Different Levels Of Reality Research Articles

Touch-Space: Mixed Reality Game Space Based on Ubiquitous, Tangible, and Social Computing

This paper presents a novel computer entertainment system which recaptures human touch and physical interaction with the real-world environment as essential elements of the game play, whilst also maintaining the exciting fantasy features of traditional computer entertainment. Our system called ‘Touch-Space’ is an embodied (ubiquitous, tangible, and social) computing based Mixed Reality (MR) game space which regains the physical and social aspects of traditional game play. In this novel game space, the real-world environment is an essential and intrinsic game element, and the human’s physical context influences the game play. It also provides the full spectrum of game interaction experience ranging from the real physical environment (human to human and human to physical world interaction), to augmented reality, to the virtual environment. It allows tangible interactions between players and virtual objects, and collaborations between players in different levels of reality. Thus, the system re-invigorates computer entertainment systems with social human-to-human and human-to-physical touch interactions.

Illusion and reality in the psychoanalytic relationship

In this paper, illusion is examined as a prerequisite and necessary medium for the analysand's finding the genuine subjective reality of his own in the psycho-analytic interaction. Two kinds of illusion are discussed The first of them, transference illusion, is well-known, as is its understanding as a simultaneous existence of experiences stemming from different levels of reality. At its side, the author introduces the concept of developmental illusion, as an essential constituent of the analytic process. As contrasted to transference illusion, the wishes inherent in a developmental illusion have never become meaningfully represented in the analysand's mind. These interrupted developmental needs attaining shape and meaning, and thus the possibility to develop further in the analytic relationship, is dependent on the analyst's ability and ways to receive and meet the analysand's activated developmental illusion. The rôle of the analyst's ways to reach and convey his understanding is considered decisive in this process.

Gestural Interpretation of the Occult in the Bin Kadi-So Adaptation ofMacbeth

The Bin Kadi-So adaptation of Macbeth 1 explores different levels of reality that lead us to participate in an occult world, where everything occurs in a muted atmosphere and the essentials of action are woven together. In that mysterious universe that Tradition reveals to us by facilitating its communication with our plane of existence, we can study the actor's gestural performance when his or her eyes encounter the unseen, ears the unheard, and hands the untouchable. The actor leads the spectator into places that are familiar, where the boundaries between the visible and the invisible are abolished and the actor both unleashes and struggles against dark forces.

Gestural Interpretation of the Occult in the Bin Kadi-So Adaptation of Macbeth

The Bin Kadi-So adaptation of Macbeth 1 explores different levels of reality that lead us to participate in an occult world, where everything occurs in a muted atmosphere and the essentials of action are woven together. In that mysterious universe that Tradition reveals to us by facilitating its communication with our plane of existence, we can study the actor's gestural performance when his or her eyes encounter the unseen, ears the unheard, and hands the untouchable. The actor leads the spectator into places that are familiar, where the boundaries between the visible and the invisible are abolished and the actor both unleashes and struggles against dark forces.

Social Representation and the Ontology of the Social World: Bringing Another Signification into the Dialogue

Robert Farr (1998) invites us to return to Durkheim with the aim of recovering his concept of collective representations. Accepting the proposal, a review is made of Durkheim's distinction between collective and individual representations. There we can find as the core problem an ontological question: the existence of different levels of reality that cannot be reduced to each other. Farr rephrases the problem as the ontological status of social representations, but his solution—social representations are objects of study in social psychology—falls short because says nothing concening their ontological status. Wagner's (1998) paper addresses that core problem, not in terms of a return to Durkheim, but by emphasizing the social constructionist character of the social representation approach. Wagner's analysis of the social construction of 'objects' through 'constructive events' solves diverse problems involved in the issue of the ontological status of social representations, but it is suggested that more is needed to be said about social articulation and social change. The writings of Cornelius Castoriadis are then introduced in an attempt to extend the horizon of our reflection about the problem of the ontological status of the social world and to show some of its implications in the more general field of cultural psychology.

Reduction and Understanding

Reductionism, in the sense of the doctrine that theories on different levels of reality should exhibit strict and general relations of deducibility, faces well-known difficulties. Nevertheless, the idea that deeper layers of reality are responsible for what happens at higher levels is well-entrenched in scientific practice. We argue that the intuition behind this idea is adequately captured by the notion of supervenience: the physical state of the fundamental physical layers fixes the states of the higher levels. Supervenience is weaker than traditional reductionism, but it is not a metaphysical doctrine: one can empirically support the existence of a supervenience relation by exhibiting concrete relations between the levels. Much actual scientific research is directed towards finding such inter-level relations. It seems to be quite generally held that the importance of such relations between different levels is that they are explanatory and give understanding: deeper levels provide deeper understanding, and this justifies the search for ever deeper levels. We shall argue, however, that although achieving understanding is an important aim of science, its correct analysis is not in terms of relations between higher and lower levels. Connections with deeper layers of reality do not generally provide for deeper understanding. Accordingly, the motivation for seeking deeper levels of reality does not come from the desire to find deeper understanding of phenomena, but should be seen as a consequence of the goal to formulate ever better, in the sense of more accurate and more-encompassing, empirical theories.

Exploring the divided self: Hermann Hesse's Steppenwolf and its critics

Although Steppenwolf received little critical acclaim on its publication in 1927, it is now widely considered to be Hesse's most innovative and influential novel, comparable with Joyce's Ulysses, and becoming the most widely-read German novel of the 20th century. This study surveys the diverse critical reception it has provoked. Taking a chronological approach, Professor Richards covers the early criticism and the primarily biographical studies of the pre-war period, the mainly German-based explorations of important facets of the work in the 1905s, the massive expansion of scholarship in the 1960s and 1970s, and the consolidating recent studies. He sets out to show that Hesse scholarship has tended to favour a biographical approach, prompted by the confessional nature of his writings, with a strong psychological and psychoanalytical component; and that newer critical methodologies have provided fresh insights and contributed to the controversies over the novel's form and structure, its mixture of different levels of reality, and the problematic interpretation of symbolic figures and events.

Literary History and the Search for Certainty

Is certainty attainable in science, in history, in meaning, and in literary theory? In present intellectual climate many epistemolo gists, philosophers, historians, and literary critics likely to give a negative answer. Some of them seek support for their skepticism in developments which occurred in science of nature, quantum physics, and theory of relativity. More recently scientific use of such notions as randomness, turbulence, and chaos has been assumed to bring evidence of a total lack of in universe and justify deconstructionist claim of indeterminacy in writing.1 The picture, however, is different when we listen to what scientists have to say. The following remarks borrowed from a mathematician, Andr? Lichnerowicz, and two physicists, David Ruelle and Bernard d'Espagnat, who cannot be suspected of clinging to positivist and intransigently deterministic views.2 A distinction between different levels of reality is first require ment. Newtonian mechanics still govern our everyday lives and our techniques though notion of curvature has superseded law of gravitation in interstellar space. Only in microscopic infinite of quantum physics quantities, when measured, affected by instru ment used. The uncertainty principle of Heisenberg shows we cannot determine simultaneously both position and velocity of an electron, but will not deflect a bullet. Quantum mechanics even allows prediction in its own sphere. Scientists calculate radiations of molecules and atoms accurately, and their evaluations, though based on amplitudes of probability, are verified by experience every day and every where (Rr 75). pleases you to say that quantum mechanics is deterministic, says Ruelle, it is. If you prefer to describe as probabi list, you may say so, for only asserts probabilities. . . . But is not probabilist in usual sense. Even in aleatory oscillations of chaotic phenomena the disorder of chance is created by a deterministic order (He 128).

Reality in time-scale systems and cartographic representation

Abstract This paper is an attempt to provide a view point for the formalisation of knowledge in cartographic representation. What is supposed to be reality in the world is dependent on time and scale. So, there are different levels of reality, from low to high. Cartographic representation is a graphical record of reality at a particular location in the time-scale system. The problem of the transformation of reality in both scale and time dimensions in this time-scale system is also briefly discussed.

Polanyi's Ethics

The question of 'ethics' is an extremely important one in the philosophic position being developed by Michael Polanyi. His critique of contemporary epistemology was, in fact, generated by an ethical problem: the damage he thought this epistemology was doing to our moral ideals. Yet he has never brought all the facets of his 'ethics' into definitive focus at any place in his writings. His readers have therefore had to gather what he thinks about 'ethics' mainly from his discussions of what he takes to be the moral issues raised by our current frames of reference, and from the analogies he sometimes draws between 'morality' and 'science' and among 'morality' and 'art' and 'religion.' But there are difficulties involved in trying to bring together his views on 'ethics' in this way-especially for those who may not have read him widely. For one thing, he holds that the realm of the moral occupies a certain level of reality-and also that the modes or methods of thought by which we apprehend the different levels of reality are substantially the same. Therefore he has been misunderstood by some of his critics to hold that moral 'realities' are of the same sort as scientific. Frank Knight wrestled with problems engendered by such a misunderstanding back in 19491 after his study of Polanyi's Science, Faith and Society. In spite of everything that Polanyi has written since that time, much of which might have been expected to shed more light on his meaning in this area, it appears that the same misunderstanding still prevails. James Buchanan2 has recently raised a number of the same problems that Knight had been concerned with earlier.

The British General Election of 1970 - Impressions of an Academic Candidate

THE STUDENT OF POLITICS AND THE PRACTITIONER OF POLITICS approach the same problem from different ends. The student is concerned with searching for the underlying realities which can explain the surface shifts of political ephemera; or perhaps with disentangling the different levels of reality which he discerns from his dispassionate observation of the political scene. The practitioner is concerned above all with the intricacies of day-to-day politics. He is interested in long-term patterns of political behaviour only insofar as they affect his political chances, or insofar as foreknowledge will enable him to change and shape the developing pattern. At the opposite ends of this division of interest in the phenomena of politics one may imagine, as ideal types, the ‘pure’ political scientist, the neutral observer of the political battle whose attitude to the contestants and their fluctuating fortunes is one of scholarly detachment, and the dedicated politician, glorying in the clash and chaos of the battlefield, with little more than contempt for those who stand aside and watch. For those who stand towards either end of this division, there are now two separate worlds of politics.

Language and the Seal of Silence in “Samson Agonistes”

ABSTRACT Milton's preoccupation with the nature of language in Samson Agonistes becomes itself a major vehicle for describing psychic processes. He examines language nondiscursively through metaphors relating to words, hearing, seeing, sounds, and silence. By means of these metaphors, he portrays the nature of psychic disintegration and reintegration. He dramatizes this recovery of self in an internalized landscape rather than in the externalized metaphors of time and space found in Paradise Lost. In the various verbal encounters between the characters, who are themselves preoccupied with words, the different levels of discourse symbolize different levels of reality. In the transformation of Samson, the metaphor of hearing rises to prime importance, antecedent even to the ever-important Miltonic metaphor of light. Only after Samson works through the problem of self-definition on a verbal level does he attain insight. When he finally listens with his inner ear, there is no more language, but there is illumination. Paradoxically Milton shows the limitations and the creative possibilities of language for conveying the nature of nonverbal experiences.

Solutions by teams and by individuals to a field problem at different levels of reality.

Solutions by teams and by individuals to a field problem at different levels of reality.