols ranged from 3134.0 mg/kg to 7233.7 mg/kg. Remarkable amounts of cholesterol were found in the different samples (164.6–491.0 mg/kg). The present study showed that paprika seeds are a potential source of valuable oil that could be used for edible and industrial applications.

Molecular characterization of Turkish honey bee populations (Apis mellifera) inferred from mitochondrial DNA RFLP and sequence results

To identify the evolutionary lineage of honey bee colonies in Turkey, the mtDNA of 244 colonies from 20 locations was analyzed. Several polymorphic restriction sites showed that they belonged to the Mediterranean C lineage. DraI digestion of the CoxI-CoxII intergenic region produced four fragment patterns, one first seen in this study. From 37 colonies from 16 different locations in Turkey and two colonies from Iran, the intergenic region was sequenced. Previously, from among all honey bee populations of the C lineage, eight haplotypes had been described from this mtDNA region, three of which were found here. In addition, eight new haplotypes were found. A deletion in one of these haplotypes accounts for the novel DraI RFLP pattern. Most of the novel haplotypes were in a subgroup of lineage C, yet none of these had been found in previous studies of Turkish honey bees. The geographical distribution of some haplotypes suggests that they may be characteristic of subspecies native to Turkey.

Mycielski approach for wind speed prediction

Wind speed modeling and prediction plays a critical role in wind related engineering studies. However, since the data have random behavior, it is difficult to apply statistical approaches with apriori and deterministic parameters. On the other hand, wind speed data have an important feature; extreme transitions from a wind state to a far different one are rare. Therefore, behavioral modeling is possible. Although several studies focus on global parametrization of wind data behavior, the literature in time-wise modeling and prediction is relatively small. In this study, a novel approach for wind speed modeling using the Mycielski algorithm is demonstrated. The algorithm accurately predicts the time variations of wind speed data in the sense of forecasting future values of wind data by analyzing the repeatedness in the history of the data. The prediction precision of the procedure is tested using wind speed data obtained from three different locations of Turkey (Kayseri, İzmir and Antalya). Prediction results with high accuracy are obtained and presented.

The Variation in the Essential Oil Composition of Tanacetum cadmeum (Boiss.) Heywood ssp. orientale Grierson from Turkey

Water-distilled essential oils from aerial parts of Tanacetum cadmeum (Boiss.) Heywood ssp. orientale Grierson, from two different localities in Turkey, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The flower, stem and root oils of T. cadmeum ssp. orientale collected from the Adana location were characterized with α-thujone (25%, 5.2%), cis-linalool oxide (6.8%, 12.8%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (5.8%, 8.5%) for flower and stem oils, and β-eudesmol (10.3%, 6.2%, 13.8%); in addition, stem oil contained 1,8-cineole (6.6%) and root oil contained hexadecanoic acid (6.0%), spathulenol (5.8%) and β-muurolol (5.3%). The flower and stem oils of T. cadmeum ssp. orientale collected from the Sivas location were characterized with camphor (25.9%, 14.8%), borneol (15.4%, 25.8%) and α-thujone (7.8%, 5.5%); in addition, stem oil contained 1,8-cineole (7.4%) and root oil contained nonacosane (16.2%), spathulenol (6.8%) and hexadecanoic acid (5.8%).

Chromosome numbers of species of the genusJurineaCass. (Asteraceae) in Turkey

Abstract Chromosome numbers of 13 Jurinea species, collected from different localities in Turkey, were determined for the frst time. All the Jurinea species investigated were diploid with chromosome numbers counted as 2n = 34. The basic chromosome number of the genus was x = 17. In this study, polyploidy was determined in nine taxa of Jurinea. Polyploid cells were 2n = 4x = 68 and they were tetraploid. The mitotic metaphase plates were given all the taxa of Jurinea. The research has made contribution to the cytotaxonomic revision of the genus Jurinea in Turkey.

Nutritional and technological characteristics of olive (Olea europea L.) fruit and oil: two varieties growing in two different locations of Turkey

Olea europea L. fruits were evaluated for weight, moisture, ash, crude protein, crude oil, energy, crude fibre, roundness, resistance against extra force and product density. The relative density, refractive index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value and unsaponifiables were determined in the olive oils. The main fatty acids identified by gas chromatography were palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2). Of the identified fatty acids, lauric acid (12:0), linolenic acid (18:3), arachidic acid (20:0), eicosenoic acid (20:1), behenic acid (22:0) and lignoseric acid (24:0) were found in trace amounts. As expected, the oleic acid content was the major fatty acid of olive oil. Oleic acid was represented in much higher concentrations than the other acids. The product roundness, resistance against extra force, product density and weight of 100 fruit were established as technological characteristics in olive fruit. The damage energy and the unit of volume deformation energy of the Memecik and Tavşanyüreği varieties were 1.36×10−3 J and 3.59×10−4 J/mm3 and 1.89×10−3 J and 5.10×10−4 J/mm3, respectively. The fruits showed a similar composition, and both fruit and oil contained unsaturated fatty acids.

Variation of hypericins in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra growing in different locations of Turkey during plant growth

The principle medicinal secondary metabolites present in Hypericum species are thought to be naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin. The present study was conducted to determine ontogenetic and morphogenetic variations of hypericin and pseudohypericin contents in Hypericum triquetrifolium growing in two sites located in Northern Turkey. Plants were harvested at vegetative, flowering and fructification stages. Plants were dissected into stem, leaf and reproductive tissues at the time of harvest, dried separately and assayed for hypericin and pseudohypericin contents by high-performance liquid chromatography. The hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations in the leaves and reproductive parts were highest at flowering and fructification, whereas the stem contents of these compounds decreased with advancing plant growth in both sites. The leaves contained higher concentrations of both naphthodianthrones than the stems or reproductive parts of H. triquetrifolium.