Different Levels Of Nitrogen Fertilization Research Articles

POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF NOVEL HYPERSPECTRAL LIDAR FOR MONITORING CROPS NITROGEN STRESS

Precision agriculture has always been the research hotspot around the world. And the optimization of nitrogen fertilization for crops is the core concerns. It is not only to improve the productivity of crops but also to avoid the environmental risks caused by over-fertilization. Therefore, accurate estimation of nitrogen status is crucial for determining an nitrogen recommendation. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to monitor crops for years, and they could offer estimations for stress status diagnosis through obtaining vertical structure parameters and spectral reflectance properties of crops. As an active remote sensing technology, lidar is particularly attractive for 3-dimensional information at a high point density. It has unique edges in obtaining vertical structure parameters of crops. However, capability of spectral reflectance properties is what the current lidar technology lacks because of single wavelength detection. To solve this problem, the concept of novel hyperspectral lidar (HSL), which combines the advantages of hyperspectal reflectance with high 3-dimensional capability of lidar, was proposed in our study. The design of instrument was described in detail. A broadband laser pulse was emitted and reflectance spectrum with 32 channels could be detected. Furthermore, the experiment was carried out by the novel HSL system to testify the potential application for monitoring nitrogen stress. Rice under different levels of nitrogen fertilization in central China were selected as the object of study, and four levels of nitrogen fertilization (N1-N4) were divided. With the detection of novel lidar system, high precision structure parameters of crops could be provided. Meanwhile, spectral reflectance properties in 32 wavebands were also obtained. The high precision structure parameters could be used to evaluate the stress status of crops. And abundant spectral information in 32 wavebands could improve the capacity of lidar system significantly. The results demonstrate that it is more effective for HSL system to distinguish different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Overall, HSL allows for probing not only high precision structure parameters but also spectral reflectance properties of crops. Compared with other approaches, the novel HSL has the potential to provide more comprehensive information of crops which can be assessed remotely in the application of precision agriculture.

Effect of Inoculated Azotobacter chroococcum and Soil Yeasts on Growth, N-uptake and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) under Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization

Effect of Inoculated Azotobacter chroococcum and Soil Yeasts on Growth, N-uptake and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) under Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization

Effect of Nitrogen, shading and intercropping on alfalfa-ziziphus agroforestry system under arid land conditions

<p>To assess the arid lands agroforestry potential, a field experiment was performed at the Agricultural Research Station of King Abdulaziz University, located at Hada Al-Sham during the 2013 and 2014 seasons. Alfalfa was evaluated in a <em>Ziziphus</em> agroforestry system at a distance of 1 m, 2 m and 4 m from the ziziphus tree and were supplied with three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer 0 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 400 kg/ha in the form of commercial Urea. The fertilizer were subdivided into split doses and applied as manual broadcasting after each cutting. A split-split plot design was used with three replications. Forage growth rate and biomass accumulation were measured at ten different intervals approximately at a period of 30-40 days. Forage was harvested in 10 different cuts and all this data consisting of plant height, fresh biomass accumulation and dry biomass accumulation and leaf nitrogen content were also measured. Statistical analysis described significant impact for intercropping, planting distance and nitrogen fertilizer on all studied traits. The maximum effect of urea fertilizer was documented for the highest dose of 400 kg/ha but it was statistically non-significant to 200 kg/ha. Distance of planting from the Ziziphus tree produced variable trend for all forages at different cut numbers but 2 m produced maximum plant height and biomass accumulation for most of the cut numbers. The interaction of 200 kg N/ha, intercropping and 2 m distance produced optimum forage growth and biomass accumulation as compared to the sole plantation under no fertilization. </p>

CARACTERÍSTICAS DA ESPIGA DO MILHO DOCE PRODUZIDO SOB DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO E DOSES NITROGENADAS

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar as características da espiga do milho doce produzido sob diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada e lâminas de irrigação, em duas épocas de cultivo na região nordeste do Mato Grosso do Sul. O experimento foi conduzido em parcelas subsubdivididas, tendo nas parcelas quatro lâminas de irrigação (50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc), nas subparcelas quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1) e nas sub-subparcelas duas épocas de cultivo (Inverno/Primavera e Verão/Outono), no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as características: número de palha por espiga, comprimento de espiga, diâmetro de espiga, número de grãos por fileira, número de fileiras por espiga, diâmetro de sabugo, comprimento de grão, número de grãos por espiga e peso de espiga. O milho doce apresentou maior qualidade de espiga na época Verão/Outono e não foi afetado pela adubação nitrogenada. Na época Inverno/Primavera, o milho doce deve ser irrigado com reposição de 85% da ETc, enquanto que no Verão/Outono, com 50% da ETc.

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This study was to conducted to evaluate the effects of individual or combined application chemical nitrogen fertilizer , green and animal manure on the various growth attributes such as number of seeds, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, biomass and total grain protein in Single Cross hybrid (S.C 704) in maize. This experiment was conducted in 2014 at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Iran. The study was conducted in split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results of the analysis of variance showed that the difference among grain number per cob among various treatments of cover crop levels at 1% and the effect of different amounts of animal manure at the 5% level were significant, but there was no significant interaction among characters. But for other traits, the results of variance analysis table showed that the interaction of green manure and animal manure on 1000 grain weight at 5% and the nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and biomass at 5%, interaction of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and green manure at 5% and the interaction of different amounts of nitrogen, green manure and animal manure on grain proteins at the level of 1% were significant.

Effect of nitrogen on different genotypes of mungbean as affected by nitrogen level in low fertile soil

A pot experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during kharif- II season (August to November) of 2010 to find out the nitrogen acquisition and yield of mungbean genotypes affected by different levels of nitrogen fertilizer in low fertile soil. Ten mungbean genotypes viz. IPSA-12, GK-27, IPSA-3, IPSA-5, ACC12890053, GK-63, ACC12890055, BARI Mung-6, BUmug- 4 and Bina moog- 5 and six nitrogen fertilizer levels viz. 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg N ha-1 were included as experimental treatments. Results indicated that increasing applied nitrogenous fertilizer in low fertile soil increased nitrogen acquisition of mungbean which increased number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 and finally increased yield of mungbean upto 60 kg N ha-1 irrespective of genotype and thereafter decreased. Genotype IPSA -12 produced the highest seed yield (14.22 g plant-1) at 60 kg N ha-1. The lowest yield (7.33 g plant -1) was recorded in ACC12890053 in control. From regression analysis, the optimum dose nitrogen for mungbean cultivation in the low fertile soil is 54 kg ha-1.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(4): 619-628, December 2015

The Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Intercropped with Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and Affected by Weed Competition

The Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Intercropped with Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and Affected by Weed Competition

Mineral Fertilization and Baking Value of Grain and Flour of Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of varied nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of microelements (Cu, Zn, Mn and combined application of Cu+Zn+Mn) and the effect of their interaction on the grain yield quantity and some technological parameters of grain and flour of Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L. cv. ‘Rokosz’. Study Design: The field experiment was established with the randomized split-plot method in three replications. Place and Duration of Study: Field study was conducted in two vegetation season (2012/2013, 2013/2014), at the Research Station in Minikowo near Bydgoszcz (53°10 ′2″ N, 17°44 ′22 ″ E) in Midwest Poland. Methodology: The research factors were different levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 20, 40, 60, 80

The Effects of Different Levels of Nitrogen on Yield and Yield Components of Rainfed Wheat in Two Regions of North Khorasan

To study the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of cultivars of rainfed wheat a study was done in the crop year 2012-2013 as factorial in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications, in 2 research stations of Kohne Kand city in Bojnord and Shirvan dryland research station. The treatments of study contain cultivars of wheat in 4 levels (Rasad, Sabalan, Cross Sabalan and Azar 2) and 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer (75, 50, 25 and 0 kilograms nitrogen per hectare). The results showed that the yield in Shirvan was significantly higher than that in Bojnoord. Moreover, the impact of cultivar and nitrogen on yield and yield components was significant in both regions and among different cultivars Azar 2 has the highest yield in both regions and the lowest yield was for cross Sabalsn in Shirvan and Sabalan in Bojnoord. Furthermore, yield increased by increasing the nitrogen in both regions but there was no significant difference between levels 50 and 75 kilograms per hectare. Among yield components except the number of spikes per square meter, others had a high correlation with yield.

질소비료 시비량에 따른 들잔디의 생육반응

양질 다수확 들잔디를 생산하기 위한 적정 질소비료 시비량을 규명하기 위하여 질소 시비량에 따른 들잔디의 생육과 토양화학성의 변화를 알아보고자 와그너 포트시험과 잔디 재배지 포장시험을 수행하였다. 포트시험에서는 지상부와 포복경의 생체중과 건물중, 지상부 개체수는 질소 시비량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였고, 질소비료 시비량 24와 <TEX>$48kg\;N\;10\;a^{-1}$</TEX> 처리구간의 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 잔디재배지 포장시험에서는 질소비료 시비량이 높을수록 지상부길이, 지상부, 포복경과 지하부의 생체중과 건물중, 지상부 개체수와 전체 포복경 개수는 유의성 있게 증가하였으며, 질소비료 <TEX>$24{\sim}32kg\;N\;10\;a^{-1}$</TEX> 처리구간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 질소비료 시비량이 증가할수록 토양 내 pH, 치환성 양이온 칼슘과 마그네슘이 낮아져 토양 화학성이 악화되었다. 따라서 들잔디 생육 및 토양의 화학성을 고려한 적정 질소비료 시비량은 <TEX>$24kg\;N\;10\;a^{-1}$</TEX>으로 판단되었다. This study was conducted to find out the optimum nitrogen fertilization for production of good quality and high yield zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), the changes in chemical properties of soil in pot and field experiments treated with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. In pot experiment, the fresh and dry weights of shoots and stolons and the number of shoots increased as nitrogen levels increased, and showed no significant between 24 and <TEX>$48kg\;N\;10\;a^{-1}$</TEX>. In field experiment, the shoot length, fresh and dry weights of shoots, roots and stolons, the number of shoots and total stolons length linearly increased as affected by increased nitrogen application, and were not significantly different between 24 and <TEX>$32kg\;N\;10\;a^{-1}$</TEX>. In both experiments, pH and exchangeable cations (<TEX>$Ca^{2+}$</TEX> and <TEX>$Mg^{2+}$</TEX>) in soil decreased as the rate of nitrogen application increased. As a results, chemical properties of soil were more deteriorated in the plots of higher nitrogen fertilizer rate. Thus, these results demonstrated that the nitrogen fertilizer rate for maximum growth of zoysiagrass was <TEX>$24kg\;N\;10\;a^{-1}$</TEX> in consideration of growth and soil condition.

Effect of Sowing Date and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. var. Speed Feed) Forage Production in a Summer Intercropping System

Abstract To evaluate the interaction effects of planting date and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var. Speed feed) forage production, an experiment was conducted in split plots based on a complete randomized block design in Agricultural Research Station of Khorramabad, Lorestan province, Iran. The experimental treatments comprised of three nitrogen fertilizer levels of control (N0), 100 (N1), and 150 kg per hectare (N2), assigned to main plots and three sowing dates of T1 (June, 10th), T2 (June 26th) and T3 (July 11th) assigned to subplots. Results showed that in sum of two harvests, the yield of hay, forage, leaf and shoot hay weigh in second planting date and N2 and N3 level of fertility was higher than all treatments. In the case of quality treatments the percent of crude protein in first harvest had the most amounts in first and second planting date and N1, N2 and N3 fertility levels. Crude fiber percentage in first harvest of second planting date was highest in N1, N2 and N3 levels of fertility. Treatment interactions had not any significant effect for crude fiber. The most ash percent was observed in first harvest and N1, N2 and N3 fertility level. In second harvest time N2 and N3 fertility levels were superior to the rest. Also, fat percentage in first and second planting date and N1, N2 and N3 increased than the control fertility treatment.

The effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of coffee trees (Coffea arabica L.)

A study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Agriculture Faculty, Ibb University, Yemen, during (2011-2013). This study aims at investigating the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of coffee trees. The treatments were applied using humus 2kg/tree as control (T1), nitrogen fertilizer as urea with different doses 6g/tree (T2), 13g/tree (T3), and 19.6 g/tree (T4). Tri-superphosphate (5g), potassium sulfate (5g) and humus (2kg) /tree were added to all treatments except of the control. A randomized complete block design was used. The study period was two years, the morphological characters and coffee productivity were studied. As shown in the results in the 1st year, the height’s gain of trees were increased in T4 and T2. Concerning the gain of branches number, they were increased in all treatments, with no significant differences among treatments. In the 2nd year, the gain of height was highly increased in T4 (72.38) followed by T3 and T2 (65.45 and 61.55 cm, respectively) compared with T1 (54.95). A high significant difference (p≤ 0.05) on the gain of height between T4 and T1 was observed. The gain of branches number was significantly (p≤ 0.05) increased in T4 (25.8 ) as compared to T1, T3 and T2 (20.9, 19.9 and 19.6). The coffee yield was the highest in T3 (703.3 g/tree) followed by T4 (676.4 g/tree).

Effects of monoculture and mixed culture of grass and legume forage species on soil microbial community structure under different levels of nitrogen fertilization

We used PLFA analysis to monitor the soil microbial community structure in a gramineous–legume forage field under different inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization regimes in Southwest China. The gramineous–legume forage system included one grass (Paspalum wetsfeteini) and one legume (Medicago sativa) in three planting systems: P. wetsfeteini monoculture, M. sativa monoculture, and P. wetsfeteini and M. sativa mixed culture. The fertilization treatments included three N levels: 338 (low), 450 (moderate), and 675 (high) kg N ha−1 yr−1. The results showed that biomasses of total microbes, bacteria, fungi, and green alga were significantly greater and protozoan biomass tended to be greater under legume monoculture than that under grass monoculture; and fungal biomass was significantly greater under grass-legume mixed culture than under grass monoculture in wet season. However, principal component analysis (PCA) only revealed a tendency that the microbial PLFA composition under legume monoculture differed from that under grass monoculture in the wet season. In addition, the soil microbial community structures were not significantly different among the three planting systems in the dry season. The PCA results showed that the microbial PLFA composition under low N fertilization was apparently different from that under moderate and high N fertilization in the wet season. Particularly, the biomasses of total microbes, bacteria, and green algae were significantly greater under moderate N fertilization than under low N fertilization and the green algal biomass was significantly greater under high N fertilization than under low N fertilization in the wet season. Additionally, PCA also revealed that the microbial PLFA compositions were different under the low and moderate N fertilizations in the dry season. However, the biomass and diversity of microbial community had no significant difference among the three levels of N fertilization. The results suggest that legume cultivation increased the biomasses of soil microbial community.

Effect of seed bio-fertilization on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of a new released winter wheat cultivar: Alvand

Nitrogen is required in large quantities for plants to grow, and is mainly provided in the form of synthetic chemical fertilizers. Such products pose a health hazard and microbial population problem in soil, besides making the production cost high. The aim of this experiment was evaluation of effects of bio-fertilizer and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat. A factorial experiment was conducted in Ahar, Iran. Seeds were inoculated with Nitragin bio-fertilizer under shade condition as 50 g bio-fertilizer per kilogram of seeds, and then sown immediately after inoculation. Nitrogen was applied at the rates of 0, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha -1 as urea form, which 50 % was applied basally and the rest at the booting stage. Bio-fertilization caused to 25 % increases in fertile tiller number in compare with non-inoculated one. Among studied treatments only N75 caused to 67 % increase in flag leaf area. In this experiment 1000 seed weight affected just by seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer resulted in 10 % increase in the attribute from 48.1 g to 52.7 g. Also, the yield increased 9 % in bio-fertilized seeds in comparison with non-primed check plots. The results showed that application of bio-fertilizer resulted in 4 % increase in harvest index and nitrogenous fertilizer application up to N75 caused to 8 % increase in harvest index in compare with N0. It is concluded from the results of this experiment, ANUE of wheat can be improve by bio-fertilization plus nitrogen application, as well as, nitrogen use can be economized by this way.

Effects of genetic and agronomic factors on grain composition in oats

The effects of genetic variability and agronomic practises on the chemical compounds of the grain were evaluated in a set of oat cultivars (16 naked and four husked) grown in different experiments in the years 2004–2008. In the first experiment, carried out for two years, β-glucan and Total Dietary Fibre (TDF) from eight oat cultivars, grown under three different levels of nitrogen fertilization and two seed doses, were considered. The second experiment, involving 12 cultivars for two years, explored the variation of β-glucan solubility and further characterized six cultivars for the content of TDF and arabinoxylans. In both experiments, genotype was found to exert the largest effect on the grain composition; nitrogen levels and seed doses had positive significant effects on protein and β-glucan contents, but did not affect fibre content. Among the naked cultivars, Irina, Abel, Luna, Hendon and Expression showed a good ability to accumulate the examined grain compounds. However, in general, the highest contents of protein and β-glucan were found in the groats of husked cultivars, suggesting that specific breeding programs are a crucial step to identify the suitable naked oat genotypes to produce foods of high nutritional value.

Contribution of green manure incorporation in combination with Nitrogen fertilizer in Rice production

An experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during April to November, 2012 to study the combined effects of Sesbania green manure incorporation with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of BINA dhan7. There were five treatments for using Sesbania as pre-rice green manure (GM): Fallow (No GM), GM for incorporation at 40, 50, 60, and 70 days after sowing (DAS). T. Aman was planted after chopping the GM. For T. aman there were 9 treatments: Fallow plot received full dose (180 kg urea ha-1) of N fertilizer while plots with GM received 50 and 75% of recommended N fertilizer. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The highest grain yield of 5752 kg ha-1 and straw yield of 6654 kg ha-1 were observed in the plot treated with 75%recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and green manure incorporated at 50 DAS. The lowest grain yield (4783 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5154 kg ha-1) were recorded with GM incorporated at 40 DAS + 50% RDN. The N content and uptake by the grain and straw were differed significantly due to different treatments and maximum uptake was recorded with the application of 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and green manure incorporated at 50 DAS. The overall results indicate that application of Sesbania green manure incorporated at 50 DAS in combination with 75% recommended dose of nitrogen could be considered more effective for BINA dhan7 production DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21925 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 134-142 (2014)

Effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration during growing season in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Aims Our objective was to explore the effects of different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity during growing season in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in East China. Methods Three levels of N fertilization, N1 (15 g·m·a), N2 (30 g·m·a), and N3 (45 g·m·a), and the control group (CK) were set up in winter wheat fields. The LI-8100 Automated Soil CO2 Flux System was used to measure soil respiration rate during the growing season (December 2013 to May 2014) of winter wheat. Important findings During the growing season of winter wheat, mean soil respiration rates of N1, N2 and N3 treatments were 5.29, 6.17 and 6.75 μmol·m·s, respectively, which were 7.8%, 23.6% and 37.8% greater than that of the CK (4.90 μmol·m·s). Compared to CK, the N1, N2, and N3 treatments increased the aboveground biomass by 39.9%, 104.4%, and 200.2%, respectively, and the increases were significantly correlated with total soil respiration during the growing season. Soil respiration increased exponentially with soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm, which explained 65%–75% of the variation (p < 0.05). The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10) calculated based an exponential equation was between 2.09 and 2.32. These results suggested that nitrogen fertilization promoted plant growth, significantly increased biomass of winter wheat, and stimulated the soil respiration.

Cultivar Differences in Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Field Grown Rice Plant at Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer

Cultivar Differences in Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Field Grown Rice Plant at Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer

The effect of nitrogen application on the development of rusts on wheat varieties

The effect of four different levels of nitrogen fertilization on the severity of rusts on three local Egyptian wheat varieties have been investigated. Nitrogen fertilizer was at the rates 0, 40, 60, and 80 kg nitrogen per feddan. Data obtained indicated that resistance of the varieties did not change while percent severity of postules on susceptible, moderately susceptible and moderately resistant varieties was increased as the level of nitrogen fertilization increased. Heavy doses of nitrogen promoted the size and frequency of postules and hence the rust growth and predisposed the plants to higher infection with rusts.

Assessment of the Relative Yielding Abilities and Stability of Maize (Zea mays L) Genotypes under Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization across Two Agro-Ecological Zones in Ghana

Farmers adoption of hybrid varieties would reduce the large discrepancy between current low yields and achievable yields reported by researchers in yield evaluation trials. This is because hybrids wield superior genetic potential over improved open pollinated varieties (OPVs) and local varieties due their heterozygosity which explains their exhibition of high heterosis in yield and general performance. The current low yield necessitated the need to undertake this study to assess the relative yielding potentials of 3 hybrid varieties, 5 OPVs, 1 local variety and 4 inbred lines under three levels of Nitrogen fertilization in forest and transitional ecological zones in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant interactions for genotype by location (G x L), genotype by nitrogen (G x N) and genotype by nitrogen and by location (G x N x L) for grain yield. Averaged across test environments (i.e. location by nitrogen levels), Mamaba, a Quality Protein Maize (QPM) hybrid recorded the highest mean grain yield of 4.73 t ha -1 whilst the highest yielding OPV, Golden Jubilee, recorded 2.91 t ha -1 ;Entry 5, the highest yielding inbred line however recorded grain yield of 0.72 t ha -1 . GGE biplot analysis for mean yield also showed that hybrids had better yielding abilities than OPVs under both low and high nitrogen fertilization and at different environments. In order to bridge the gap between the current low yields and achievable yields in Ghana, farmers would need hybrid seeds together with adequate levels of fertilizers.