Different Levels Of Technology Research Articles

Telefonía móvil: una utopía nacida con el DynaTAC 8000X

La telefonía celular es actualmente, uno de los servicios de comunicación más usados en el mundo. Por supuesto, no siempre ha sido así. Su origen y evolución ha sido rápida y exponencial, y en cincuenta años, ha pasado de ser una tecnología emergente con un uso discreto, a prácticamente ser una necesidad en la vida de las personas. El presente artículo describe las generaciones de telefonía móvil celular desde sus inicios hasta las posibles tecnologías que innundarán el mercado en los próximos años, pasando de cómo se dejó de utilizar transmisión analógica para entrar a transmisión digital, se hará una revisión de los diferentes escalones de la tecnología que permite a los celulares, y su funcionamiento.

Structural Change and Economic Growth

This paper constructs a multi-sector model of growth with differences in TFP growth rates across intermediate sectors that accommodates both the Kaldor and Kuznets facts.The different levels of technology among intermediate sectors bring changes to the relative prices of the intermediate goods,and then cause reallocation of labor in those sectors.TFP growth rate in the final product sector is determined by the structure of the intermediate sectors.It changes monotonically as the economy grows,and its direction of change is determined by the elasticity of substitution between intermediate goods.

From Corkboard to Digital Signage.

The author discusses the experience of Stanford Engineering Library with library digital signage. Topics covered include the nuances of different levels of technology, examples of products that are pushing modern digital signage from a passive to active medium, and the impact of digital signage on the communication between librarians and library users.

Investigating the exploitation of web 2.0 for knowledge management in the Greek tourism industry: An utilisation–importance analysis

The paper investigates the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and specifically of the web 2.0 in supporting knowledge management (KM) processes. A literature review analyses how the web 2.0 transforms the implementation of KM by supporting conversational and collaborative KM processes that in turn divert KM from a technology-centric to a people-centric approach. The discussion also reveals how different ways of exploiting web 2.0 reflect different levels of technology supported KM practices. The study also investigated the type and the level of web 2.0 exploitation for KM purposes in the Greek tourism industry by collecting empirical data from tourism professionals. The data was analysed by performing an utilisation–importance analysis that compared data measuring the actual utilisation of web 2.0 with the perceived utilisation importance of web 2.0 for KM purposes. The analysis identified several gaps and opportunities in relation to web 2.0 exploitation for KM purposes. The paper concludes by providing practical and theoretical implications for enhancing the exploitation of web 2.0 for KM purposes.

How Have Labour Market Developments Affected Labour Costs in China?

Labour markets in China have experienced remarkable changes in the past decade. In this paper we use above-scale industrial firm-level data of 2001-2008 to study how labour market developments have affected labour costs of firms across regions, and different levels of technology and ownership in China. Our estimates suggest that, labour market tightness has had some impact on the labour costs of Hong Kong-Macau-Taiwan (HMT) firms and private enterprises, particularly in coastal areas, but overall the impact is limited. Our research also shows that labour migration has had some impact on the labour costs and employment of HMT and private firms in East China.Our analysis suggests that China has not yet seen an absolute shortage of labour, but there have been structural problems in the labour market. Demand for young low-end workers and skilled workers has outpaced supply, while the opposite is true for better educated workers such as young college graduates. As the majority of the employees of HMT and private enterprises are at the low-education end, wage pressures for these firms have increased accordingly. As such, it is necessary to remove the barriers that hinder rural labour forces from working in urban areas and to develop vocational and technical education. It is also useful to upgrade production chains to reduce the relative demand for low-end workers and increase that for better-educated workers to reduce skill mismatch in labour markets.

DEFINING COOPERATIVE BUSINESS MODELS FOR INTERORGANIZATIONAL COOPERATION

Usage of software platforms alongside the business transformation potential of information and communication technology enables cooperation between different companies in both open and networked environments. This is possible when multiple actors cooperate in the delivery of services; each one contributes its own resources, and there is an underlying attractive business model for all of the players involved. This research paper investigates the definition process of a cooperative business model, which involves partners from different countries with different levels of technology, different markets, and different statutory regulations. The aim of this paper is to contribute to both theory and practice by introducing an approach for a cooperative business model definition that can be used in instances where there are conflicting requirements of partners who are willing to cooperate. In the case which is analyzed in this paper, the premature identification of the exploitation alternative scenarios among partners, the adoption of a perspective based on customers’ needs by the means of the business episode concept, and the usage of the business model ontology for the description of the structure of the cooperative business model, have helped the different partners to successfully converge to a common and agreed solution. To cite this document: Alessio Maria Braccini, Paolo Spagnoletti, and Alessandro D’Atri, Defining cooperative business models for interorganizational cooperation, International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 229-249, 2012. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/ijecs.1093

Internationalization Process and Technological Capability Trajectory of Iguaçu

This article focuses on the influence of the internationalization process in the evolution of technological capability. This implication was studied in Iguacu between 1967 and 2009. To achieve the proposed goal it was used the Internationalization of Brazilian Export Producer Companies Model, built by Kraus (2006) and the Model of Technological Capabilities in Companies of Emerging Economies, built by Figueiredo (2004). The study found that different stages of internationalization require different functions and different levels of technology. The discussion proposed by this paper found a close association between the process of internationalization and the development of technological capability in the company studied. It can be concluded that for companies of Soluble Coffee to conquer, reach and remain competitive in international markets it should engage efforts to build diverse organizational skills, alliances and technological capabilities.

Cool Farm Tool – Potato: Model Description and Performance of Four Production Systems

The Cool Farm Tool – Potato (CFT-Potato) is a spreadsheet programme that allows the calculation of the amount of CO2 equivalents that it costs to produce 1 t of potato. The spreadsheet was adapted from an original generic version of the tool, and completed for potato production in diverse production areas in the world applying different levels of technology. The CO2 embedded in chemicals during their production and released from the soil after nitrogen fertilization in the CFT-Potato has been updated to consider more recent products and production methods. Energy costs of the operations in the original version taken from generic data provided by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Standard, however, were altered (usually increased) where there was evidence from practical sources that the original figures did not apply. For example, the figure of around 16 l of diesel per ha for potato harvesting in the original version was corrected to 60 l of diesel per ha based on observational data. Figures for typical potato operations such as windrowing were supplied. Irrigation with pumps powered by diesel or electricity from the grid, with a centre pivot, a rain gun, drip irrigation and flooding and energy cost for extracting water from deeper sources were also added. We added data for grading, washing, store loading and unloading, the application of a sprout suppressant and storage with ventilation of ambient air or forced refrigeration. The CFT-Potato can be used by growers to calculate the actual costs of 1 t of potato in terms of kilograms CO2 and explore the repercussion of altered management options. Here the comparison of four potato production systems in the Netherlands is shown: seed potatoes (115 kg CO2/t), table potatoes (77 kg CO2/t), starch potatoes (71 kg CO2/t) and organic potato (82 kg CO2/t). Based on potato dry matter, however, starch potato has the lowest footprint mainly due to the extensive use of pig slurry of which the production and transport CO2 costs are attributed to the pig production chain.

Explaining firms efficiency in the Ivorian manufacturing sector: a robust nonparametric approach

In this paper, we provide an analysis of Cote d’Ivoire firms performances and study the impact of qualitative external environmental factors on firm efficiencies. We adapt the one-step nonparametric robust methodology of Daraio and Simar 2005 to take in account qualitative environmental factors and we also compare the differences of behavior among two sub groups of firms characterized by different levels of technology. The sensitivity of our conclusions to environmental factors is analyzed using a bootstrapped test. We also check the robustness of our results upon time on two different years of observations.

CAPACIDADE INOVADORA E VANTAGEM COMPETITIVA: UM ESTUDO DE CASO EM EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS

O propósito deste artigo é contribuir para o debate sobre como empresas criam ambientes organizacionais compatíveis com o desenvolvimento de inovações, por meio de sua cultura, recursos, competências e do uso de redes interorganizacionais. Estes fatores, no seu conjunto, são conhecidos como capacitação inovadora. Para atingir este objetivo, uma revisão bibliográfica é desenvolvida para dar suporte a uma pesquisa exploratória, conduzida na forma de estudos de caso sobre gestão da inovação em duas empresas inovadoras, cada qual em um setor industrial. Uma análise dos resultados dos estudos exploratórios sugere que a construção de uma capacidade inovadora pode ter diferentes significados em diferentes empresas que atuam em mercados com padrões tecnológicos diferenciados. Um melhor entendimento sobre a construção de capacitação inovadora verificada entre diferentes setores industriais ajuda as empresas a melhor alocar seus recursos visando ampliar a capacidade inovadora e, consequentemente, desenvolver uma vantegem competitiva sustentável.

Development strategies of high-tech enterprises in response to the new economic reform in China

This research aims at studying strategic imperatives of high-tech enterprises amid the new policy change of economic reform in China. In particular, high-tech firms operating at different levels of technology will face different pressure to change, as technology posts the central spot in highly intensive competition. An analytical model of industrial innovation resource is devised in this study to evaluate high-tech firms at different levels of technology including decline, cognitive, coordinative and cooperative technology, for providing the firm-level development strategies. The results reveal that the investment in cognitive technology will experience the greatest challenge due to the considerable resource demand of capital, labour or land, whereas, high-tech enterprises intends to develop cooperative and coordinative technologies to gain product leadership requires to work close with their counterparts in China to gain speed and cost advantages.

Human impacts and adaptations in the Caribbean Islands: an historical ecology approach

ABSTRACTArchaeological investigations demonstrate that peoples first settled the Caribbean islands approximately 6000–7000 years ago. At least four major, and multiple minor, migrations took place over the next millennia by peoples from Mesoamerica and South America who practised various subsistence strategies and had different levels of technology. For decades, researchers have been interested in investigating how these groups adapted to and impacted insular environments through time. This paper combines archaeological, palaeoecological, historical, and modern biological data to examine the effects of humans on Caribbean island ecosystems using a historical ecology approach. By synthesising a wide range of data sources, we take a human/nature dialectical perspective to understanding how peoples adapted to and modified their environments. The data suggest that earlier foraging/fishing Archaic groups (ca. 6000–3000 BP), who used a stone tool and shell technology and transported few, if any non-indigenous plants or animals, still impacted island landscapes as evidenced by bird and sloth extinctions. As more advanced ceramic making horticulturalists entered the Antillean chain around 2500 BP, there is an observable change to island environments as a result of forest clearance, overexploitation of both terrestrial and marine resources, and growing populations. Palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental records also suggest, however, that an increased moisture regime during the late Holocene probably led to a decrease in near-shore salinity and heavier sediment and nutrient loads in rivers. These conditions would have been exacerbated by land clearance for agriculture, leading to coastline progradation, increased turbidity, and mangrove development resulting in changes to the availability of resources for humans on some islands. Although prehistoric peoples in the Caribbean were certainly impacting their environments, it was not until Europeans arrived and population centres grew that intensive and widespread degradation of island landscapes and resources occurred. Modern ecological studies, along with historical and archaeological data, indicate that hundreds of species have been driven to extinction or extirpation – many others have significantly diminished in number, especially within the last two millennia.

Consumer preferences for forthcoming innovations: the case of high definition television

Examines consumer preferences for forthcoming technological innovations. Studies consumer response to different levels of technology over time. Looks at preferences for existing and intermediate technologies when future ones are expected. Focuses on technological consumer durables that are expected to evolve over time. The primary contributions of this research are: an understanding of how consumer preferences for a technology are affected by the time of adoption; an understanding of the value to consumers of obtaining different levels of a technology, at different points in time; and the utilization of parsimonious indices to assess consumer response to different levels of technology over time. An empirical examination is conducted for high definition television (HDTV). Using survey data, the study explores consumer preferences for HDTV, and for interim television technologies. Managerial implications to aid product design, and the timing of introduction of evolving technological innovations, are also discussed.

Collection Development in the Information Age

ABSTRACT This article describes three public libraries in the United Kingdom: Croydon, Dunfermline, and York. The objective was to describe the different levels of technology in these libraries and the steps that are being taken to move them into the 21 st century. The effects of community and user input were topics of interest. The history of the development of the individual libraries or systems as well as the current organizational structures are described. Government unitary authority changes affects two of the three libraries. Unique characteristics of each of the libraries are emphasized. Research was conducted over a two year period and includes interviews, observations, and secondary sources. The intent is not to compare the libraries, but to illustrate how the varying levels of automation affect patron resources and services.

The hidden economic and societal issues of policies on advanced networking

Much attention has been focused on advancing the state of research networking in Europe. Several countries have made significant strides in their national networks and the European level interconnections of these networks will be improved with the implementation of the trans-European TEN-34 project. As attention turns to funding advanced networks, so the level of financial support that has benefited all countries in the past becomes more focused, with the consequent danger that costs will rise for legacy networks. The Eureka Project EuroCAIRN prepared the foundation work for advanced 34 Mbit/s networking in Europe. The Project's aims expressly require that all of Europe's researchers be able to benefit from advances in networking. It is evident that there will always need to be provision for those countries not ready or not funded to participate at the leading edge to sustain interworking between networks at different levels of technology. Sources of financial support will need to be identified to ensure that the gap in the quality of facilities available to researchers does not widen. Without attention to these issues, European research networking will not present a pan-European pervasive service to all researchers.

Improving productivity via technology and management

Abstract An effective way for improving productivity considered by most people is by raising the level of technology. However, without the support of sound management systems, the contribution of technology to productivity is limited. As an empirical verification, four major factors of automation technology are evaluated for fifteen machinery firms in Taiwan to constitute a composite index as an indicator of the achievement of technology. Similarly, eighteen subjects concerning production management are evaluated to result in an index for management. To construct a productivity frontier as a function of the two indices, a total factor productivity is also calculated. The productivity frontier shows the maximal attainable productivity at different levels of technology and management. It is worthwhile to note that, in the sampled firms, management presents a much stronger effect on productivity than technology does. With an isoquant analysis, a firm is able to derive a strategy to improve productivity takin...

Agricultural videotex in Europe: the Greek approach

Videotex services in agriculture are operational in many countries of Europe. Experience has highlighted the wide-ranging fields of application involved and the different levels of technology adopted by the farming community. The main factors affecting agricultural videotex development are the investment and support policies applied, linkages with information sources, access compatibility both through networks and terminals, and integration with existing information systems in agriculture. This paper outlines the videotex policy applied by the European Community. Emphasis is given to the less telematically advanced member states. The main factors affecting the new developments and promotion of agricultural videotex services, as well as their strengths and weaknesses, are described and discussed. Particular attention is given to the Greek agricultural videotex system AGROTEL, which emerged from the videotex pilot project DIMITRA. The design aspects of the current information content and the end-user/computer interface are discussed. The main obstacles AGROTEL faces are analysed with the aim of providing appropriate recommendations, so as to move successfully to a self-sustainable service. The videotex pilot project DIMITRA is also described and the latest developments are reported. The study shows that although Greece faces particular problems, DIMITRA has achieved most of the stated objectives.

Job characteristics and mental and physical well-being experienced by the operators of CNC, FMS and conventional machine tools

Job characteristics and physical and mental strain experienced by the operators of advanced manufacturing technology as well as the users of conventional technology were studied in nine engineering companies. Data were collected by job analyses, interviews and questionnaires. In spite of the different levels of technology, the responses generally did not reveal great differences in work demands and mental and physical well-being at work. However, the employees working with AMT experienced their job as more challenging, interesting and variable. Furthermore, environmental working conditions were assessed to be more convenient in advanced systems than in conventional workplaces.

Optimization and numerical models of silicon solar cells

The coupling of a numerically intensive model of a silicon solar cell with an optimization algorithm is developed. It is demonstrated that the computational burden of evaluating the optimal design of a solar cell can be significantly decreased if the model is appropriately adapted for use in an optimization environment. It is shown that the resulting tool is extremely useful for performing a systematic analysis of optimal efficiencies and associated optimal designs under different levels of technology and fabrication processes. The paper also demonstrates that true sensitivity analyses can be carried out only in an optimization context.

The hut and the hospital: information, power, and symbolism in the artifacts of birth.

ABSTRACT: As the tools of birth change from familiar household objects, such as hammocks and beds, to high‐technology objects, such as delivery tables and fetal monitors, significant changes occur in the ability to give physical support to women during labor and in who owns the tools and the information they provide. Data derived from the laboring woman herself are less sought after and less valued. Ironically, high‐technology procedures and artifacts are more easily transported than are the household artifacts of birth, which are embedded in the matrix of daily life. When different levels of technology are available, the solution to a problem during childbirth is usually sought on the next higher level of technology–i.e., medication or surgery, even when a simpler approach, such as human comforting or ambulation, might work more quickly and effectively.